第13章

Inadditiontothemeansdescribed，theJesuitshadrecoursetofrequentreligiousfeasts，forwhichthecalendargavethemfullscope，sothatthelifeinaJesuitmissionwasmuchdiversifiedandrenderedpleasanttotheIndians，whohavearootedloveofshow。Eachmissionhad，ofcourse，itspatronsaint，1andonhisdaynobodyworked，whilstallwasjoyfulnessandsimplemirth。Atbreakofdayadischargeofrocketsandoffirearmsandpealsuponthebellsannouncedthejoyfulmorn。Thenthewholepopulationflockedtochurchtolistentoanearlymass。Thosewhocouldfindnoroominsidethechurchstoodinlonglinesoutsidethedoor，whichremainedopenduringtheceremony。

Massover，eachonerantopreparehimselfforhispartinthefunction，theJesuitshavingtakencare，bymultiplyingofficesandemployments，toleavenomanwithoutadirectshareinalltheothersdid。2

Thehumblestandthehighesthadtheirpart，andtheheaviestburden，nodoubt，felluponthetwoJesuits，3whowereanswerableforall。

Theforemostdutywastogettheprocessionreadyforthemarch，andsaddle`loscaballosdelsanto"4toserveasescort，mountedbyIndiansinrichdresses，keptspeciallyforfeasts。

1Inthe`RelaciondeMisiones"oftheBrigadierDonDiegodeAlvear，writtenbetween1788and1801，andpreservedinthe`ColecciondeAngelis"，occursthefollowingcuriousdescriptionofthefeast

dayofapatronsaintofaJesuitreduction:`Theymakealongalleyofinterwovencanes，whichendsinatriumphalarch，whichtheyadornwithbranchesofpalmsandothertreeswithconsiderablegraceandtaste(`conbastantegraciaysimetria")。

Underthearchtheyhangtheirimagesofsaints，theirclothes，theirfirst

fruits

ascornandsugar

cane，andcalabashesfullofmaize

beer(`chicha")

theirmeatandbread，togetherwithanimalsbothaliveanddead，suchastheycanprocure(`comolospuedenhaberconsudiligencia")。Then，forminginaring，theydanceandshout，`Vivaelrey!Vivaelsantotutelar!"

2Manyandcuriousarethenamesbywhichtheoffice

bearerswent。

Thus，intheMissionofelSantoCorazon，intheChiquitos，Ifindthefollowing:Corregidor，theMayor；Teniente，Lieutenant；

Alferez，Sub

Lieutenant；AlcaldePrimero，HeadAlcalde；

AlcaldeSegundo，SecondAlcalde；Commandante，Captain(oftheMilitia)；

JusticiaMayor，ChiefJustice；SargentoMayor，Sergeant

Major。

Thencamefiscales，fiscals；sacristanmayor，head

beadle；

capitandeestancia，chiefofthecattlefarm；capitandepinturas，carpinteria，herreros，etc。

captainofpainters，carpenters，smiths，etc。Alltheofficeswerecompetedforardently，andthoseofCorregidorandAlcaldeinespecialwereprizedsohighlythatIndianswhoweredegradedfromthemforbadconductorcarelessnessnotinfrequentlydiedofgrief。

3Ineachreductionthereweretwopriests。InallParaguay，attheexpulsionoftheOrderin1767，therewereonlyseventy

eightJesuits(DeanFunes，`EnsayodelaHistoriadelParaguay"，etc。，cap。i。，vol。ii。)。

4InthemissionofLosApostolestherewere599ofthese`horsesofthesaint"，accordingtoaninventorypreservedbyBrabo。

TheinventoryofthetownofLosApostoles1enablesustoreconstruct，withsomeattemptataccuracy，howtheprocessionwasformedandhowittookitsway。Allthemilitiaofthetownwereinattendance，mountedontheirbesthorses，andarmedwithlances(`chuzos")，lazo，bolas，andafewwithguns。TheofficersoftheIndiansrodeattheirhead，dressedoutingorgeousclothes，andtroopsofdancers，atstatedintervals，performedasortofPyrrhicdancebetweenthesquadronsofthecavalry。2

