第15章

Aftersomesuccessheisdefeatedandcondemnedtobeexecuted

Heisshotonhiswaytothescaffold

RenewedhatredagainsttheJesuits

TheirlaboursamongtheIndiansoftheChacoFromthedepartureofCardenasin1650，toabout1720，wasthehalcyonperiodoftheJesuitmissionsinParaguay。

DuringthattimethingswentoninthemissionsafterthefashionIhaveattemptedtodescribe。Thepeoplepassedtheirtimeintheirsemi

communisticlabour，sweetenedbyconstantprayer；

theirpastorsmayormaynothavedoneallthatwaspossibletoinstructtheminthescienceofthetime；but，still，theIndianpopulationdidnotdecrease，asitwasobservedtodofromyeartoyearinothercountriesofAmericaandintheSpanishsettlementsinParaguay。

DuringthisperiodtheJesuitshadmaderepeatedefforts，butwithoutmuchrealsuccess，toestablishmissionsamongstthewildequestriantribesintheGranChacouponthewesternbankoftheriverParaguay。

Nothing，apparently，pointedtotheeventswhich，beginningintheyear1721，finallyledtotheirexpulsion，or，atleast，furnishedadditionalreasonstoKingCharlesIII。toincludetheJesuitsinParaguayinthegeneralexpulsionoftheirorderfromthedominionsoftheSpanishcrown。

P。Cardiel(`DeclaraciondelaVerdad"，p。449)，quotingfromXarque(`LaVidaApostolicadelPadreJosephCataidino"，ZaragocaporJuandeYpa，1664)，says，rethediminutionoftheIndiansundertheSpanishrule:`ParaqueseveacuantarazontieneelJuezreparesequesegunlospadronesdelsiglopasado(vg。1600

1700)

enlaciudadyjurisdiciondeSantiagodelEsterohabia80，000Indiosyahora，apenashayochenta。EnlajurisdiciondeCordobadeTucuman，habia40，000；hoynohay40。

EnlajurisdicionycercaniasdelaciudaddeBuenosAyres，habia30，000；hoyapenashay30。"

Inthatyear(1721)DonJosedeAntequerawasappointedtosucceedtheGovernorofParaguay，DonDiegodelosReyesBalmaceda，whenhistermofofficehadexpired。Thesituationwas，asoftenhappenedintheSpanishcolonies，complicatedbyaninquiryintotheconductoftheGovernor(Balmaceda)，inprogressattheHighCourtofCharcas，whichcourt，asinthecaseofCardenas，actedmostcautiously，bothonaccountofitsposition，sofarfromParaguay，andonaccountoftheinordinateprocrastinationofeverythingconnectedwiththeSpanishlaw。IfBalmacedawerecondemned，thenAntequerawouldstepintohisshoesatonce。If，ontheotherhand，hewereacquitted，Antequerawouldhavetowaituntilthelegaltimeofofficehadrunitscourse。Sofarallwasinorder，buttheHighCourt，eitherindoubtofitsownwisdomorofitspowertopronouncejudgmentdefinitely，hadissuedadecreesuspendingBalmacedafromhisfunctions，butwithouteithercondemningoracquittinghim。

This，too，theydidafterhavingtakenmorethanthreeyearstosifttheevidenceandsummonwitnesses，whoeitherhadtocrossthecountryonamuleattheimminentriskofdeathbyfamineorbyIndians，or，havingdescendedtheriverPlatetoBuenosAyres(whichjourneyoftentookamonth)，waitforashiptotakethemroundCapeHorntoLima，andfromthencetraveltoCharcasonmuleback，followingoneoftheIncas"roads。

DonJosedeAntequerayCastrowasbornatLima，andbeing，asFatherCharlevoixsays，anable，eloquent，butvainandmostambitiousman，endowedwithplentyofimagination，sometalent，andbutlittleballast，wasnotcontenttowaittilltimeshouldplacehiminhisgovernorship。So，hearingthatajudgeinquisitorwastobesenttoParaguaytoinquireintothecase，andhavinggraduatedhimselfandheldthepositionofprocuratorfiscalintheCharcas，hesolicitedthepost，andbysomeerrorwasappointed。

Charlevoix，vol。ii。，livrexvii。

NosoonerwastheappointmentsignedthanstraighthepostedofftoParaguay。

AshehadstudiedinthecollegeoftheJesuitsatLaPlata，hisfirstvisitwastothereductionsoftheJesuits。

