第7章

IwasfiredwithalongingtoascendtheAmazon。Alsowithalongingtoopenupatradeincocawithalltheworld。DuringmonthsIdreamedthatdream，andtriedtocontrivewaystogettoParaandspringthatsplendidenterpriseuponanunsuspectingplanet。Butallinvain。ApersonmayPLANasmuchashewantsto，butnothingofconsequenceislikelytocomeofituntilthemagicianCIRCUMSTANCEstepsinandtakesthematteroffhishands。AtlastCircumstancecametomyhelp。Itwasinthisway。Circumstance，tohelporhurtanotherman，madehimloseafiftydollarbillinthestreet;andtohelporhurtme，mademefindit。Iadvertisedthefind，andleftfortheAmazonthesameday。Thiswasanotherturningpoint，anotherlink。

CouldCircumstancehaveorderedanotherdwellerinthattowntogototheAmazonandopenupaworldtradeincocaonafifty

dollarbasisandbeenobeyed？No，Iwastheonlyone。Therewereotherfoolsthereshoalsandshoalsofthembuttheywerenotofmykind。Iwastheonlyoneofmykind。

Circumstanceispowerful，butitcannotworkalone;ithastohaveapartner。Itspartnerisman’sTEMPERAMENThisnaturaldisposition。Histemperamentisnothisinvention，itisBORNinhim，andhehasnoauthorityoverit，neitherisheresponsibleforitsacts。Hecannotchangeit，nothingcanchangeit，nothingcanmodifyitexcepttemporarily。Butitwon’tstaymodified。Itispermanent，likethecoloroftheman’seyesandtheshapeofhisears。Blueeyesaregrayincertainunusuallights;

buttheyresumetheirnaturalcolorwhenthatstressisremoved。

ACircumstancethatwillcoerceonemanwillhavenoeffectuponamanofadifferenttemperament。IfCircumstancehadthrownthebanknoteinCaesar’sway，histemperamentwouldnothavemadehimstartfortheAmazon。Histemperamentwouldhavecompelledhimtodosomethingwiththemoney，butnotthat。ItmighthavemadehimadvertisethenoteandWAIT。Wecan’ttell。

Also，itmighthavemadehimgotoNewYorkandbuyintotheGovernment，withresultsthatwouldleaveTweednothingtolearnwhenitcamehisturn。

Verywell，Circumstancefurnishedthecapital，andmytemperamenttoldmewhattodowithit。Sometimesatemperamentisanass。Whenthatisthecaseoftheownerofitisanass，too，andisgoingtoremainone。Training，experience，association，cantemporarilysopolishhim，improvehim，exalthimthatpeoplewillthinkheisamule，buttheywillbemistaken。ArtificiallyheISamule，forthetimebeing，butatbottomheisanassyet，andwillremainone。

BytemperamentIwasthekindofpersonthatDOESthings。

Doesthem，andreflectsafterward。SoIstartedfortheAmazonwithoutreflectingandwithoutaskinganyquestions。Thatwasmorethanfiftyyearsago。Inallthattimemytemperamenthasnotchanged，byevenashade。Ihavebeenpunishedmanyandmanyatime，andbitterly，fordoingthingsandreflectingafterward，butthesetortureshavebeenofnovaluetome;IstilldothethingcommandedbyCircumstanceandTemperament，andreflectafterward。Alwaysviolently。WhenIamreflecting，ontheseoccasions，evendeafpersonscanhearmethink。

IwentbythewayofCincinnati，anddowntheOhioandMississippi。Myideawastotakeship，atNewOrleans，forPara。

InNewOrleansIinquired，andfoundtherewasnoshipleavingforPara。Also，thatthereneverhadBEENoneleavingforPara。

Ireflected。ApolicemancameandaskedmewhatIwasdoing，andItoldhim。Hemadememoveon，andsaidifhecaughtmereflectinginthepublicstreetagainhewouldrunmein。

AfterafewdaysIwasoutofmoney。ThenCircumstancearrived，withanotherturningpointofmylifeanewlink。Onmywaydown，Ihadmadetheacquaintanceofapilot。Ibeggedhimtoteachmetheriver，andheconsented。Ibecameapilot。

ByandbyCircumstancecameagainintroducingtheCivilWar，thistime，inordertopushmeaheadanotherstageortwotowardtheliteraryprofession。Theboatsstoppedrunning，mylivelihoodwasgone。

