第16章

then，whensufficientlydry，theleaveswerestrippedfromthetwigs，andplacedonasortofopenspaceofhardclay，somethinglikeaSpanishthreshing

floor。Onthistheywerepoundedfine，andthepowderrammedintoraw

hidebags。Thisconcludedtheoperations，andthe`yerba"wasthenreadyforthe`higglingofthemarket"。

Hehimselfwalkedalltheway，and`oftenbarefoot"，suffering`whatneitherIcandescribenoryetmyreadercredit。"

Themissionarycallinghasundergoneconsiderablechangesince1750。

Hardshipswhichthegreaterfaithorstrongerconstitutionsofthemissionariesofthelastcenturyrenderedendurablearenowlargelyfallenoutoffashion，andyourmissionaryseldomwalksbarefoot，eveninawood，becausetodosowouldgiveoffence，andbringdiscreditonthesocietyforwhichheworks。

Thoughunsuccessfulinhissearchthatyear，Dobrizhoffer，notdauntedbyhisbarefootmarching，setoutagainupontheGospeltrailnextspring。Afteranotherjourneyofsometwentydays，duringthewholecourseofwhichitrainedincessantly，hecameonacommunityofseeminglyquitehappysylvans，whomheproceededtoconvert。Inthefirsthuthemetwiththerewereeightdoors，andinitdweltsomesixtyIndians

apalm

built，grass

thatchedphalanstery，withhammocksslungfromtherudebeams，inwhich`theseheathen"usedtosleep。

Eachseparatefamilyhaditsownfire，onthehearthofwhichstoodmugsandgourdsandpotsofrudely

fashionedearthenware。

Nakedandnotashamed`thesesavages"，andthemenworeupontheirheadshighcrownsofparrotfeathers。Forarmstheycarriedbowsandarrows，andthefirstmanDobrizhoffersawwasholdingadeadpheasantinonehand，andintheotherashortbow。Inthewoodsaroundthephalansterywasan`amazing"quantityofmaize，offruitsofdiverssorts，andoftobacco。

Fromthehiveswhichthewildbeesmakeinhollowtrees，theycollectedhoneyinlargequantities，whichservedthem(atleastsoDobrizhoffersays)

formeatanddrinkalike。

TheirnameforthegodtheyworshippedwasTupa，but`ofthatGodandhiscommandmentstheycaretoknowbutlittle。"Thissoundsambiguous，andwouldappearatfirstsightasiftheconfidencebetwixtthecreatorsandtheirGodhadbeenbutslight。PerhapstheambiguitymaybesetdowntothetranslatorwhoturnedtheLatininwhichthememoirsfirstwereformedintothevulgartongue。

`Traduttoretraditore"，astheproverbsays。

Athingremarkableenoughwhenoneconsidershowpronemankindistoactdifferentlywasthat，althoughtheItatinesknewanevilspiritunderthenameofAna，yettheypaidlittleadorationtohim，apparentlycontenttoknowaslittleofhimandhislawsastheydidoftheirGod。

Thosehapless，harmlessfolk，asinnocentofGodanddevil，rightandwrong，andalltheotherthingswhichbyallrightstheyshouldhaveknown，astheyaresaidtobeimplantedinthemindofman，nomatterwhathisstate，seemtohavelivedquitehappilyintheirinvoluntarysin。ButDobrizhoffer，inhissimplefaithandzealforwhathethoughtwasright，weptbittertearswhenhethoughtupontheirunregeneratestate。

Charlevoixsays，inhis`HistoiredelaNouvelleFrance"，speakingoftheIndiansingeneral:`L"expe/rienceafaitvoirqu"ile/toitplusa\proposdeleslaisserdansleursimplicite/

etdansleurignorance，quelessauvagespeuvente^tredesbonsChre/tienssansrienprendredenotrepolitesseetdenotrefac，ondevivre，oudumoinsqu"ilfalloitlaisserfaireautemspourlestirerdeleurgrossie\rete/，quinelesempe^chepasdevivredansunegrandeinnocence，d"avoirbeaucoupdemodestie，etdeservirDieuavecunepie/te/etuneferveur，quelesrendenttre\spropresauxplussublimesope/rationsdelagra^ce。"