Themissionariesreceivedhimwell，andsentatroopofIndianstoescorthimtotheboundaryoftheirterritories，neversuspectingwhatAntequerawasabouttodo。HavingheardthattheGovernor，Balmaceda，wasatadistantportupontheParana，AntequerahastenedtoAsuncion。

Arrivedthere，thesamemadnessofauthorityseemstohavecomeonhimwhichcamefiftyorsixtyyearsbeforehistimeonCardenas。

FindingnospecialseatreservedforhimintheCathedral，hepubliclyreprovedthedean，tothegreatscandaloftheworshippers。ThisseemsnottohavelosthimtherespectofthecitizensofAsuncion，whowereaccustomedtoallkindsofvagaries，bothoftheirrulersandtheirspiritualguides。

Nosortofviolencetolawsandcustomsseemsevertoaffectapeopleunlesstheviolenceisdonetobenefitthem，wheninstantlytheyriseagainstthebreakerofthelaw，howeverheavilyitmaybearuponthemselves。

ButthedevotedcitizensofAsuncionweresoaccustomedtoperpetualturmoilthat，asDeanFunessays，`theyonlystoppedwhenitwasabsolutelynecessaryforthemtobreathe。"

EventheoverpraisedcitizensofAthensatthetimeofPericles，whomusthavebeeninalltheirwayssoliketheAtheniansofto

day，werenotmoreinstantintheAgoraordiligentinwritingpatriots"namesonoyster

shellsthanthenoisymobofhalf

breedpatriotswhointhesandystreetsofAsuncionwereeveragitating，alwaysassembling，anddoingeverythingwithintheirpowertoshowtheworldtheperfectpictureofademocraticState。

StrangethatsuchturbulentandpatrioticpeopleshouldhavebeenancestorsofthosewhomI，aftertheterminationofthewarwithBuenosAyresandBrazilin1870，knewaslethargicanddowntrodden，asifthegreatdictator，Dr。Francia，whomthecountrypeople，speakinginbatedbreath，called`ElDifunto"，hadstilloppressedtheland。

IntotheturbulenthotbedofAsuncionfellAntequera，oneofthoseCreolesofPeruwho，bornwithtalentandwelleducated，seemed，eitherfromthecircumstancesoftheirbirthorthesurroundingsamongstwhichtheypassedtheiryouth，todifferasentirelyfromtheSpaniardsasiftheyhadbeenIndiansandnotCreolesofwhiteblood。

LikeCardenas，Antequerawasendowedwitheloquence；but，unlikeCardenas，hesetnostoreoneloquenceuponitsownaccount，butonlyuseditforhisownadvancementintheworld。FindingtheGovernorabsentfromAsuncionandlyingunderadecreesuspendinghimfromallhisfunctions，itseemsatoncetohaveoccurredtoAntequeratoseizehisplace。Onthisaccount，havingingratiatedhimselfwithsomeofthoseopposedtoBalmaceda，heraisedanarmy，andsenttoseizehim；

buttheGovernor，havingnoticeoftheplot，escapedtoCorrientes，andAntequerainstantlyassumedhispost。ThiswastoomuchfortheViceroyofPeru，who，thoughhehadbefriendedAntequerainthepast，hadsomerespectforlaw。ImmediatelyheissuedadecreereplacingBalmacedainthegovernorship，andorderingAntequeratogivehimbackthepowerhehadusurped。ThisAntequerahadnothoughtofdoing，andheembarkedonacareerofviolencewhichinducedsometobelieveheintendedtoproclaimhimselfanindependentking。

Whetherthiswasorwasnotthecase，astateofthingsaroseinParaguaymorepandemoniceventhaninthegoodoldtimesofCardenas。

TheJesuits，nothavingseentheirwaytosustainthecauseoftheirex

pupil，wereexpelledoncemore(1725)，andasbeforetookshipforCorrientesamongstthetearsofthepeople，theirhistorianssay，

andasIbanezandthosewhohavewrittenagainstthemaffirmasstrongly，amongstuniversaljoy。CertainitisthatinAsunciontheyplayedadifferentpartfromthatplayedbytheminthemissionterritory，andnodoubtmixed，asdidtheotherOrdersofreligion，intheintrigueswhichneverseemedtoceaseintherestlesscapitalofParaguay。