Circumstancecametotherescuewithanewturningpointandafreshlink。MybrotherwasappointedsecretarytothenewTerritoryofNevada，andheinvitedmetogowithhimandhelphiminhisoffice。Iaccepted。

InNevada，CircumstancefurnishedmethesilverfeverandI

wentintotheminestomakeafortune，asIsupposed;butthatwasnottheidea。Theideawastoadvancemeanothersteptowardliterature。ForamusementIscribbledthingsfortheVirginiaCityENTERPRISE。Oneisn’taprintertenyearswithoutsettingupacresofgoodandbadliterature，andlearningunconsciouslyatfirst，consciouslylatertodiscriminatebetweenthetwo，withinhismentallimitations;andmeantimeheisunconsciouslyacquiringwhatiscalleda"style。"Oneofmyeffortsattractedattention，andtheENTERPRISEsentformeandputmeonitsstaff。

AndsoIbecameajournalistanotherlink。ByandbyCircumstanceandtheSacramentoUNIONsentmetotheSandwichIslandsforfiveorsixmonths，towriteupsugar。Ididit;andthrewinagooddealofextraneousmatterthathadn’tanythingtodowithsugar。

Butitwasthisextraneousmatterthathelpedmetoanotherlink。

Itmademenotorious，andSanFranciscoinvitedmetolecture。

WhichIdid。Andprofitably。Ihadlonghadadesiretotravelandseetheworld，andnowCircumstancehadmostkindlyandunexpectedlyhurledmeupontheplatformandfurnishedmethemeans。

SoIjoinedthe"QuakerCityExcursion。"

WhenIreturnedtoAmerica，Circumstancewaswaitingonthepier

withtheLASTlinktheconspicuous，theconsummating，thevictoriouslink:IwasaskedtoWRITEABOOK，andIdidit，andcalleditTHEINNOCENTSABROAD。ThusIbecameatlastamemberoftheliteraryguild。Thatwasfortytwoyearsago，andIhavebeenamembereversince。LeavingtheRubiconincidentawaybackwhereitbelongs，IcansaywithtruththatthereasonIamintheliteraryprofessionisbecauseIhadthemeasleswhenIwastwelveyearsold。

III

Nowwhatinterestsme，asregardsthesedetails，isnotthedetailsthemselves，butthefactthatnoneofthemwasforeseenbyme，noneofthemwasplannedbyme，Iwastheauthorofnoneofthem。Circumstance，workinginharnesswithmytemperament，createdthemallandcompelledthemall。Ioftenofferedhelp，andwiththebestintentions，butitwasrejectedasarule，uncourteously。IcouldneverplanathingandgetittocomeoutthewayIplannedit。ItcameoutsomeotherwaysomewayIhadnotcountedupon。

AndsoIdonotadmirethehumanbeingasanintellectualmarvelasmuchasIdidwhenIwasyoung，andgothimoutofbooks，anddidnotknowhimpersonally。WhenIusedtoreadthatsuchandsuchageneraldidacertainbrilliantthing，Ibelievedit。Whereasitwasnotso。Circumstancediditbyhelpofhistemperament。Thecircumstanceswouldhavefailedofeffectwithageneralofanothertemperament:hemightseethechance，butlosetheadvantagebybeingbynaturetooslowortooquickortoodoubtful。OnceGeneralGrantwasaskedaquestionaboutamatterwhichhadbeenmuchdebatedbythepublicandthenewspapers;heansweredthequestionwithoutanyhesitancy。

"General，whoplannedthethemarchthroughGeorgia？""Theenemy！"Headdedthattheenemyusuallymakesyourplansforyou。Hemeantthattheenemybyneglectorthroughforceofcircumstancesleavesanopeningforyou，andyouseeyourchanceandtakeadvantageofit。

Circumstancesdotheplanningforusall，nodoubt，byhelpofourtemperaments。Iseenogreatdifferencebetweenamanandawatch，exceptthatthemanisconsciousandthewatchisn’t，andthemanTRIEStoplanthingsandthewatchdoesn’t。Thewatchdoesn’twinditselfanddoesn’tregulateitselfthesethingsaredoneexteriorly。Outsideinfluences，outsidecircumstances，windtheMANandregulatehim。Lefttohimself，hewouldn’tgetregulatedatall，andthesortoftimehewouldkeepwouldnotbevaluable。Someraremenarewonderfulwatches，withgoldcase，compensationbalance，andallthosethings，andsomemenareonlysimpleandsweetandhumbleWaterburys。IamaWaterbury。AWaterburyofthatkind，somesay。