HadmorepeoplethoughtwithCharlevoix，andnotbeentooanxioustodrawsavagesincontrovertiblytoour`politesse"(sic)and`fac，on"，andleftmoretotime(`autems")，howmuchmiserymighthavebeensaved，andhowmanyinterestingpeoplespreserved!For，inspiteofthedominationoftheAnglo

Saxonrace，itmighthavebeenwisetoleaveothertypes，ifonlytoremindusofoursuperiority。

AsycophanticGuaranifromthereductionsthentookuphisparable，andsaid:`Godsaveye，brothers；wearecometovisityouasfriends。

Thisfather

priestisGod"sownminister，andcomestovisityou，andprayforyourestate。"AnagedIndianinterruptedhim，sayinghedidnotwantafather

priest，andthatSt。Thomasinthepasthadprayedsufficiently，asfruitsofeverysortaboundedintheland。

TheIndian，inhisunsophisticatedway，seemstohavethoughtthepresenceofapriestactedbutasmanureonthegroundwhereheabode；

buttheJesuit，almostassimple

mindedashimself，tookitinkindliness，andjourneyedwiththeIndiantoalargevillageaboutthreedaysaway。

Arrivedthere，alltheinhabitantsoftheplacesatinacircleroundthemissionary。Theyappeared(hesays)insomuchmodestyandsilence`thatIseemedtobeholdstatues，andnotliveIndians。"

Toawakentheirattentionheplayedupontheviold"amore，and，havingthuscapturedtheirears，begantopreachtothem。

Thegoodpriestprobablybelievedallthathesaid，for，afterdwellingontheperilsoftheroad，hesaid:`Myfriends，myerrandistomakeyouhappy。"Itdidnotseemtohimthattheirfreelifeinwoods，inwhichaboundedmaize，fruits，andtobacco，withgameofeverykind，couldpossiblyhaveinducedcontent。Content，asChristiansknow，comesbutwithfaith，andatrueknowledgeofthedogmaisaboveliberty。Kindly，butmuddle

headedly，hedeploredtheirlot，theirwantofclothes，theirwantofinterestintheirGod，theirlackofknowledgeofthatGod"scommands。Then，comingtothepoint，hespokeofhell，andtoldtheastonishedIndiansthatitwasquiteimpossibleforthemtoavoiditsflames，unless，taughtbyapriest，theycametoknowGod"slaw。Hethenbriefly(ashesays)

explainedthemysteriesofourfaith。Theylistenedrapt，exceptthat`theboyslaughedalittle"whenhespokeofhell。

Nothingmorepainfulthantoseeachildlaughingunconsciousofitsperilinthetrafficofacrowdedstreet，andwemaywellbelievethatthekind

heartedDobrizhoffershudderedatthelaughterofthesechildrenwhenhereflectedthathadhetakenthewrongpath，crossingthemarshesorinthewoods，thelaughershadbeendamned。

Muchmorehesaidtothemafterexhaustinghell，and，to`addweight"

tohisoration，presentedeachofthemwithscissors，knives，glassbeads，axes，smalllooking

glasses，andfishing

hooks，forheknewwellthatsermonswhichendin`giveme"havebutasmalleffect。

HellnotinfrequentlyseemstohavestrucktheIndiansasajoke，forCharlevoixrelatesthatwhenthefirstmissionariesexpatiatedonitsflamestotheChirignanos，theysaid，`Ifthereisfireinhell，wecouldsoongetenoughwatertoputitout。"Thisanswerscandalizedthegoodpriest，whocouldnotforeseethattheflamesofTophetwouldbeextinguishedwithoutthenecessityofanyotherwatersthanthoseofindifference。

Hesayshimselfquitefrankly，`IseemedtohavebornedownallbeforemebecauseIhadmingledmyorationwithacopiouslargess。"

Glassbeadsandlooking

glasseshavefromthetimewhenthefirstChristianmissionarypreachedtotheIndiansbeenpotentfactorsinconversion，andstillto

daydoyeomanserviceinthegreatworkofbringingsoulstoGod。

`AccountoftheAbipones"，p。74。

Seatedaroundthefire`smokingtobaccothroughareed"，andponderingperchanceoverthemysteriesofthenewexpoundedfaith，the`cacique"oftheItatinestookuphisparable。

`Ihave"(saidhe)`conceivedanaffectionforthefather

priest，andhopetoenjoyhiscompanythroughoutmylife。Mydaughteristheprettiestgirlinthewholeworld，andIamnowresolvedtogivehertothefather

priest，thathemayalwaysstaywithme，andwithmyfamily，hereinthewoods。"