InthefrontofallrodeonawhitehorsetheAlferezReal，3

dressedinadoubletofbluevelvetrichlylacedwithgold，awaistcoatofbrocade，andwithshortvelvetbreechesgarteredwithsilverlace；uponhisfeetshoesdeckedwithsilverbuckles，andthewholeschemecompletedbyagold

lacedhat。Inhisrighthandheheldtheroyalstandardfastenedtoalongcanewhichendedinasilverknob。

Aswordwasbyhisside，which，asheonlycouldhavewornitonsuchoccasions，andasthe`horsesofthesaint"werenotunlikelyasticklishasmosthorsesoftheprairiesofEntreRiosandCorrientesarewonttobe，musthaveembarrassedhimconsiderably。

BehindhimcametheCorregidor，arrayedinyellowsatin，withasilkwaistcoatandgoldbuttons，breechesofyellowvelvet，andahatequalinmagnificencetothatwornbyhisboldcompeer。

ThetwoAlcaldes，lessviolentlydressed，worestraw

colouredsilksuits，withsatinwaistcoatsofthesamecolour，andhatsturnedupwithgold。

Otherofficials，astheCommissario，MaestredeCampo，andtheSargentoMayor，werequiteasgailydressedinscarletcoats，withcrimsondamaskwaistcoatstrimmedwithsilverlace，4redbreeches，andblackhatsadornedwithheavylace。InthebrightParaguayansunshine，withtheprimevalforestforabackground，orinsomemissioninthemidstofavastplainbesidetheParana，theymusthavelookedasgorgeousasaflightofparrotsfromtheneighbouringwoods，andhavemadeaTurneresqueeffect，amblingalong，ablazeofcolours，quiteasself

satisfiedintheirfineryasif`therainbowhadbeenentailsettledonthemandtheirheirsmale。"Quiteprobablytheirbroad，flatnoses，andtheirlong，lankhair，theirfacesfixedimmovably，asiftheywerecarvedinnandubay，contrastedstrangelywiththeirfinery。

Buttherewerenonetojudge

noonetomakeremarks；mostlikelyallwasconscienceandtenderheart，andnottheirbitterestenemyhaslaidthechargeofhumourtotheJesuits"account。

1FurnishedtoBucareli，ViceroyofBuenosAyresattheexpulsion，andfirstprintedbyBrabo(`Inventariosdelosbieneshalladosa/laexpulsiondelosJesuitas")。

2TheJesuitsexercisedtheIndiansagreatdealindancing，takingadvantageoftheirloveofdancingintheirsavagestate。

D"OrbignyandDemersay(`Fragmentd"unVoyageauCentredel"Ame/riqueMe/ridianale"，and`HistoirePhysique，etc。，duParaguay")foundbetweentheyears1830and1855

thattheIndiansoftheMoxosandChiquitosstilldancedastheyhaddoneinthetimeoftheJesuits。

Ihaveseentheminthethen(1873)almostdesertedmissionofJesus，buriedinthegreatwoodsontheshoreoftheParana，danceastrange，half

savagedanceoutsidetheruinedchurch。

3Cardiel，inhis`DeclaraciondelaVerdad"，p。239，says:

`TodoslospueblosponensucastilloenlaplazayenelmediodeelcolocanelretratrodelRey，yelIndioAlferezReal……vaalcastilloconelEstandarteRealyallihacesuhomenageconotrosrendimientosanteelRetratroReal，"sayinginGuarani，`Toicohengatu/n~andeMbarubichaguazu/!Toicohengatu/n~andeReymarangatu/!Toicohengatu/n~andeReyFernandoSesto!"

(`LongliveourKing，thegreatchief!LongliveourgoodKing!