Funes，`EnsayodelaHistoriaCivildelParaguay"，etc。，vol。ii。，cap。v。，p。231。

DelTecho，Lozano，Guevara，Charlevoix，etc。，etc。

NotbeingcontentwiththeexpulsionoftheJesuits，AntequeradefeatedseveralgeneralssentagainsthimbytheViceroyofPeru，andbya`coupdemain"tookprisonertheex

GovernorBalmaceda，havingsurprisedhiminhishouseinCorrientes，andcarriedhimbacktoAsuncionunderacloseguard。Theusualreignofterrorthenbegan，andeverythingfellintoconfusion，tillatlasttheKing(PhilipV。)

in1726commandedthattheJesuitsshouldbereinstatedintheircollegeinAsuncion，andthatthemissionsshouldbetakenfromthejurisdictionoftheGovernorsofParaguayandplacedunderthecontroloftheGovernoroftheRiverPlate，ashadbeenpreviouslydoneinthecaseoftheotherJesuitmissionsbeyondtheUruguay。

ButSpainwasfaraway，andononepretextoranothersomuchdelayoccurredthatitwasnottillMarch18，1728，thattheJesuitswerereinstatedinthecollegeinAsuncion，whichtheywerenowfatedtoholdbutforalittlespace。AtlasttheViceroyofPeru，theMarquessofCastelFuerte，sentDonBrunodeZavalawithasufficientarmyandsixthousandIndiansfromthemissionsagainsttheusurperAntequera，whofledforrefugetotheFranciscanconventinCordoba，whereheremained，till，findinghispositionquiteuntenable，hefledtoCharcas，wherehewasarrested，andsenttoLimatoawaithistrial。Fouryearshewaitedinperfectliberty，goingandcomingaboutthetownasitbestpleasedhim，whilsttheHighCourtheardevidence，wrotetoMadrid，receivedinstructionsfromtheKing，andgenerallydisplayedtheincapacitywhichinallageshasbeenthechiefdistinctivefeaturesofeverycourtoflaw。

In1731anordercamefromMadridtoexecutehim，andwithoutlossoftimehewasplacedonahorsedrapedallinblack，and，precededbyaheraldandguardedbyatroopofguards，takenouttothepublicsquaretobebeheaded。Butthegoodpeopleofthecapital，who，inthefashionoftheworld，wouldnotmostprobablyhavestirredasteptosaveasaint，weremightilyconcernedtoseearoguereceivehisduedeserts。Thestreetswerefilledwiththousandscryingout`Pardon!"stonesflew，andtheaffairlookedsothreateningthattheViceroyhadtogetonhorsebackandrideamongstthecrowdtocalmthetumult。Thepeoplemethimwithashowerofstones，andhe，fearingtheprisonerwouldescape，calledonhisguardstofireuponhim。FourballspiercedAntequera，whofelldyingfromhishorseintothearmsoftwoaccompanyingpriests。

ThusthemostturbulentofalltheGovernorsofParaguayceasedtroubling，andtheexecutioner，afterhavingcutoffhishead，exhibitedittothepeoplefromthescaffold，withtheusualmoralaphorismastothetraitor"sfate。

ThetriumphoftheJesuitsinAsuncionwasbutmomentary，followingthegeneralruleoftriumphs，whichtaketheirwayalongthestreetwithtrumpetsandwithdrumsamidtheacclamationsofthecrowd，andthen，thepageantover，thechiefactorsfallbackagainintothestrugglesandthecommonplaceofordinarylife。

Betweentheyears1728and1730thepeopleofAsuncionhadbeenmoreeagerinpursuitoflibertythanwastheirusualwont。

Thecitizensweredividedintocamps，anddailyfoughtamongstthesandystreetsandshadyorange

borderedlaneswhichradiatefromalmosteveryquarterofthetown。Therivalbandsofmadmenwerestyledrespectivelythe`Communeros"andthe`Contrabandos"，andtothefirstAntequerathroughouthisresidenceinLimagavealltheassistanceinhispower。Neitherofthetwoseemstohavehadthemostelementaryideaofrealpatriotism，oranywishforanythingbeyondthemomentarytriumphofthemiserablepartytowhicheachbelonged。