TheIndiansfromthemissionsbrokeintolaughter，afterthefashionofallthosewho，knowingbutalittle，thinkthattheyarewise。

The`cacique"，whoknewnothing，wasastoundedthatanyman，nomatterwhathiscalling，couldlivewithoutawife，andaskedtheJesuitifthestrangethingwastrue。Hisdoubtsbeingsatisfied，theyfelldiscoursingonthenatureoftheDeity，asubjectnoteasyofexhaustion，anddifficulttotreatofthroughthemediumofaninterpreter。

`Weknow"(the`cacique"said)`thatthereissomeonewhodwellsinheaven。"

Thisvaguenessputthemissionaryuponhismettle，andhesetoutatoncetoexpatiateupontheattributesofGod。Theyseemedtopleasethe`cacique"，whoinquired，`Whatisitthatdispleases，then，thedwellerintheskies?"

Lies，calumnies，adulteries，thefts，allwereenumerated，andreceivedtheIndian"sassent；buttheinjunctionnottokillprovokedabystandertoaskifitwasnotpermittedtoamantoslaythosewhoattackedhislife。Headded，`IhaveendeavouredsotodosincethefirstdayIcarriedarms。"

`Fanaticalcasuist"isastoutargumentinthemouthofamannurtureduponSuarezandMolina，butnodoubtitdidgoodservice，andDobrizhofferusesitwhenspeakingofthechief。ButDobrizhofferdidbetterworkthanmeretheologicaldisputation，forheprevaileduponeighteenoftheIndianstoaccompanyhimtothesettlementofSanJoaquin；

andafterhaving`forsomemonthstriedtheconstancy"ofayouthcalledArapotiyu，headmittedhimtothesacramentofbaptism，and`notlongafterwardsunitedhiminmarriageaccordingtotheChristianrites。"Itisevidentthatbaptismshouldprecedemarriage；

butitisanopenquestionastothedurationoftheintervalbetweenthetwoceremonies，andwemaybepermittedtowonderwhether，afterall，bothmightnotbeadvantageouslydispensedatthesametime。

InthecaseofArapotiyuthesystemworkedsatisfactorily，forhe`surpassedineverykindofvirtue，andmighthavebeentakenforanolddiscipleofChristianity。"Even`oldChristians"occasionally，despitetheirmorelaboriousinductionintotheritesandcustomsoftheirfaith，havefallenfromgrace，perhapsfromtheundueprolongationofthetermbetweentheceremonies。

Inthecaseofanotheryouth(oneGato)thingsdidnotgososmoothly，forthoughhe，too，byhisconductobtainedbothbaptismandChristianwedlock，Dobrizhofferaddswithoutcomment，`notmanymonthsafterhediedofaslowdisease。"Theslowdiseasewasnotimprobablythenostalgiaofthewoods，fromwhichtheeffortsofthegoodmissionaryhadsosuccessfullywithdrawnhim。

PadredelTecho，inhis`HistoryofParaguay"，saysofthewoodIndiansthat`theydiedlikeplantswhich，grownintheshade，willnotbearthesun。"

ThelaboursoftheJesuitsinthethreeisolatedmissionsinthenorthofParaguayseemtohavebeenassuccessfulasthoseintheChacowereunfortunate。IndealingwiththewildequestriantribesoftheGranChaco，thesystemoftheJesuitswasnotsolikelytoachievesuccessasamongstthepeacefulGuaranis。

ThatoftheSpanishsettlerswasentirelyineffectual，andhasremainedsodowntothepresentday，whenstilltheshatteredremnantsoftheLules，Lenguas，Mocobios，andtherest，roamontheirhorsesorintheircanoesabouttheChacoanditsrivers，havingreceivednootherbenefitsfromcontactwiththeEuropeanracesbutgunpowderandgin。

SanJoaquin，SanEstanislao，andBelen。

ChapterIX

TheSpanishandPortugueseattempttoforcenewlawsontheIndians

TheIndiansrevoltagainstthem

Thehopelessstrugglegoesonforeightyears

RuinofthemissionsThemissionsintheChacoandtheTaruma，allfoundedbetween1700and1760，thelast(Belen)butsevenyearsbeforetheexpulsionoftheJesuitsfromAmerica，gofartowardsdisprovingtheallegationsofsomewriters，1

thattheapostolicenergyofthefirstfoundationshaddecayed，andthattheJesuitsweremerelylivingonthegoodnameofthefirstfoundersinthebeginningofthepastcentury。Butletthezealofanyclassofmenbewhatitmay，iftheyopposethemselvestoslaveryandatthesametimearereportedtohavelandsinwhichisgold，andresolutelyexcludeadventurersfromthem，theirdoomissealed。