Anationisonlyanindividualmultiplied。ItmakesplansandCircumstancescomesandupsetsthemorenlargesthem。Somepatriotsthrowtheteaoverboard;someotherpatriotsdestroyaBastille。ThePLANSstopthere;thenCircumstancecomesin，quiteunexpectedly，andturnsthesemodestriotsintoarevolution。

AndtherewaspoorColumbus。Heelaboratedadeepplantofindanewroutetoanoldcountry。Circumstancerevisedhisplanforhim，andhefoundanewWORLD。AndHEgetsthecreditofittothisday。Hehadn’tanythingtodowithit。

Necessarilythesceneoftherealturningpointofmylife（andofyours）wastheGardenofEden。Itwastherethatthefirstlinkwasforgedofthechainthatwasultimatelytoleadtotheemptyingofmeintotheliteraryguild。Adam’sTEMPERAMENT

wasthefirstcommandtheDeityeverissuedtoahumanbeingonthisplanet。AnditwastheonlycommandAdamwouldNEVERbeabletodisobey。Itsaid，"Beweak，bewater，becharacterless，becheaplypersuadable。"Thelattercommand，toletthefruitalone，wascertaintobedisobeyed。NotbyAdamhimself，butbyhisTEMPERAMENTwhichhedidnotcreateandhadnoauthorityover。FortheTEMPERAMENTistheman;thethingtrickedoutwithclothesandnamedManismerelyitsShadow，nothingmore。Thelawofthetiger’stemperamentis，Thoushaltkill;thelawofthesheep’stemperamentisThoushaltnotkill。Toissuelatercommandsrequiringthetigertoletthefatstrangeralone，andrequiringthesheeptoimbueitshandsinthebloodofthelionisnotworthwhile，forthosecommandsCAN’Tbeobeyed。TheywouldinvitetoviolationsofthelawofTEMPERAMENT，whichissupreme，andtakeprecedenceofallotherauthorities。IcannothelpfeelingdisappointedinAdamandEve。Thatis，intheirtemperaments。NotinTHEM，poorhelplessyoungcreatures

afflictedwithtemperamentsmadeoutofbutter;whichbutterwascommandedtogetintocontactwithfireandBEMELTED。WhatI

cannothelpwishingis，thatAdamhadbeenpostponed，andMartinLutherandJoanofArcputintheirplacethatsplendidpairequippedwithtemperamentsnotmadeofbutter，butofasbestos。

ByneithersugarypersuasionsnorbyhellfirecouldSatanhavebeguiledTHEMtoeattheapple。Therewouldhavebeenresults！

Indeed，yes。Theapplewouldbeintacttoday;therewouldbenohumanrace;therewouldbenoYOU;therewouldbenoME。Andtheold，oldcreationdawnschemeofultimatelylaunchingmeintotheliteraryguildwouldhavebeendefeated。

HOWTOMAKEHISTORYDATESSTICK

Thesechaptersareforchildren，andIshalltrytomakethewordslargeenoughtocommandrespect。Inthehopethatyouarelistening，andthatyouhaveconfidenceinme，Iwillproceed。

Datesaredifficultthingstoacquire;andaftertheyareacquireditisdifficulttokeeptheminthehead。Buttheyareveryvaluable。Theyarelikethecattlepensofaranchtheyshutintheseveralbrandsofhistoricalcattle，eachwithinitsownfence，andkeepthemfromgettingmixedtogether。Datesarehardtorememberbecausetheyconsistoffigures;figuresaremonotonouslyunstrikinginappearance，andtheydon’ttakehold，theyformnopictures，andsotheygivetheeyenochancetohelp。Picturesarethething。Picturescanmakedatesstick。

TheycanmakenearlyanythingstickparticularlyIFYOUMAKETHE

PICTURESYOURSELF。Indeed，thatisthegreatpointmakethepicturesYOURSELF。Iknowaboutthisfromexperience。ThirtyyearsagoIwasdeliveringamemorizedlectureeverynight，andeverynightIhadtohelpmyselfwithapageofnotestokeepfromgettingmyselfmixed。Thenotesconsistedofbeginningsofsentences，andwereeleveninnumber，andtheyransomethinglikethis:

"INTHATREGIONTHEWEATHER"

"ATTHATTIMEITWASACUSTOM"

"BUTINCALIFORNIAONENEVERHEARD"