Onedoctrinetheyheldincommon

ahatredoftheJesuits，andoftheinfluencetheyexercisedagainsttheenslavingoftheIndians，whichwastheaimof`Contrabandos"andof`Communeros"alike。

Oneoftherivalchieftainsofthefactionshavingfledforrefugetothemissions，thepeopleofAsuncionassembledtroopstotakehimfromhissanctuarybyforce。ArriveduponthefrontieroftheJesuitterritory，theyfoundthemselvesopposedbyanarmyoftheIndians，wholookedsoformidablethatthetroopsretiredtoAsuncion，andtheleaders，foiledinthefield，andnothavingforcetoattacktheJesuitsintheirownterritory，setvigorouslytoinflamethemindsofthepeopleagainstthem。

Libertyiscommonlyonlyattainedbyblood。Itis，Ithink，quitelegitimateinplayingthelibertygametokillallwhodisagreewithyourparty，ortobanishthem。

Inthesedegeneratetimes，loversoflibertyhavetostopshortatcalumny，justasiftheyweremeretyrants。

Theyworkedwithsuchsuccessthatwhen，in1732，thenewsofAntequera"sdeathreachedParaguay，thepeople，inflamedwiththeideathathewassacrificedtothehatredoftheJesuits，roseandexpelledthemonceagain。TheconstantexpulsionsoftheJesuitsfromAsuncion，theturmoilsintheState，andthefactthateverynowandthentheIndianshadtotakearmstodefendtheirterritory，actedmostmischievouslyonthereductions，bothinParaguayandinthosebetweentheParanaandUruguay。WholetribesofIndians，recentlyconverted，wentbacktothewoods；landwasleftquiteuntilled，andontheoutskirtsofthemissionterritorythewarliketribesofIndians，stillunsubdued，raidedthecattle，killedtheneophytes，andcarriedofftheirwivesasslaves。Butstill，inspiteofall，theIndiansclungtotheirpriests

astheysaid，fromaffectionforthereligiouscaretheyhadbestowed，butquiteaspossiblyfromtheinstinctiveknowledgethat，betweentheraidingPortugueseandthemaddeningpatriotsinAsuncion，theironlysafeguardagainstslaverylayintheJesuits。

MostfortunatelyforParaguayatthetime(1734)，DonBrunodeZavala，perhapsthemostenergeticoftheSpaniardsintheKing"sserviceinAmerica，wasViceroyintheRiverPlate。HavingreceivedorderstoquietthedissensionsinAsuncion，inspiteofbeingnearlyseventyyearsofage，andhavinglostanarmintheItalianwars，hemarchedatonce，takingbutfortysoldiersinhistrain，as，warbeingimminentwithPortugal，itwasnotsafetodepletetheslenderforcesintheRiverPlate。ArrivedinParaguay，heenteredtheJesuitmissionsattheReductionofSanIgnacioGuazu，and，havingappealedtotheprovincialoftheOrderforhisaid，speedilyfoundhimselfattheheadofalargearmyoftheIndians。AftersomeskirmisheshewasinapositiontoenterAsuncionandforcethepeopletoreceivehimastheirGovernor。Byoneofthoserevulsionssofrequentinacrowdofreasonablemen，thepeoplebeggedhimtoinvitetheJesuitstoreturn。Theydidso(1735)，andwerereceivedinstate，theGovernor，theBishop，andthechiefclergyandofficialsoftheplaceattendingMassintheCathedralwithlightedcandlesintheirhands。

Hisdutyover，DonBrunodeZavalasetoffforChile，wherehehadbeenappointedGovernor，andonhisjourney，atthetownofSantaFe，diedsuddenly，exhaustedwiththebattles，marchingsandcountermarchings，rebellions，Indianincursions，theturbulenceofthepeopleinthetowns，andtheothercareswhichformedthedailydutiesofaSpanishofficerinSouthAmericaatthemiddleoftheeighteenthcentury。

ThenexttenyearswereonthewholepeacefulandprofitablefortheIndiansofthemissionsandfortheJesuits。

TheIndiansfollowedquietlytheirArcadianlives，exceptwhennowandthenacontingentofthemwasrequiredtoassistinanyofthewars，whichatthattimewereceaselessthroughouttheeasternpartofSouthAmerica。TheJesuitspushedouttheirspiritualfrontiers，advancingonthenorthamongsttheTobatinesofthewoods，andonthewestendeavouringtospreadtheircoloniesamongsttheChiriguanasandotheroftheChacotribes。