BothcrimesweresetdowntotheJesuits。Writingin1784，ortwentyyearsaftertheexpulsionofhisorder，DobrizhofferreferstotheIndiansofthereductionsas`beinginsubjection2

onlytotheCatholicKingandtheroyalGovernors，notindreadedslaveryamongstprivateSpaniardsastheotherIndians；"andMontoya，Lozano，andDelTecho，writinginearliertimes，allconfirmthestatement，whichisalsodoublyconfirmedbythevariousroyaledictsonthesubject。3

Thereportsofgold

mines，too，hadneverceased，althoughtheyhadbeenrepeatedlydisproved，andthose，togetherwiththestandforfreedomfortheIndians，ledtotheeventswhichfinallybroughtabouttheexpulsionoftheOrderfromtheterritorieswheretheyhadworkedsolong。

1NotablythoseofAzara。

2`AccountoftheAbipones"，p。15。

3AsthatofPhilipV。，fromthepalaceofBuenRetiro，December28，1743，andhistwoletterstotheJesuitsofParaguay。AlsothepreviousedictobtainedbyMontoyafromPhilipII。，andbythevariousadditionsonthesameheadmadefromtimetotimetothecodeknownas`TheLawsoftheIndies"。

In1740，GomezdeAndrade，GovernorfortheKingofPortugalinRiodeJaneiro，beingoneofthosewhowasconvincedthatthereasonwhytheJesuitsguardedtheirterritoriessoreligiouslywasthattheyhadmines，bethoughthimofaplan。Hisplan，likemostofthoseconceivedonthefantasticreasonswhicharecalled`ofState"，tooknoaccountofsentiment，andtherefore，asmankindareandwilleverbeathousandtimesmoreinfluencedbysentimentthanbyhardreasoning，wasfromthefirstboundofitselftofail。

ThecolonyofSacramentoupontheriverPlatehadforahundredyearsbeenthesourceofconflictbetweentheSpaniardsandthePortuguese。1

SituatedasitwasalmostinfrontofBuenosAyres，itservedasadepotforsmugglers；and，moreover，beingfortified，menacedthenavigationbothoftheParanaandParaguay。

SlaversfromEngland，Holland，andtheGermanportscrowdedtheharbour。

Armsofallkindswerestoredthere，andweredistributedtoalladventurerswhomeditatedassaultsagainstthecrownofSpain。Twiceorthreetimesithadbeentakenandrestored，theIndiansofthemissionsalwaysrenderingmostefficienthelp。AtthetimeofwhichIwrite(1740)

ithadpassedagainbytreatyunderthedominionofthePortuguese，butstillremainedastandingmenacetotheSpaniards。

GomezAndradeadvisedthecourtofLisbontoexchangeitagainstthesevenreductions2oftheUruguay，andthusatoncetosecureacountryrichingoldandtoadjustthefrontierattheriverUruguay。Nothingappearssosimpletoastatesmanastoexchangeonepieceofterritoryforanother。Aparchmentsignedaftersomeinternationalnegotiations，andthewholethingisdone。

If，though，ashappenedinthiscase，oneoftheterritoriescontainsapopulationsuchasthatwhichinhabitedtheseventownsupontheUruguay，andwhichhasconqueredthecountryinwhichitlivesfromvirginforest，anddefendeditagainstallcomers，itsometimeshappensthattheunreasonableinhabitants，byclingingtotheirhomes，defeatthestatesmen"splans。Yetstatesmen，onceembarkedinanyplan，donotstickatsuchtriflesastheaffectionofapeopleforitshome，butquietlypursuetheirpath，knowingthatthatwhichisconceivedbyministersofStatemustintheendbebeneficialtomankind。