Elevenofthem。Theyinitialedthebriefdivisionsofthelectureandprotectedmeagainstskipping。Buttheyalllookedaboutalikeonthepage;theyformednopicture;Ihadthembyheart，butIcouldneverwithcertaintyremembertheorderoftheirsuccession;thereforeIalwayshadtokeepthosenotesbymeandlookatthemeverylittlewhile。OnceImislaidthem;youwillnotbeabletoimaginetheterrorsofthatevening。InowsawthatImustinventsomeotherprotection。SoIgottenoftheinitiallettersbyheartintheirproperorderI，A，B，andsoonandIwentontheplatformthenextnightwiththesemarkedininkonmytenfingernails。Butitdidn’tanswer。I

kepttrackofthefiguresforawhile;thenIlostit，andafterthatIwasneverquitesurewhichfingerIhadusedlast。I

couldn’tlickoffaletterafterusingit，forwhilethatwouldhavemadesuccesscertainitalsowouldhaveprovokedtoomuchcuriosity。Therewascuriosityenoughwithoutthat。TotheaudienceIseemedmoreinterestedinmyfingernailsthanIwasinmysubject;oneortwopersonsaskedmeafterwardwhatwasthematterwithmyhands。

Itwasnowthattheideaofpicturesoccurredtome;thenmytroublespassedaway。IntwominutesImadesixpictureswithapen，andtheydidtheworkoftheelevencatchsentences，anddiditperfectly。Ithrewthepicturesawayassoonastheyweremade，forIwassureIcouldshutmyeyesandseethemanytime。

Thatwasaquarterofacenturyago;thelecturevanishedoutofmyheadmorethantwentyyearsago，butIwouldrewriteitfromthepicturesfortheyremain。Herearethreeofthem:（Fig。1）。

ThefirstoneisahaystackbelowitarattlesnakeandittoldmewheretobegintotalkranchlifeinCarsonValley。ThesecondonetoldmewheretobeginthetalkaboutastrangeandviolentwindthatusedtoburstuponCarsonCityfromtheSierraNevadaseveryafternoonattwoo’clockandtrytoblowthetownaway。Thethirdpicture，asyoueasilyperceive，islightning;

itsdutywastoremindmewhenitwastimetobegintotalkaboutSanFranciscoweather，wherethereISnolightningnorthunder，eitheranditneverfailedme。

Iwillgiveyouavaluablehint。Whenamanismakingaspeechandyouaretofollowhimdon’tjotdownnotestospeakfrom，jotdownPICTURES。Itisawkwardandembarrassingtohavetokeepreferringtonotes;andbesidesitbreaksupyourspeechandmakesitraggedandnoncoherent;butyoucantearupyourpicturesassoonasyouhavemadethemtheywillstayfreshandstronginyourmemoryintheorderandsequenceinwhichyouscratchedthemdown。Andmanywilladmiretoseewhatagoodmemoryyouarefurnishedwith，whenperhapsyourmemoryisnotanybetterthanmine。

Sixteenyearsagowhenmychildrenwerelittlecreaturesthegovernesswastryingtohammersomeprimerhistoriesintotheirheads。PartofthisfunifyouliketocallitthatconsistedinthememorizingoftheaccessiondatesofthethirtysevenpersonageswhohadruledEnglandfromtheConquerordown。Theselittlepeoplefounditabitter，hardcontract。Itwasalldates，andalllookedalike，andtheywouldn’tstick。Dayafterdayofthesummervacationdribbledby，andstillthekingsheldthefort;thechildrencouldn’tconqueranysixofthem。

WithmylectureexperienceinmindIwasawarethatIcouldinventsomewayoutofthetroublewithpictures，butIhopedawaycouldbefoundwhichwouldletthemrompintheopenairwhiletheylearnedthekings。Ifoundit，andtheymasteredallthemonarchsinadayortwo。

TheideawastomakethemSEEthereignswiththeireyes;

thatwouldbealargehelp。Wewereatthefarmthen。Fromthehouseporchthegroundsslopedgraduallydowntothelowerfenceandroseontherighttothehighgroundwheremysmallworkdenstood。Acarriageroadwoundthroughthegroundsandupthehill。IstakeditoutwiththeEnglishmonarchs，beginningwiththeConqueror，andyoucouldstandontheporchandclearlyseeeveryreignanditslength，fromtheConquestdowntoVictoria，theninthefortysixthyearofherreignEIGHTHUNDREDAND