`Guazu"=`great"inGuarani。Itisfrequentinplace

namesbothinParaguayandCorrientes。

DeanFunes，vol。ii。，cap。xii。，p。372，saysofZavala:

`Porcaractereramanso，perouso/algunasvecesdeseveridad，porquesabiaqueparaservirbienaloshombresesprecisodecuandoencuandotenervalordedesagradarlos……

Lapobrezaenquemuriodespuesdetantosan~osdemando，esunapruebaclasicadequenoestabacontagiadoconesacommunflaquezadelosquegobieranenAmerica。"

FromtheconquestofPeru，whenthoseIndianswhohadbeenbutrecentlybroughtundertheempireoftheIncasretreatedintotheChaco，ithadbeentherefugeofthefiercestandmostindomitabletribes。

TheSpanishcolonists，theardourofthefirstconquestspent，hadsettleddownmainlytoagriculturalpursuits。Fewhadefficientfirearms，andonthewhole，thoughturbulentamongstthemselves，theyhadbecomeunwarlike。TheverynameofthewildIndians(LosIndiosBravos)

spreadterrorupanddownthefrontiers。Thisterror，whichIrememberstillprevalentbothinMexicoandonthepampasoftheArgentineRepublic，notmorethanfive

and

twentyyearsago，waskeenerupontheconfinesoftheChacothananywhereinSouthAmerica，except，perhaps，inChile，uponthefrontiersofAraucania。

InthelongandinterestingletterofJaimeAguilar，theprovincialoftheJesuitsinParaguay，totheKingofSpain(PhilipV。，1737)，occursthefollowingpassage:

`Ysialgunavez，quenosonmuchas，seanimanlosEspan~olesaperseguirycastigarlosIndios，muchoshuyendelatierra，oseesconden，pornoiralaentrada……Otras(vezes)

quandolleganalla/，elEnemigolesquitanlaCavallada，dexandolosapieysevuelvenacasacomopueden。"

ThisIhaveseenmyself，notthirtyyearsago，onthefrontiersoftheArgentineRepublic。ThepopularArgentinepoem，`LaVueltadeMartinFierro"，byJoseHernandez(BuenosAyres，1880)，hasanillustrationshowinganexpeditionagainsttheIndiansreturning。

Someofthemenareonfoot；othersareridingtwoonthesamehorse，andofficersareanimatingtheirmenwiththeflatoftheirswords。

TheTobas，Mataguayos，Lules，Aguilotas，Abipones，andtherest，togetherwiththewarlikenationsoftheVilelasandtheGuaycurus，hadfromthefirstrejectedChristianity。Attemptshadseveraltimesbeenmadetoestablishsettlementsamongstthem，buttheferocityofallthetribes，theirnomadhabits

formanyofthempassedtheirlivesonhorseback

andthepeculiarnatureoftheircountry，avastdomainofswamp，piercedbygreatriversquiteunknowntotheSpanishsettlers，hadhithertocombinedtorendereveryeffortvain。

But，notwithstandingthis，theJesuitslabouredincessantly，andnotwithoutsuccess，amongstthewildestoftheChacotribes。

ThegentleandeccentricFatherMartinDobrizhofferpassedmanyyearsamongsttheAbipones，ofwhomhewrotehischarmingbook。Heenumeratesmanytribes，ofwhomhesays`theseareforthemostconvertedbyus，andsettledintowns。"

`AccountoftheAbipones"，p。125。

Nothing，perhaps，displaystheJesuitsattheirbest，morethantheireffortsintheChaco。Theenormousterritorywassparselypeopledbyaboutseventytribes，1whereoftherewerefifteenorsixteenofconsiderablesize。Hardlytwotribesspokedialectsbywhichtheycouldcommunicatewithoneanother，andalmosteveryoneofthemlivedinastateofwarfare，notonlywiththeSpaniards，butwiththeneighbouringtribes。TheinventoriespreservedbyBrabo2

showusthetownofPaisanesintheChaco，withitsroughwoodenhouses，andtheJesuits"habitationinthemiddleoftheplace，stockaded，andwithoutdoors，andwithbutnarrowopeningsinthewall，throughwhichthemissionariescrept。Theinsideofthehousecontainedfiveorsixroughrooms，almostunfurnished，butforafewreligiousbooksandaplentifulsupplyofguns。3