Withoutthispatrioticabnegationoftheirfeelings，nostatesmenwouldbeworthyofthename。IndifferencetothefeelingsofothersisperhapsthegreatestproofapublicmancangiveofhisattachmenttotheState。Afternegotiations，lastingmanyyears，in1750atreatywassignedbetweenPortugalandSpainagreeingthattheformershouldgiveuptheColoniadelSacramentototheSpaniardsinexchangeforthesevenJesuittownsupontheUruguay，andthatbothnationsshouldfurnishacommissiontofixthefrontiersofthetwonationsontheUruguay。3OnFebruary15，1750，theSpanishcourtsenttotheJesuitsoftheseventownstopreparetheirIndianstoleavetheirhomesandmarchintotheforests，andtherefoundnewtowns。

1SincethediscoveryofAmericatheSpaniardsandthePortuguesehadbeeninconstantrivalrythroughoutthesouth

easternportion。

Theirfrontier，betweenwhatarenowBrazilandArgentina，hadneverbeendefined。In1494KingJohnII。ofCastileconcludedatreatysignedatTordesillaswiththeKingofPortugal，placingthedividing

linebetweenthecountriestwohundredleaguesmoretothewestwardthanthatofthefamousBullofPopeAlexanderVI。(May4，1493)，whichplaceditatonehundredleagueswestofCapeVerd，cuttingtheworldintwofromtheArctictotheAntarcticPole。

FromthesigningofthetreatyofTordesillastroublebeganinSouthAmericabetweenthePowers，asbythattreatyaportionofBrazilcameintothepowerofPortugal。

2ThesewerethetownsofSanAngel，SanNicolas，SanLuis，SanLorenzo，SanMiguel，SanJuan，andSanBorja。

3Accordingtothe1913editionoftheCatholicEncyclopedia(inthearticletitled"ReductionsofParaguay")thistreaty，signedinsecreton15January1750，wasadeliberateassaultontheJesuitOrderbytheMinistersofSpainandPortugal，thelatterofwhom，Pombal，issaidtohavebeenresponsiblealsoforthefalseandlibelous`HistoiredeNicolasI。，RoyduParaguaietEmpereurdesMamalus"(referredtointhischapter)

whichwasdistributedthroughoutEuropeasanotherattackontheJesuits。

AsanyonefamiliarwiththesituationcouldseethattheIndianswouldnotbehappyaboutthetreaty"srequirementtoabandontheirhomes，itwasawell

calculated，thoughdetestable，move。

A。L。，1998。

AtthatdateFrancoisRetzwasGeneraloftheJesuits，andonhimdevolvedthedutyofcommunicatingtheordersofthecourtsofSpainandPortugaltotheJesuitsinthemissionsoftheUruguay。FatherBernardNeyderdorfferwasthemanonwhomtheProvincialofParaguay(FatherBarreda)

imposedthetaskofcommunicatingtotheIndiansthewishesofthetwocourts。

Thoughhehadlivedalreadythirty

fiveyearsinthemissions，andknewtheIndianswell，andwasrespectedbythemasafather，heseemsatfirsttohaveshrunkfromsuchatask。WhenthenewswasbroughttothetownsupontheUruguay，noneoftheIndiansatfirstwouldcreditit。

The`caciques"(chiefs)oftheseventownsdeclaredthattheywouldratherdiethanleavetheirnativeplace。NothingwasheardbutlamentationsandexpressionsofhatredofthePortuguese，mingledwithdenunciationsoftheJesuitsthemselves，whothepoorIndiansnotunnaturallybelievedwereinleaguewithSpaintosellthemtothePortuguese。Butinalittletheclamoursturnedtoaction，and，notcontentwithrefusingtoobeytheedictofthetwocourts，theIndiansbrokeintorevolt。Twomostimportantnarrativesofthisrevoltexist，onebyFatherCardielandonebyFatherEnnis，bothofwhomwerewitnessesoftheevents。Afterconsiderablenegotiations，whichlastedtill1753，1theunitedtroopsofPortugalandSpainadvancedintothemissionterritorytoarrangetheoccupationofthecededtowns。