SEVENTEENYEARSOFEnglishhistoryunderyoureyeatonce！

EnglishhistorywasanunusuallylivetopicinAmericajustthen。TheworldhadsuddenlyrealizedthatwhileitwasnotnoticingtheQueenhadpassedHenryVIII。，passedHenryVI。andElizabeth，andgaininginlengtheveryday。Herreignhadenteredthelistofthelongones;everybodywasinterestednow

itwaswatchingarace。WouldshepassthelongEdward？Therewasapossibilityofit。WouldshepassthelongHenry？

Doubtful，mostpeoplesaid。ThelongGeorge？Impossible！

Everybodysaidit。Butwehavelivedtoseeherleavehimtwoyearsbehind。

Imeasuredoff817feetoftheroadway，afootrepresentingayear，andatthebeginningandendofeachreignIdroveathreefootwhitepinestakeintheturfbytheroadsideandwrotethenameanddatesonit。AbreastthemiddleoftheporchfrontstoodagreatgraniteflowervaseoverflowingwithacataractofbrightyellowflowersIcan’tthinkoftheirname。ThevaseofWilliamtheConqueror。Weputhisnameonitandhisaccessiondate，1066。Westartedfromthatandmeasuredofftwentyonefeetoftheroad，anddroveWilliamRufus’sstate;thenthirteenfeetanddrovethefirstHenry’sstake;thenthirtyfivefeetanddroveStephen’s;thennineteenfeet，whichbroughtusjustpastthesummerhouseontheleft;thenwestakedoutthirtyfive，ten，andseventeenforthesecondHenryandRichardandJohn;

turnedthecurveandentereduponjustwhatwasneededforHenryIII。alevel，straightstretchoffiftysixfeetofroadwithoutacrinkleinit。Anditlayexactlyinfrontofthehouse，inthemiddleofthegrounds。Therecouldn’thavebeenabetterplaceforthatlongreign;youcouldstandontheporchandseethosetwowideapartstakesalmostwithyoureyesshut。（Fig。2。）

Thatisn’ttheshapeoftheroadIhavebunchedituplikethattosaveroom。Theroadhadsomegreatcurvesinit，buttheirgradualsweepwassuchthattheywerenomartohistory。

No，inourroadonecouldtellataglancewhowaswhobythesizeofthevacancybetweenstakeswithLOCALITYtohelp，ofcourse。

AlthoughIamawayoffhereinaSwedishvillage[1]andthosestakesdidnotstandtillthesnowcame，Icanseethemtodayasplainlyasever;andwheneverIthinkofanEnglishmonarchhisstakesrisebeforemeoftheirownaccordandI

noticethelargeorsmallspacewhichhetakesuponourroad。

Areyourkingsspacedoffinyourmind？WhenyouthinkofRichardIII。andofJamesII。dothedurationsoftheirreignsseemaboutaliketoyou？Itisn’tsotome;Ialwaysnoticethatthere’safoot’sdifference。WhenyouthinkofHenryIII。doyouseeagreatlongstretchofstraightroad？Ido;andjustattheendwhereitjoinsontoEdwardI。Ialwaysseeasmallpearbushwithitsgreenfruithangingdown。WhenIthinkoftheCommonwealthIseeashadylittlegroupofthesesmallsaplingswhichwecalledtheoakparlor;whenIthinkofGeorgeIII。Iseehimstretchingupthehill，partofhimoccupiedbyaflightofstonesteps;andIcanlocateStephentoaninchwhenhecomesintomymind，forhejustfilledthestretchwhichwentbythesummerhouse。Victoria’sreignreachedalmosttomystudydooronthefirstlittlesummit;there’ssixteenfeettobeaddednow;

Ibelievethatthatwouldcarryittoabigpinetreethatwasshatteredbysomelightningonesummerwhenitwastryingtohitme。

Wegotagooddealoffunoutofthehistoryroad;andexercise，too。Wetrottedthecoursefromtheconquerortothestudy，thechildrencallingoutthenames，dates，andlengthofreignsaswepassedthestakes，goingagoodgaitalongthelongreigns，butslowingdownwhenwecameuponpeoplelikeMaryandEdwardVI。，andtheshortStuartandPlantagenet，togivetimetogetinthestatistics。Iofferedprizes，tooapples。IthrewoneasfarasIcouldsendit，andthechildthatfirstshoutedthereignitfellingottheapple。