Theirbedswereofunvarnishedwood，withcurtainsofroughcottonspunbytheIndians。Sometimestheyhadasofaofleatherslungbetweenfourstakes，arackformedicinebottles，andforthewineforMass。

Lastly，onepriest，inthesettlementamongsttheToquitistines，hadamonghisbookscopiesofCervantesandQuevedo；onehopeshereadthemhalfsmiling，halfwithatearinhiseye，foryourtruehumourisakintotears。Perhaps，reading`DonQuixote"or`ElGranTacano"，thepoorpriestforgothistroubles，and，wanderingwithSanchoinLaManchanoak

woodsorthroughCastilianuplands，thoughthewasinSpain。4

1Brabo，`Inventarios"，p。ix。

2FranciscoXavierBrabo，`Inventariosdelosbieneshalladosa/laexpulsiondelosJesuitas"(Madrid，1872)。

3Thelistsofcannons，guns，andarmsofallkindsintheinventoriesoftheChacotowns，preservedbyBrabo，servetoshownotonlythedangerstowhichtheJesuitswereexposed，butalsohowthoroughlytheJesuitsunderstoodtheficklenatureofthosewithwhomtheylived。

4Anotherpriest，thelistofwhoseeffectsBrabohaspreservedinhis`Inventarios"，hadabookcalled`ElAliviodeTristes"。

EvenaProtestantmaybeexcusedforhopingthatitmeriteditstitle。

ThroughouttheterritoryoftheGranChacotherewerebutsevenreductionsestablishedbytheJesuits。ThesewereSanJosedeBilelas，withitslittletownPetacas；SanJuanBautistadelosIristines，withitstownletofthesamename；SanEstebandelosLules，withthetownofMiraflores；NuestraSenoradelBuenConsejodelosOmarapas，capitalOrtega；NuestraSenoradePilardelosPaisanes，withMacapilloasitscentre；NuestraSenoradelRosariodelosTobas，withitschiefplacecalledSanLucas；and，lastly，theestablishmentamongsttheAbipones，knownasLaConcepcion。InallthesemissionstheJesuitslivedinconstantperiloftheirlives。Inreadingtheiroldchroniclesonefindstherecordsoftheirobscureandhalf

forgottenmartyrdoms，theirsufferings，andthebriefrecordoftheirdeathsbyanarroworaclub。In1711FatherCavallero，withallhisfollowing，wasslainbythesavagePinzocas。In1717FatherRomero，having，asaJesuitwritersays，`nothingbutmoralforcebehindhim，"

wasslainwithtwelvecompanionsoftheGuaranisofParaguay。

In1718FathersArcoandBlende，SylvaandMaceo，receivedtheirdusted

overmartyrs"crowns。

CretineauJoly，tomev。，chap。ii。，p。95。Yourmoralforceisexcellentinacivilizedcountry；butyourmodernmissionaryusuallypreferssomethingmoreinaccordancewiththespiritofthetimes。

RightupthewesternbankoftheriverParaguay，intheoldmaps，thecrossesmarkthesiteswhereJesuitswereslain。Thattheyalldiedtofurthercraftyschemes，orforsomehiddenpurposeofaMachiaveliannature，evenaDominicanwillscarcelyurge。Thattheydidgood

moreorlessgoodthanProtestantfanaticsofthesamekidneymighthaveachieved

itwereinvidioustoinquire。Thatwhichiscertainisthattheyweresingle

heartedmen，faithfuluntotheendtowhattheythoughtwasright，faithfuleventothesheddingoftheirownblood，whichis，onemaybelieve，thewayinwhichthescripturalinjunctionshouldberightlyread。

Inthedimfuture，whensomeshadowofcommon

sensedawnsontheworld，andwhenmenrecognisethatitisbettertoletothersfollowtheirdestinyasitbestpleasesthem，withouttheofficiousinterferenceoftheirfellows，itmaybethattheywillsayallmissionariesofwhatsoeversectorcongregationshouldhavestayedathome，andnotgonegaddingtothedesertplacesoftheearthseekingtoremedytheerrorsoftheirGodbytheirexertions；butwhilsttheidealstillremainsofsacrifice(whichmay，forallIknow，beuselessinitself，orevenharmful)，theymustperforceallowtheJesuitsinParaguayhighrank，orelsebestultified。