LongliveourKingFerdinandVI。")。

4`Chupasdedamascocarmesiconencajesdeplata。"

AsintheinventoriesofthethirtytownsIfindnomentioneitherofstockingsorofshoesforIndians，withtheexceptionofthelowshoesandbuckleswornbytheAlferezReal，itseemsthegorgeouscostumesendedattheknee，andthatthesepopinjaysrodebarefoot，with，perhaps，largeironGauchospursfastenedbystripsofmare

hideroundtheirankles，andhangingdownbelowtheirnakedfeet。But，notcontentwiththeprocessionoftheeldersinparrotguise，therewasaparodyofparodiesinthe`cabildoinfantil"，thebandcomposedofchildren，who，withtheself

sametitlesastheirelders，andintheself

sameclothesadjustedtotheirsize，rodecloseupontheirheels。Lastly，asCharlevoixtellsus，came`deslionsetdestigres，maisbienenchaine/safinqu"ilsnetroublerentpointlafe^te，"

andsothewholeprocessiontookitswaytowardsthechurch。

Thechurch，allhungwithvelvetandbrocade，wasallablazewithlights，andfumesofincense(nodoubtnecessary)almostobscuredthenave。

Upontherightandlefthandofthechoir(which，asisusualinSpain，wasinthemiddleofthechurch)theyoungerIndianswereseatedallinrows，theboysandgirlsbeingseparated，aswasthecustominallthemissionsoftheJesuits，who，nodoubt，wereconvincedoftheadvisabilityofthesayingthat`entresantaysanto，pareddecalycanto。"1TheIndianswhohadsomeoffice，andwhoworetheclothes2Ihavedescribed，wereseatedorkneltinrows，andattheoutsidestoodthepeopleofthetowndressedinwhitecotton，theirsimpleclothes，nodoubt，forminganeffectivebackgroundtotheirmoreparti

colouredbrethrenkneelinginthefront。

Throughoutthechurchthemenandwomenwereseparated，andifarumourofanincursionofPaulistaswasintheair，theIndianscarriedarmseveninthesacredbuildingsandatthesolemnfeasts。

Masswascelebratedwithafullband，theoboe，fagot，lute，harp，cornet，clarinet，violin，viola，andallotherkindsofmusic，figuringintheinventoriesofthethirtytowns。Indeed，intwooftheinventories3anoperacalled`Santiago"ismentioned，whichhadspecialcostumesandpropertiestoputitonthestage。

Massover，theprocessionwasreconstitutedoutsidethechurch，andafterparadingoncemorethroughthetownbrokeup，andtheIndiansdevotedthenighttofeasting，andnotinfrequentlydancedtillbreakofday。

1Itmayberoughlytranslated，`agoodstonewallbetweenamaleandfemalesaint。"

2Theseclotheswerethepropertyofthecommunity，andnotoftheindividualIndians。

3Brabo，xxxv。，Introductionto`Losinventariosdelosbienes。"

SuchweretheoutwardartswithwhichtheJesuitssoughttoattachthesimplepeople，towhomtheystoodinthepositionnotonlyofpastorsandmastersbothinone，butalsoasprotectorsfromthePaulistasononeside，andontheotherfromtheSpaniardsofthesettlements，who，withtheir`encomiendas"

andtheirEuropeansystemoffreecompetitionbetweenmanandman，wereperhapsunknowinglythedirestenemiesofthewholeIndianrace。

Thereis，asitwouldseem，implantedinthemindsofalmostallprimitivepeoples，suchastheGuaranis，asolidarity，aclingingkinship，whichifoncebrokendownbycompetition，unrestrainedafterourmodernfashion，inevitablyleadstotheirdecay。

HencethekeenhatredtotheChineseinCaliforniaandinAustralia。

Naturally，thosewhomwehate，andinameasurefear，wealsovilify，andthishasgivenrisetoallthoseaccusationsofOrientalvice(asiftheviceofanyOriental，howevermuchdepraved，wascomparabletothatofcitizensofParisorofLondon)，ofbarbarism，andthelike，sofreelylevelledagainsttheunfortunateChinese。