Thechildrenwereencouragedtostoplocatingthingsasbeing"overbythearbor，"or"intheoakparlor，"or"upatthestonesteps，"andsayinsteadthatthethingswereinStephen，orintheCommonwealth，orinGeorgeIII。Theygotthehabitwithouttrouble。Tohavethelongroadmappedoutwithsuchexactnesswasagreatboonforme，forIhadthehabitofleavingbooksandotherarticleslyingaroundeverywhere，andhadnotpreviouslybeenabletodefinitelynametheplace，andsohadoftenbeenobligedtogotofetchthemmyself，tosavetimeandfailure;butnowIcouldnamethereignIleftthemin，andsendthechildren。

NextIthoughtIwouldmeasureofftheFrenchreigns，andpegthemalongsidetheEnglishones，sothatwecouldalwayshavecontemporaneousFrenchhistoryunderoureyesaswewentourEnglishrounds。WepeggedthemdowntotheHundredYears’War，thenthrewtheideaaside，Idonotnowrememberwhy。AfterthatwemadetheEnglishpegsfenceinEuropeanandAmericanhistoryaswellasEnglish，andthatansweredverywell。Englishandalienpoets，statesmen，artists，heroes，battles，plagues，cataclysms，revolutionsweshoveledthemallintotheEnglishfencesaccordingtotheirdates。Doyouunderstand？WegaveWashington’sbirthtoGeorgeII。’spegsandhisdeathtoGeorgeIII。’s;GeorgeII。gottheLisbonearthquakeandGeorgeIII。theDeclarationofIndependence。Goethe，Shakespeare，Napoleon，Savonarola，JoanofArc，theFrenchRevolution，theEdictofNantes，Clive，Wellington，Waterloo，Plassey，Patay，Cowpens，Saratoga，theBattleoftheBoyne，theinventionofthelogarithms，themicroscope，thesteamengine，thetelegraph

anythingandeverythingallovertheworldwedumpeditallinamongtheEnglishpegsaccordingtoitdateandregardlessofitsnationality。

IftheroadpeggingschemehadnotsucceededIshouldhavelodgedthekingsinthechildren’sheadsbymeansofpictures

thatis，Ishouldhavetried。Itmighthavefailed，forthepicturescouldonlybeeffectiveWHENMADEBYTHEPUPIL;notthemaster，foritistheworkputuponthedrawingthatmakesthedrawingstayinthememory，andmychildrenweretoolittletomakedrawingsatthattime。And，besides，theyhadnotalentforart，whichisstrange，forinotherwaystheyarelikeme。

ButIwilldevelopthepictureplannow，hopingthatyouwillbeabletouseit。Itwillcomegoodforindoorswhentheweatherisbadandonecannotgooutsideandpegaroad。Letusimaginethatthekingsareaprocession，andthattheyhavecomeoutoftheArkanddownAraratforexerciseandarenowstartingbackagainupthezigzagroad。Thiswillbringseveralofthemintoviewatonce，andeachzigzagwillrepresentthelengthofaking’sreign。

Andsoon。Youwillhaveplentyofspace，forbymyprojectyouwillusetheparlorwall。Youdonotmarkonthewall;thatwouldcausetrouble。Youonlyattachbitsofpapertoitwithpinsorthumbtacks。Thesewillleavenomark。

Takeyourpennow，andtwentyonepiecesofwhitepaper，eachtwoinchessquare，andwewilldothetwentyoneyearsoftheConqueror’sreign。Oneachsquaredrawapictureofawhaleandwritethedatesandtermofservice。Wechoosethewhaleforseveralreasons:itsnameandWilliam’sbeginwiththesameletter;itisthebiggestfishthatswims，andWilliamisthemostconspicuousfigureinEnglishhistoryinthewayofalandmark;finally，awhaleisabouttheeasiestthingtodraw。

Bythetimeyouhavedrawntwentyonewalesandwritten"WilliamI。10661087twentyoneyears"twentyonetimes，thosedetailswillbeyourproperty;youcannotdislodgethemfromyourmemorywithanythingbutdynamite。Iwillmakeasampleforyoutocopy:

（Fig。3）。

Ihavegothischinuptoohigh，butthatisnomatter;heislookingforHarold。Itmaybethatawhalehasn’tthatfinupthereonhisback，butIdonotremember;andso，sincethereisadoubt，itisbesttoerronthesafeside。Helooksbetter，anyway，thanhewouldwithoutit。

BeverycarefulandATTENTIVEwhileyouaredrawingyourfirstwhalefrommysampleandwritingthewordandfiguresunderit，sothatyouwillnotneedtocopythesampleanymore。