Thecommissionersofthetwonationswere，forSpain，theMarquesdeValdelirios，andforPortugalGeneralGomezFreyredeAndrade，andbothofthemappeartohavecometoAmericaalreadyprejudicedagainsttheJesuits。OnMarch24，1753，AndradewrotetoValdelirios，almostbeforehecouldhaveheardanythingdefiniteaboutthemissionterritory，towhichtheybothwerestrangers，tellinghimthatoppositionwastobeexpected，andthattheJesuitswereurgingtheIndianstorevolt。2Theoppositionthatthetwocommissionerssoconfidentlyhopedtofind，3

andwhichcontemporarywritershavesetforthinitstruecoloursasbuttherevoltofignorantIndiansrendereddesperatebybeingarbitrarilydispossessedoflandswhichtheythemselveshadsettledandheldforalmostahundredyears，wasfraughtwithseriousconsequences，notonlytotheJesuitsinParaguay，buttotheOrderthroughouttheworldatlarge。ForyearstheirenemieshadsaidtheJesuitswereendeavouringtosetupinthemissionsaStatequiteindependentoftheSpanishcrown。BytheirownconducttheJesuitstosomeextenthadgivencolourtothereport，forbyexcluding(intheinterestoftheIndians)allSpaniardsfromthemissionterritories，itlookedasiftheywereatworkatsomethingwhichtheywishedtokeepasecret，asnooneatthattimedeemeditaseriouspleatoenterintoanylineofconductforthegoodofIndians，whomingeneraltheSpanishsettlerslookeduponasbeasts。ThatitwasthebestpolicytheycouldhavepossiblypursuedunderthecircumstancesisprovedabundantlybythecodeofinstructionslaiddownbyDonFranciscoBucareli，theViceroyofBuenosAyres，underwhoseauspicestheexpulsionoftheJesuitsin1760wascarriedout。

Inthatcodeoccursthefollowingarticle:4`Youwillnotallowanystrangers，ofwhateverestate，quality，orconditiontheymaybe，toresideinthetown(thatis，ofthemissions)，eveniftheybeartisans，5

andmuchlessthattheydealortakecontractsinthemeitherforthemselvesorforothers，andyoushalltakeespecialcarethattheLawsoftheIndiesbeexecuted，andspeciallythosewhicharecontainedinArticle27ofBookIX。；6andalsoifanyPortuguesedesertersorotherpersonsofwhateverconditionsshouldcometothetowns，youwillinstantlyconductthemtothiscity，takingeveryprecautiontopreventtheirescape。"

1MostofthedatesoftheeventssubsequenttothecessionofthesevenreductionsontheUruguayaretakenfrom`LaCausaJesuiticadePortugal"(Madrid，1768)，writtenbyIbanez，agreatenemyoftheJesuits。InitisalsoanaccountoftheeventsinParaguaybetween1750and1756，called`RelaciondelaGuerraquesustentaronlosJesuitascontralastropasEspan~olasyPortuguesasenelUruguayyParana/"。NoproofhaseverbeenbroughtforwardthattheJesuitsasabodyeverincitedtherevoltoftheIndians，thoughundoubtedlyFatherTadeoEnnis，ahot

headedpriest，stirreduphisownparticularreductiontoresist。ItdoesnotseemlikelythattheJesuitscouldhavethoughtitpossibletowageasuccessfulwaragainstSpainandPortugal。ThedatestakenfromIbaneztallywithoriginallettersfromtheMarquesdeValdelirios，theSpanishboundarycommissioner，andothers，whicharepreservedintheSpanishnationalarchivesatSimancas。

2Vide`Exc。porloscartasquerecibiconlosavisos，yllegadadelP。Altamirano，entiendoacabara/depersuadirseaquelosPadresdelaCampan~iasonlossublevados，sinolosquitandelasaldeassusSantosPadres(comoelloslosllaman)

noexperimentara/nmasquerebelionesinsolenciasydesprecios……"

LetterquotedbyIbanez(`CausaJesuitica")，andalsopreservedatSimancas。

3TheMarquesdeValdelirios，writingtoDonJosedeCarvajalfromMonteVideo，June28，1752(Simancas，Legajo7，447)，says:

`Estoyciertodequelospadresestanyaenlapersuasiondequeeltratadonosehadedejardeexecutar。"Thisbeingso，itwasevidentthattheMarquis，atthedateofwriting，wasofopinionthattheJesuitswerenotgoingtoopposetheexecutionofthetreaty，ashegoesontosay:`Yescrediblequeconestedesengan~otrabajanseriamenteenlamudanzadesuspueblos。"

4Theinstructionswerepreparedin1768byBucarelifortheguidanceofDonJuanJosephdeVertiz，hisinterimsuccessorinthegovernmentoftheRiverPlate，andweredeliveredtohimin1770

whenBucarelireturnedtoSpain。TheyareprintedbyBraboinhis`ColecciondeDocumentosrelativosa/laExpulsiondelosJesuitas"，Madrid，1872，p。320。