ButintheChacotheJesuitsfoundconditionsmostdifferentfromthoseprevailingintheirmissionsbetweentheUruguayandParana。

Insteadofopenplains，vastswamps；insteadofdocilesemi

ArcadiansliketheGuaranis，whoalmostworshippedthem，fiercenomadhorsemen，brokenintoahundredlittletribes，alwaysatwar，andcaringlittleforreligionofanysortorkind。Again，thereseemsintheChacotohavebeennomeansofamassinganykindofwealth，asalltheterritorywasquiteuncultivatedandinavirginstate；but，still，thesettlementshadexistedlongenoughforcattletoincrease。

Lastly，theincursionsofthebarbaroustribeswereaconstantmenacebothtotheJesuitsandtheirneophytes。YetintheirindefatigablewaytheJesuitsmadeconsiderableprogressamongsttheChacotribes，asboththecurious`HistoryoftheAbipones"byFatherDobrizhofferandtheinventoriespreservedbyBraboprove。

Thetotalnumberofcattlewas78，171，asagainst698，353inthetownsoftheGuaranis。SeeBrabo，`Inventariosdelosbieneshalladosa/laexpulsiondelosJesuitas"，Appendix，p。668。

`HistoryoftheAbipones"，fromtheLatinofMartinDobrizhoffer，London，1822。

ItisacuriouscircumstancethatinthemissionsintheChacotherewerenegroslaves，thoughintheParaguayanmissionstheywereunknown。IntheinventoryofthetownofSanLucasappearthefollowingentries，undertheheadof`NegrosEsclavos":

`Justo，quesirvedecapatazenelcampo；sera/deedaddeveinteysietean~os，maso/menossegunsuaspecto。"

`Item，Pedro，sera/dediezyseisan~osyesmediofatuo。"

`Item，Jose/Felix，sera/deunmesymedio。"

BesidestheirsevenestablishmentsintheGranChaco，theyhadthreeestablishmentsinthenorthofParaguayinthegreatwoodswhichfringethecentralmountainrangeofthecountry，knownastheCordilleradeM"baracayu。Thesemissions，calledSanJoaquindelTaruma，SanEstanislao，andBelen，werequiteapartfromalltheothermissionsoftheGuaranis，fardistantfromtheChaco，andremovedbyanenormousdistancefromthoseoftheOrderintheMoxosandamongsttheChiquitos，forming，asitwere，anoasisintherecessesoftheTarumensianwoods。

Thesethreereductions，foundedrespectivelyin1747，1747，and1760，were，astheirdatesindicate，theswansongoftheJesuitsinParaguay。

FoundedastheywerefarfromtheSpanishsettlements，theywerequiteremovedfromtheintriguesandinterferencesoftheSpanishsettlers，whichwerethecurseoftheothermissionsontheParana。

TheTobatinesIndianswereofadifferentclasstotheGuaranis，thoughpossiblyofthesamestockoriginally。NothavingcomeincontactuntilrecentyearswiththeSpaniards，andhavinghadtwofierceandprolongedwarswiththenearestsettlements，theyhadremainedmoreintheirprimitiveconditionthananyoftheIndianswithwhomtheJesuitshadcomeincontactinParaguay。

DuringtheshortperiodofJesuitruleamongstthem(1746

1767)

thingsseemtohavegoneoninahalf

Arcadianway。InSanJoaquin，Dobrizhoffer，ashesayshimself，devotedeightyearsofunregrettedlabourtotheIndians。MostcertainlyhewasoneoftheJesuitswhounderstoodtheIndiansbest，andhisdescriptionsofthemandtheirlifeareamongthemostdelightfulwhichhavebeenpreserved。

HetellsoftheromanticbutfruitlesssearchduringeighteenmonthsthroughouttheforestsoftheTarumabyFathersYegros，Escandon，Villagarcia，andRodriguez，fortheItatineswhohadleftthereductionofNuestraSenoradeSantaFe，andhadhiddeninthewoods。