Compareyourcopywiththesample;examineclosely;ifyoufindyouhavegoteverythingrightandcanshutyoureyesandseethepictureandcallthewordsandfigures，thenturnthesampleandcopyupsidedownandmakethenextcopyfrommemory;andalsothenextandnext，andsoon，alwaysdrawingandwritingfrommemoryuntilyouhavefinishedthewholetwentyone。Thiswilltakeyoutwentyminutes，orthirty，andbythattimeyouwillfindthatyoucanmakeawhaleinlesstimethananunpracticedpersoncanmakeasardine;also，uptothetimeyoudieyouwillalwaysbeabletofurnishWilliam’sdatestoanyignorantpersonthatinquiresafterthem。

YouwillnowtakethirteenpiecesofBLUEpaper，eachtwoinchessquare，anddoWilliamII。（Fig。4。）

Makehimspouthiswaterforwardinsteadofbackward;alsomakehimsmall，andstickaharpooninhimandgivehimthatsicklookintheeye。OtherwiseyoumightseemtobecontinuingtheotherWilliam，andthatwouldbeconfusingandadamage。Itisquiterighttomakehimsmall;hewasonlyaboutaNo。11whale，oralongtheresomewhere;therewasn’troominhimforhisfather’sgreatspirit。Thebarbofthatharpoonoughtnottoshowlikethat，becauseitisdowninsidethewhaleandoughttobeoutofsight，butitcannotbehelped;ifthebarbwereremovedpeoplewouldthinksomeonehadstuckawhipstockintothewhale。Itisbesttoleavethebarbthewayitis，theneveryonewillknowitisaharpoonandattendingtobusiness。

Rememberdrawfromthecopyonlyonce;makeyourothertwelveandtheinscriptionfrommemory。

Nowthetruthisthatwheneveryouhavecopiedapictureanditsinscriptiononcefrommysampleandtwoorthreetimesfrommemorythedetailswillstaywithyouandbehardtoforget。

Afterthat，ifyoulike，youmaymakemerelythewhale’sHEADandWATERSPOUTfortheConquerortillyouendhisreign，eachtimeSAYINGtheinscriptioninplaceofwritingit;andinthecaseofWilliamII。maketheHARPOONalone，andsayovertheinscriptioneachtimeyoudoit。Yousee，itwilltakenearlytwiceaslongtodothefirstsetasitwilltodothesecond，andthatwillgiveyouamarkedsenseofthedifferenceinlengthofthetworeigns。

NextdoHenryI。onthirtyfivesquaresofREDpaper。

（Fig。5。）

Thatisahen，andsuggestsHenrybyfurnishingthefirstsyllable。

Whenyouhaverepeatedthehenandtheinscriptionuntilyouareperfectlysureofthem，drawmerelythehen’sheadtherestofthethirtyfivetimes，sayingovertheinscriptioneachtime。Thus:

（Fig。6）。

Youbegintounderstandhowhowthisprocessionisgoingtolookwhenitisonthewall。FirsttherewillbetheConqueror’stwentyonewhalesandwaterspouts，thetwentyonewhitesquaresjoinedtooneanotherandmakingawhitestripethreeandone

halffeetlong;thethirteenbluesquaresofWilliamII。willbejoinedtothatabluestripetwofeet，twoincheslong，followedbyHenry’sredstripefivefeet，tenincheslong，andsoon。Thecoloreddivisionswillsmartlyshowtotheeyethedifferenceinthelengthofthereignsandimpresstheproportionsonthememoryandtheunderstanding。（Fig。7。）

StephenofBloiscomesnext。HerequiresnineteentwoinchsquaresofYELLOWpaper。（Fig。8。）

Thatisasteer。ThesoundsuggeststhebeginningofStephen’sname。Ichooseitforthatreason。IcanmakeabettersteerthanthatwhenIamnotexcited。Butthisonewilldo。Itisagoodenoughsteerforhistory。Thetailisdefective，butitonlywantsstraighteningout。

NextcomesHenryII。GivehimthirtyfivesquaresofREDpaper。

Thesehensmustfacewest，liketheformerones。（Fig。9。）

Thishendiffersfromtheotherone。HeisonhiswaytoinquirewhathasbeenhappeninginCanterbury。

HowwearriveatRichardI。，calledRichardoftheLion

heartbecausehewasabravefighterandwasneversocontentedaswhenhewasleadingcrusadesinPalestineandneglectinghisaffairsathome。GivehimtensquaresofWHITEpaper。（Fig。10）。