InParaguaynothingismoreremarkableinamarketinthecountrythanthewayinwhichthepeoplewillnotunderselleachother，evenrefusingtopartwithgoodsafractionlowerthanthepricewhichtheyconsiderfair。ItmaybethattheJesuitswouldhavedonebettertoendeavourtoequiptheirneophytesmorefully，soastotaketheirplaceinthebattleoftheworld。Itmaybethatthesimple，happylivestheyledweretooopposedtothegeneralschemeofoutsidehumanlifetofindacceptanceoraplaceinourcosmogony。ButonethingIamsureof

thattheinnocentdelightofthepoorIndianAlferezReal，mounteduponhishorse，dressedinhismotley，barefooted，andovershadowedbyhisgold

lacedhat，wasasentireasifhehadeatenofallthefruitsofallthetreesofknowledgeofhistime，andsoperhapstheJesuitswerewise。

Arecentwriterinthelittlejournalpublishedonyellowpacking

paperintheSocialistcolonyofCosme，inParaguay(`CosmeMonthly"，November，1898)，hasacuriouspassagecorroboratingwhatIhavesooftenobservedmyself。Undertheheadingof`AParaguayanMarket"，hesays:`TheGuaraniclingsstubbornlytotheGuaranicustoms。

ThisisirritatingtotheEuropean，butwhoshallsaythattheGuaraniisnotright?……EuropeansettlementcannotbutbefataltotheGuarani，howeverprofitableitmaybetoland

owningandmercantileclasses……TheParaguayanmarketisawoman"sclub……theywillcomethirtyorfortymileswithaclothfulofthewhitecurd

cheeseofthecountry，contentedlyjourneyingonfootalongthenarrowpaths。

Theywillcutacabbageintosixteenthsandeattheircheesethemselvesratherthansellitundermarketprice。"Longmaytheydoso，forsolongwilltheybefree，andperhapspoor；but，then，incountriessuchasParaguayfreedomandpovertyareidentical。

Strangelyenough

but，then，howstrangelyallextremesmeetinhumanity!

theJesuitsalone(atleast，inParaguay)seemtohaveapprehended，astheArabscertainlyhavedonefromimmemorialtime，thatthefirstdutyofamanistoenjoyhislife。Art，science，literature，ambition

allthefrivolitieswithwhichmenoccupythemselves

havetheirdueplace；butlifeisfirst，andinsomestrange，mysteriouswaytheJesuitsfeltit，though，nodoubt，theywouldhavebeenthefirsttodenyitwithathousandoaths。

ButinaJesuitmissionallwasnotfeastingorprocessioning，forwithsuchneighboursastheMamelucostheyhadtokeepthemselvesprepared。1Asfortheirbettergovernmentinhomeaffairseachmissionhaditspolice，withofficers2chosenbytheJesuitsamongsttheIndians，soforexteriordefencetheyhadmilitia，andinitthe`caciques"3ofthedifferenttribesheldprincipalcommand。

Mostlikelyoverthem，orattheirelbows，weresetpriestswhobeforeenteringtheCompanyofJesushadbeensoldiers:

forthereweremanysuchamongsttheJesuits。Astheirownfounderoncehadbeenasoldier，sotheCompanywaspopularamongstthosesoldierswhofromsomecauseorotherhadchangedtheirswordstocrucifixes，andtakenserviceintheranksofChrist。4Asitwasmostimportant，bothfordefenceandpolicy，tokeepthe`caciques"content，theyweredistinguishedbybettertreatmentthantheothersinmanydifferentways。Theirfoodwasmoreabundant，andaguardofIndianswasonperpetualdutyroundthehouseswheretheylived；thesetheyemployedasservantsandasmessengerstosummondistantcompaniesofIndianstothefield。TheirmethodoforganizationmusthavebeenlikethatoftheBoersoroftheArabs；foreveryIndianbelongedtoacompany，whichnowandthenwasbroughttogetherforevolutionsinthefieldorforaperiodoftraining，afterthefashionofourmilitiaortheGermanLandwehr。

Perhapsthissystemofanarmedmilitia，alwaysreadyforthefield，waswhat，aboveallotherreasons，enabledtheirdetractorstorepresenttheJesuitsasfearedandunpopular。Why，itwasasked，doesthiscommunityofpriestsmaintainanarmyinitsterritories?