Though1747wasthedateofthefinalfoundingofthesereductions，asearlyas1697aboutfourhundredIndianswerediscoveredinthewoodsoftheTarumabyFathersRoblesandXimenes，andestablishedinthemissionofNuestraSenoradeFe；

butintheyear1721theyallreturnedtothewoods，afamineandanoutbreakofthesmall

poxhavingfrightenedthem。

Afterbeingagainestablishedinamission，andagainhavingleftit，in1746，theywereestablisheddefinitelyatSanJoaquin。

DobrizhoffercallstheTobatinesbythenameofItatines。

CharlevoixandothersrefertothemasTobatines。

Then，commentinguponthestrangenessofallaffairssublunary，herelatesthataccidentatlengtheffectedwhatlabourcouldnotdo。

In1746FatherSebastiandeYegros，afterasearchoffortydays，cameontheIndians

asitwere，directedbyProvidence，or，aswenowsay，accident。Hebuiltatownforthem，and，asDobrizhoffersays，`assembledtheminChristianpolity。"

Tothenew

foundedvillagecattleofeverykindweresent，withclothes

useful，ofcourse，tothosewhohadneverwornthem

axes，andfurniture，andlastlyafewmusicmasters，withoutwhosehelpthosewhobuildcitiesspendtheirtoilinvain。

`AccountoftheAbipones"，p。54。

Tothenewtown(inwhichthesimple

heartedpriestremainedeightyears)，in1753，cameDonCarlosMorphi，anIrishman，andGovernorofParaguay；

and，havingstayedfivedayswithDobrizhoffer，departed，marvellingattheaccuracywithwhichthenew

madeChristians(`Cristianosnuevos")managedtheirdouble

basses，theirflageolets，theirviolins，and，ingeneral，alltheirinstruments，whetherofmusicorofwar。

Modestly，butwithprolixity，asbefitsavirtuous，God

fearingman，thesimpleJesuitrelatesaspecialinstanceofthewayinwhichhewasenabledtoworkbothforhisowngloryandfortheprofitoftheLord。

NotfarfromSanEstanislaowassituatetheforestofM"baevera，inwhichgrewquantitiesoftreesfromwhichthe`yerba

mate"

(Paraguayantea)wasmade。Toreachitwasaworkofpainandtrouble，forthroughthewoodsatrackcalleda`picada"hadtobecut；

theriversweredeep，bridgeless，andhadtohavebranchesstrewedalongthetracktogiveafootingtothestrugglingmules。

In1873，whenIvisitedtheoutskirtsofthisforest，theconditionsweresimilartothosewhichDobrizhofferdescribes，withtheadditionthatthedepopulationofthecountry，owingtotherecentlongwar，hadallowedthetigerstomultiplytoanextraordinarydegree，andmyguideandmyself，afterfeedingourhorses，hadtosleepalternately，thewakerholdingthetwohorseshobbledandbridled。

AnexpeditionhavingbeensentunderacertainSpaniardcalledVillalbatocollect`yerba"，camesuddenlyuponadesertedIndianhut。

Astheyhadstartedquiteunarmed，exceptwithknivesandaxestocutdowntheboughs，apanicseizedthem，and，insteadofcollectinganyleaves，theyhurriedbacktoSanEstanislao。NosoonerdidDobrizhofferhearthenewsthanhesetouttofindtheIndians，withafewneophytes，uponhisownaccount。Havingtravelledthe`mournfulsolitudes"foreighteendays，theycameuponnosignofIndians，andreturnedfootsoreandhungry，`theimprovementofourpatiencebeingoursolerecompense。"

Thewholeoperationofcollectingandpreparingtheleavesofthe`IlexParaguayensis"，tomakethe`yerba

mate"，wasmostcurious。

Bandsofmenusedtosallyoutforasix

months"expedition，eitherbylandwithbullock

waggons，oruponeoftheriversinflat

bottomedboats，whichwerepoledalongagainsttherapidcurrentbycrewsofsixtotwelvemen。Arrivedatthe`yerbal"，astheforestwascalled，theybuiltshelters，afterthefashionofthoseinuseamongstthelargeroftheanthropoidapes。Someroamedthewoodsinsearchofthepropertrees，theboughsofwhichtheycutdownwithmachetes，whilstothersremainedandbuiltalargeshedofcanescalleda`barbacoa"。Onthisshedwerelaidthebundlesofboughsbroughtfromthewoods，andalargefirewaslightedunderneath。

Duringforty

eighthours(ifIrememberrightly)thetoastingwenton；