Thatisalion。Hisofficeistoremindyouofthelion

heartedRichard。Thereissomethingthematterwithhislegs，butIdonotquiteknowwhatitis，theydonotseemright。

Ithinkthehindonesarethemostunsatisfactory;thefrontonesarewellenough，thoughitwouldbebetteriftheywererightsandlefts。

NextcomesKingJohn，andhewasapoorcircumstance。

HewascalledLackland。HegavehisrealmtothePope。

LethimhaveseventeensquaresofYELLOWpaper。（Fig。11。）

Thatcreatureisajamboree。Itlookslikeatrademark，butthatisonlyanaccidentandnotintentional。Itisprehistoricandextinct。ItusedtoroamtheearthintheOldSiluriantimes，andlayeggsandcatchfishandclimbtreesandliveonfossils;foritwasofamixedbreed，whichwasthefashionthen。

Itwasveryfierce，andtheOldSilurianswereafraidofit，butthisisatameone。Physicallyithasnorepresentativenow，butitsmindhasbeentransmitted。FirstIdrewitsittingdown，buthaveturnedittheotherwaynowbecauseIthinkitlooksmoreattractiveandspiritedwhenoneendofitisgalloping。IlovetothinkthatinthisattitudeitgivesusapleasantideaofJohncomingallinahappyexcitementtoseewhatthebaronshavebeenarrangingforhimatRunnymede，whiletheotheronegivesusanideaofhimsittingdowntowringhishandsandgrieveoverit。

WenowcometoHenryIII。;REDsquaresagain，ofcourse

fiftysixofthem。WemustmakealltheHenrysthesamecolor;

itwillmaketheirlongreignsshowuphandsomelyonthewall。

AmongalltheeightHenrystherewerebuttwoshortones。A

luckyname，asfaraslongevitygoes。ThereignsofsixoftheHenryscover227years。ItmighthavebeenwelltonamealltheroyalprincesHenry，butthiswasoverlookeduntilitwastoolate。

（Fig。12。）

Thisisthebestoneyet。Heisonhisway（1265）tohavealookatthefirstHouseofCommonsinEnglishhistory。Itwasamonumentalevent，thesituationintheHouse，andwasthesecondgreatlibertylandmarkwhichthecenturyhadsetup。IhavemadeHenrylookingglad，butthiswasnotintentional。

EdwardI。comesnext;LIGHTBROWNpaper，thirtyfivesquares。

（Fig。13。）

Thatisaneditor。Heistryingtothinkofaword。Hepropshisfeetonachair，whichistheeditor’sway;thenhecanthinkbetter。Idonotcaremuchforthisone;hisearsarenotalike;still，editorsuggeststhesoundofEdward，andhewilldo。IcouldmakehimbetterifIhadamodel，butImadethisonefrommemory。Butisnoparticularmatter;theyalllookalike，anyway。Theyareconceitedandtroublesome，anddon’tpayenough。EdwardwasthefirstreallyEnglishkingthathadyetoccupiedthethrone。TheeditorinthepictureprobablylooksjustasEdwardlookedwhenitwasfirstborneinuponhimthatthiswasso。Hiswholeattitudeexpressedgratificationandpridemixedwithstupefactionandastonishment。

EdwardII。now;twentyBLUEsquares。（Fig。14。）

Anothereditor。Thatthingbehindhisearishispencil。

Wheneverhefindsabrightthinginyourmanuscripthestrikesitoutwiththat。Thatdoeshimgood，andmakeshimsmileandshowhisteeth，thewayheisdoinginthepicture。Thisonehasjustbeenstrikingoutasmartthing，andnowheissittingtherewithhisthumbsinhisvestholes，gloating。Theyarefullofenvyandmalice，editorsare。ThispicturewillservetoremindyouthatEdwardII。wasthefirstEnglishkingwhowasDEPOSED。Upondemand，hesignedhisdepositionhimself。Hehadfoundkingshipamostaggravatinganddisagreeableoccupation，andyoucanseebythelookofhimthatheisgladheresigned。Hehasputhisbluepencilupforgoodnow。Hehadstruckoutmanyagoodthingwithitinhistime。

EdwardIII。next;fiftyREDsquares。（Fig。15。）

Thiseditorisacritic。Hehaspulledouthiscarving

knifeandhistomahawkandisstartingafterabookwhichheisgoingtohaveforbreakfast。Thisone’sarmsareputonwrong。