5`Oficialesmecanicos"。

6Thisreferstothesamesubject，andprohibitsanySpaniardfromsettlinginanIndiantowninanypartofAmerica。

Still，thoughtheirpolicywaspursued，itdidnotstoptheopponentsoftheJesuitsfromdenouncingthatverypolicy，bothatthecessionoftheseventownsandattheexpulsionoftheOrderfromAmerica。Thecommissioners，afterinnumerabledelays，havingfoundthemselvesin1753atSantaTecla，avillageneartheUruguay，itbecomesnecessarytocastaglanceatwhattheJesuitsthemselvesweredoing，andhowtheytriedtodotheirdutyastheysawitbothtotheirSovereign，theirOrder，andtheIndiansoverwhomtheyruled。

Itseemsasif，whilstthesuperiorsoftheOrderrecognisedatoncethefutilityofstrivingagainstPortugalandSpain，someoftheinferiormemberssecretlysetontheIndianstoarmedresistancetotheimpoliticdecree。Thecounciloftheprovince(Paraguay)1

assembledattheJesuitcollegeinCordoba，composedofFathersMasala，Horos，Caballero，Lopez，andLozano，sentamemorial2

bothtotheViceroyofPeruandtotheHighCourtofCharcas。

Inthememorialtheyfirstsetforththeirloyalty，andthenexposedthedeceittowhichtheministersofSpainandPortugalhadbeensubjectedbytheiradvisersinAmerica。Theypointedoutmostjustlythatthetreatywasdamagingtoboththecountriesconcerned，3

andthatinregardtotheIndiansoftheseventownspeculiarlyunjust。

BothatCharcasandatLimatheirmemorial(thoughdiffuse)

wasfavourablyreceived，andacopyremittedtotheKingandCouncilatMadrid。Ibanez，inhis`RepublicaJesuitica"，qualifiestheactionoftheJesuitsinthismatterasa`greatcrime"。DeanFunesonlyseesduplicityoflanguage，butseemstoexcuseitinthecircumstancesinwhichtheJesuitswereplaced。Certainly，aftereffortsextendingoveralmosttwohundredyears，itwashardonthemtoseesevenoftheirmostflourishingmissionsarbitrarilybrokenup，theIndiansdrivenfromtheirhomes，andtheirterritoryoccupiedbythoseveryPortuguesewhoforahundredyearshadbeentheirpersecutors。

Therewasmuchtosayinextenuation，evenfor`duplicityoflanguage"，whenoneremembersthattheJesuitsalone(nomatterhowmistakentheirviewsoftreatmentmayseemtomoderneyes)stoodoutagainsttheassumptionthattheIndianswereamereflockofsheep，whomightbedrivenfromtheirhomesonanypretext，orattheexigenciesofministersatcourtswholivedtenthousandmilesaway，andwerecompletelyignorantofthelocalcircumstances。

WhetherthememorialinfluencedthecourtofSpainishardtosay；

butitiscertainthatwhen，in1752，theMarquesdeValdeliriosarrivedinBuenosAyres，withhimcameasacommissionertofixtheboundarybetweenthetwonationsoftheUruguayFatherLuisdeAltamirano，accompaniedbyhissecretary，RafaeldeCordoba，bothmembersoftheOrder，andthattheMarquistookuphislodginginthecollegeoftheJesuits。Therepapersandmemorialsrainedonhim:

onecamefromtheBishopofTucuman，andonefromDonJaimedeSanJust，theGovernorofParaguay，withmanyothersfrompeopleofinferiornote，allintheinterestoftheCompany。ItappearsasifValdeliriosthoughtthatthesememorialswereinspired，forhisfirstactionwastopublishtothepriestsoftheseventownsthewishesofhisgovernmentastoevacuationbytheIndiansoftheterritory。Thishedidthroughtheprefectofthemissions，whoseemstohaveactedingoodfaithinhisendeavourstocarryoutthewishesoftheSpanishcourt。

JustatthatmomentBarreda，theProvincialofParaguay，arrivedinBuenosAyres，andValdeliriosaskedhimhisopinionastothemeasuresbestcalculatedtoinsurethetreatybeingquietlycarriedout。Barreda，thoughallhisinterestswereagainsttheexecutionofthetreaty，seemstohaveactedingoodfaith。