NoonerememberedthatifsuchwerenotthecasethemissionscouldnothaveexistedforayearwithoutaforcetodefendtheirbordersfromthePaulistas。EveryoneforgotthatFathersMontoyaandDelTanohadobtainedspecialpermissionfromtheKingfortheIndiansofthemissionstobeararms；and，asnohumanbeingisgratefulforanythingbutcontumelioustreatment，theSpanishsettlersconvenientlyforgothowmanytimesaJesuitarmyhadsavedtheirterritories。

ThebodyofthreethousandGuaranissentattheexpenseoftheCompanytoassisttheSpaniardsagainstthePortugueseattheattackupontheColoniadelSacramento5ontheriverPlate，in1678，wasquiteforgotten，togetherwiththeinnumerablecontingentssentbytheJesuitsatthedemandofSpanishgovernorsagainsttheChacoIndians，thePayaguas，andevenagainstthedistantCalchaquis，inwhatisnowtheprovinceofJujuy。EvenwhenanEnglishpirate，calledintheSpanishhistoriesRoqueBarloque(explainedbysometobeplainRichardBarlow)，appearedoffBuenosAyres，theundauntedneophytesshranknotamomentfromgoingtotheassistanceoftheirco

religionistsagainstthe`Lutherandog"。6Lastly，allSpanishgovernorsandwriters，bothcontemporaneousandattheendoftheeighteenthcentury，seemtoforgetthatiftheJesuitshadanarmyofneophyteswithintheirterritorythefactwasknownandapprovedofatthecourtofSpain。7ButitappearsthatCalvinhadmanycoadjutorsinhispolicyof`Jesuitasautnecandiautcalumniisopponendisunt。"8WhenaJesuitarmytookthefield，drivingbeforeitsufficientcattletosubsistupon，andwithits`caballada"ofsparehorsesuponitsflank，itmusthaveresembledmanyaGauchoarmyIhaveseeninEntreRiosfive

and

twentyyearsago。

TheonlydifferenceseemstohavebeenthattheGauchosofyesterdaydidnotusebowsandarrows，althoughtheymighthavedonesowithasmuchbenefittothemselves，andnomoredangertotheirenemies，thanwasoccasionedbytherusty，ill

conditionedgunstheyusedtobear。

TheIndianswerearmedwithbows，andintheirexpeditionseachIndiancarriedonehundredandfiftyarrowstippedwithiron。

Othershadfirearms，butallborebolasontheirsaddles，andcarriedlazosandlonglances，9which，likethePampaIndians，theyusedinmountingtheirhorses，placingonehanduponthemane，andvaultingintothesaddleswiththeotherleaningonthelance。

Theinfantrywerearmedwithlancesandafewguns；theyalsocarriedbolas，buttheytrustedmosttoslings，forwhichtheycarriedbagsofhide，withaprovisionofsmoothroundstones，andusedthemdexterously。

Onseveraloccasionstheirrudemilitiagaveproofsofstubbornvalour，and，astheyfoughtundertheJesuits"eyes，nodoubtacquittedthemselvesasmenwouldwholookedupontheirpriestsalmostinthelightofgods。

Butagricultureandcattle

breedingwerenotalltheresourcesofthemissions；fortheJesuitsengagedincommercelargely，bothwiththeouterworldandbytheintricateandcuriousbartersystemwhichtheyhadsetonfootforthemutualconvenienceofthedifferentmissiontowns。InmanyoftheinventoriesprintedbyBrabo，onecomesacrosstheentry`Deudas"，showingasortofaccountcurrentbetweenthetownsforvariousarticles。Thus，theyexchangedcattleforcotton，sugarforrice，wheatforpig

ironortoolsfromEurope；

asnoaccountofinteresteverappearsinanyinventoryasbetweentownandtown，itseemstheJesuitsanticipatedSocialism

atleast，sofarasthattheyboughtandsoldforuse，andnotforgain。

Althoughbetweenthetownsoftheirownterritoryallwasarrangedformutualconvenience，yetintheirdealingswiththeoutsideworldtheJesuitsadheredtowhatareknownas`businessprinciples"。