Hegavethesensibleadvicethat，asthetreatyhadbeenmadeentirelywithouttakingintoconsiderationthedifficultiesofcarryingitout，itcouldnotbeheldacrimetoasktheKingforsomedelay。4

Headvisedconsultingthreeex

GovernorsofParaguay，whohappenedtobeinBuenosAyres，5and，lastly，thatallhurry，oranythinglikelytoexcitetheIndians，shouldbeavoided；

foritwaspossiblethatthey，relyingontheirnumbersandlocalknowledge，mightbeabletogivemuchtroubleeventothejointforcesofbothcrowns。

HelaidbeforeValdeliriostheconditionofthereductions，tellinghimthattheywerefertileandwellcultivated，6andthatthisofitselfwouldinclinetheIndiansagainstmigratingfromtheirlands。

Lastly，hesaiditwastheopinionofthemostexperiencedoftheprieststhattheIndianswouldyieldneithertoargumentsnorreason，forthehatredofthePortuguesehadputthemquitebesidethemselveswithfuryattheideaofgivinguptheirlands。Valdeliriosmusthavefoundhimselfnotintoocomfortableastate。LodgedashewasinthecollegeoftheJesuits，hemusthavefeltthatmostoftheadvicewhichwassofreelytenderedhimwasbiassed，andtorelievehismindhecalledacouncil，atwhichtheProvincialBarreda，JuanEscadon，hissecretary，Altamirano，andRafaeldeCordobaappeared。Thecouncilrecommendedprudence，and，asthemajoritywereJesuits，pushedtheirprudenceevenbeyondLowlandScotchornorthofIrelandlimits，fortheyproposedtoinstituteacommissionwhich，afterthreeyears"investigation，shouldreportatBuenosAyresonwhatithadfoundout。

Commissions，royalorotherwise，havealwaysbeenatrump

cardinthehandsofgovernments，sincepeddlingdemocracy，withshowofnosesandthelike，cameinandputanendtothosegoodoldmethodswhichareasdearto

daytorulers"heartsastheyhaveeverbeensincethebeginningoftheworld，andwillbewhilstelection，battle，fitness，talents，wealth，unfitness，oranyothercause，givespowerintothehandsofanyonetorule。

1DeanFunes，`EnsayodelaHistoriaCivildelParaguay"，etc。，tomeiii。，p。45。

2DeanFunessays`unadifusamemoria"；but，then，eventhoughfriendly，churchmenandcatsrarelyforegoascratch。Theproverbhasit，`Palabrasdesanto，un~asdegato"。

3ThoughIbanez(`RepublicaJesuitica"，tomei。，cap。i。)says:

`ThistreatycausedentiresatisfactiontoalltheworldexcepttheEnglish，whofearedtheircommercewouldsufferbyit(i。e。，bytheclosingoftheColoniadelSacramentoasanentryforsmuggledgoods)，andtheJesuits。"

Raynal，alsoanex

Jesuit，butamanoffarhighercharacterthanIbanez，says(tomeiii。，lib。97):`Thistreatymetcensureonbothsides，theministersinLisbonthemselvesallegingthatitwasafalsepolicytosacrificetheColoniadelSacramento，theclandestinecommerceofwhichamountedtotwomillionsofdollarsayear……forpossessionswhoseadvantageswereuncertainandpositionremote。TheoutcrieswereevenstrongerinMadrid。TheretheyimaginedthatthePortuguesewouldsoonruleallalongtheUruguay……andfromthencepenetrateuptheriversintoTucuman，Chile，andPotosi。"

4QuotingthePopewhoadvisedSt。AugustineonhisfirstmissionvisittoEngland，toconvertthenativestoChristianity，togoslowly。

5D。MartindeEcharia，DonRafaeldeMenedo，andDonMarcosdeLauazabel。

6FromaletterpreservedatSimancas(Legajo7，447)，writtenbyP。DiegoPalaciostoP。LuizdeAltamirano，datedSanMiguel，June20，1752，itappearsthattherewereintheterritoryoftheseventownsplantationsof`yerba"trees，cotton，andvaluablewoods。

Valdelirios，whowasnotafool，sawtheirdesign，andinstantlydespatchedAltamirano(1752)toCastillostomeetFreiredeAndradeandthePortuguese，andsetaboutdrawingthenewfrontierlineatonce。