Theseprinciples，ifImistakenot，havebeendeifiedbypoliticianswiththeir`Buyinthecheapest，sellinthedearest"tag，andthereforeeventhesternestProtestantorJansenist(ifsuchtherestillexist)

canhavenostonetothrowattheCompanyofJesusforitsparticipationinthatsystemwhichhasmadethewholeworldglad。

1AstheGauchoproverbsays，`Lasarmassonnecesariaspero"naide"sabecuando。"

2Corregidores，alcaldes，regidores，alguaciles，etc。

3Hereditaryorsometimeselectedchiefs。

4IrememberseeingonthetombstoneofaSpanishsailorhishopeofsalvationthroughtheintercessionoftheLordHighAdmiralChrist。AftertheSpanishcustom，officerswereoftengeneralsbothbyseaandland，sothatsoldierswerenotexcludedfromtheLordHighAdmiral"sintercession。

5DeanFunes(`EnsayodelaHistoriadeParaguay"，etc。)says:

`TheseIndianswentunderthecommandofDonAntoniodeVeraMoxica；

theirsergeantswereGuaranisandtheircaptainsSpaniards。

Their`cacique"wasIgnacioAmandaa，whocommandedinchiefunderVeraMoxica。"Theyfoughtbravely，andreturnedagainandagaintotheassaultofthetownafterseveralrepulses，manifestingthesamedoggedcourageandindifferencetodeathwhichtheirdescendantsshowedinthewaragainstBrazilin1866

70。

InthatwarbodiesofParaguayansfrequentlyattackedstrongpositionsdefendedbyartillery，andallowedthemselvestobeshotdowntothelastmanratherthanretire。Atothertimes，concealedbehindmassesoffloatingherbage，fromtheircanoestheysprangonboardBrazilianironclads，andwereallkilledinthevainendeavourtocapturethevessels。Iknewalittlepettifogginglawyer，oneIzquierdo，who，withtencompanions，attemptedinacanoetotaketheBrazilianflagship(anironclad)；leftaloneonherdeck，afterthedeathofhiscompanions，hesprangintothewaterunderashowerofbullets，and，badlywounded，swamovertotheChaco，thedesertsideoftheriver。Thereforthreedaysheremained，subsistingonwildoranges，andthenswamacrossagainonaraftofsticks，inspiteofthealligatorsandmanyfiercefishwhichaboundinParaguay。Hegotwell，and，thoughlame，was，whenIknewhim，asarrantalittlescriveningknaveasyoucouldhopetomeetineitherhemisphere。

OnmanyotheroccasionsthemissionIndiansperformednotableservicesfortheSpanishGovernment。In1681，whentheFrenchattackedBuenosAyres，adetachmentoftwothousandIndianswassenttoitsassistance。

PhilipV。himselfwrotetotheProvincialofParaguayonthisoccasionaskinghimtosendtroopstothedefenceofthecity。

In1785fourthousandGuaranis，commandedbyDonBaltazarGarcia，wereatthesecondsiegeoftheColoniadelSacramento。

Funessaysofthem:`Ajuiciodeuntestigoocular，noesmenosadmirablelasangrefriadesuscapellanes。"

6`PerroLuterano"。ItisastonishinghowinSpainthecomparativelyinnocuousLutherhasfallenheirtotheheritageofhatredthatshouldmoreproperlyhavebelongedtotheinhumanandtreacherousCalvin。

7PhilipV。in1745，afteranexaminationwhichlastedsixyears，approvedofalltheactionsoftheJesuitsinParaguay(CretineauJoly，`HistoiredelaCompagniedeJe/sus"，vol。v。，p。103)。

SothatacuriousletterofaJeronimitefriar(onePadreCevallos)，writtenin1774，iswellwithinduelimitswhenitsaysthatalltheJesuitsdidinParaguaywas`todoprobadoporrealescedulaso/procediadeordenesexpresas。"

8Oneisobligedtoallow，incommonfairness，thatCalvincarriedoutinhisownpracticewhatheadvocated

aswitnesshisconductwithServetus，whomhefirstcalumniated，thenentrapped，andlastlymurderedincoldblood。

9DonFranciscoCorrsentthefollowinglistofarmstotheViceroyZabala，ofBuenosAyres(Funes，`Ensayo"，etc。):`Armasbuenas，850；

lanzasdehierro，3，850；pedreras(culverins)，10。Lasflechasnosecuentan。"Hesays:`TodoslosIndiosquandohandesaliracompan~allevan150flechasdehierro，menoslosquellevanarmosdefuego。Asimismocargan"bolas"quesondospiedrasenunacuerda。Losdeapiequenollevanescopetastienenlanza，flecha，yhondaconsuprovisiondepiedrasenunbolsoncomodegranaderos。

Seprestancaballosentrelospueblos。"

Cottonandlinencloth，tobacco，hides，woodsofthevarioushard

woodforestsofthecountry，and，aboveall，`yerba

mate"，weretheirchiefarticlesofexporttotheoutsideworld。

TheirnearestmarketwasinBuenosAyres，andtothatporttheysenttheir`yerba"inboatsmadeattheirownyards，ofwhichtheyhadseveral，butnotablyatYapeyuupontheUruguay。

ThemoneythatwasmadewassenttotheSuperiorofthemissions，whohadthedispositionofthewayinwhichitwasdispensed，eitherforuseathomeortobesenttoEuropefornecessarygoods。

Aswellas`yerba

mate"，theysentgreatquantitiesofhides。

Theinventoriesofthetownstakenattheexpulsionstatethatthenumberofgreenhides1exportedannuallywasfiftythousand，togetherwithsixthousandcured；inadditiontheysoldfromthreetofourarrobas2ofhorse

hair，andwoodtothevalueoftwenty

fivetothirtythousanddollarseveryyear。Thetotalexportoftheir`yerba"rangedbetweeneightyandonehundredthousandarrobas，whichatthelowestpricecouldnothavebeensoldataprofitundersevendollarsanarroba，3

sothattheincome4ofthethirtytownsmusthavebeenrelativelylarge。5

Twoorthreehundredbarrelsofhoney6andsomethreeorfourthousandarrobasoftobaccomadeupthesumtotaloftheirexports，though，hadtheyneededmoney，itmighthavebeenincreasedinsuchacountry，andwithsomanywillinglabourers，almostindefinitely。

1Ibanez(`HistoireduParaguaysouslesJe/suites")statesthehidessoldataboutthreedollarsapiece。

2Thearrobawastwenty

fivepounds。

3ThesefiguresarefromBrabo"sinventories。

4Ibanezstatesthatonlyeighty

fourdollarsayearweresetapartforthemaintenanceofeachpriest。

5DeanFunes(`EnsayodeleHistoriaCivildelParaguay"，etc。)

putsitatamillionreales，whichalmostequals20，800Pounds。

Ibanez(`LaRepublicaJesuitica")，withthenobledisregardofconsequencessonoticeableinmostpolemicalwriters，boldlyaltersthistoamilliondollars，hisobjectbeingtoprovethattheJesuitsexactedexorbitanttaxationfromtheneophytes。

6Thehoneyofthemissionswascelebrated，andthewaxmadebythesmallbeecalled`Opemus"，accordingtoCharlevoix(livrev。，p。285)，`e/taitd"uneblancheurquin"avaitriendepareil，etcesneophytesontconsacre/toutqu"ilsenpeuventavoira\brulerdevantlesimagesdelaSte。Vierge。"

Thusitwillbeseenthatthemissionswereorganizedbothagriculturallyandcommerciallysoastobealmostself

supporting，andthatofthemerenecessariesoflifetheyhadsufficientforexportation，nosmallachievementwhenweconsiderhowaversefromlabourweretheIndianswithwhomtheyhadtodeal。Butthatnothingshouldbewantingthatacivilizedcommunitycouldpossiblydesire，theyhadtheirprisons，withgoodstoreofchains，fetters，whips，andalltheotherinstrumentswithwhichthemoralcodeisgenerallyenforced。Themostusualpunishmentwaswhipping；andthecrimesmostfrequentweredrunkenness，neglectofwork，andbigamy，whichlatterlapsefromvirtuetheJesuitschastisedseverely，notthinking，beingcelibatesthemselves，thatnotunlikelyitwasapttoturnintoitsownpunishmentwithouttheaidofstripes。

IntheinventoryofthemissionofSanJoseIfind:

`Item，doceparesdegrillos"；butIamboundtosaythatinthisinstancetheywerefortheuseof`losGuaicurusinfielesprisionerosqueestanendichamision。"

ChapterVII

CausesoftheJesuits"unpopularity

Descriptionofthelivesandhabitsofthepriests

Testimonyinfavourofthemissions

Theiroppositiontoslavery

TheirsystemofadministrationMuchhasbeenwrittenoftheinteriorgovernmentofthemissionsbytheJesuits，butchieflybystrongpartisans，forandagainst，oneitherside，whoseonlyobjectwastomakeoutacasetofittheprejudicesofthoseforwhomtheywrote。UpontheJesuitsidetheAbbeMuratoridescribesaparadise。AveryCarloDolceamongstwriters，withhimallinthemissionsissocloyingsweetthatone"ssoulsickens，andonelongsinhis`HappyChristianity"

tofindadropofgall。Butforfivehundredpagesnothingisamiss；

themenofBelialpersecutetheJesuitsaints，whoalways(afterthefashionoftheirOrderandmankind)turnbothcheekstothesmiter，and，iftheirpurseistaken，hastentogiveuptheircloaks。

TheIndiansareallloveandgratitude。NoneedintheAbbe"spagesforthetwelvepairoffetters，whichBrabomostunkindlyhassetdownamongsthisinventories。Neverasingle`lapsus"fromthemoralruletheJesuitsimposed

nodrunkenness，andbigamysoseldommetwiththatitwouldseemthatJosephAndrewshadbeenaswaggererjudgedbythestandardofthesemoralGuaranis。ThencomesIbanez，

theex

Jesuit，ontheotherside。Inatwinklingofaneyethesceneischanged。For，quiteinHogarth"svein，hepaintsthemissionsasaperpetualmarchtoFinchley，andtellsusthattheIndiansweresavages，andquiteunchangedinalltheirprimitivepropensitiesundertheJesuitrule。

AndfortheJesuitsthemselveshehasafewhome

truthsadministeredwithvinegar，afterthefashionoftherenegadethewholeworldover，whoseesnothinggoodinthesocietythathasturnedhimout。HeroundlysaystheJesuitswereloafers，accusesthemofkeepingtheIndiansignorantfortheirownpurposes，andpaintsthemquiteasblackastheAbbeMuratoripaintedthemrosecolour，andwithaslittleart。Sothat，asusuallyhappensinthewritingsofallpolemists，nomatteruponwhichsidetheymaywrite，butlittleinformation，andthatdistortedtoanincredibledegree，isallthattheyafford。

`IlCristianesimoFelicenelleMissionedeiPadridellaCompagniadiJesunelParaguay"。

`L"HistoireduParaguaysouslesJe/suites"，Amsterdam，1700，lxxv。

Ingeneral，curiousasitmayappear，thebitterestopponentsoftheJesuitswereCatholics，andProtestantshaveoftenwrittenasapologists。

Buffon，Raynal，andMontesquieu，withVoltaire，Robertson，andSouthey，havewrittenfavourablyoftheinternalgovernmentofthemissionsandtheeffectwhichitproduced。Noothernamesofequalauthoritycanbequotedontheotherside；butyetthefactremainsthattheJesuitsinParaguaywereexposedtoconstantcalumnyfromthefirstdaytheywenttheretillthelastmemberoftheOrderlefttheland。

Itismyobjectfirsttotrytoshowwhattheconditionsoftheirgovernmentreallywere，andthentotryandclearupwhatwasthecauseofunpopularity，andwhysomanyandsuchpersistentcalumnieswerelaidtotheiraccount。

StretchingrightupanddownthebanksofboththeParanaandUruguay，themissionsextendedfromNuestraSenoradeFe(orSantaMaria)，inParaguay，toSanMiguel，inwhatisnowtheBrazilianprovinceofRioGrandedoSul；andfromthemissionofCorpus，ontheeastbankoftheParana，toYapeyu，upontheUruguay。