第12章

ChapterVI

DescriptionofthemissionterritoryandtownsfoundedbytheJesuits

TheirendeavourstoattracttheIndians

Religiousfeastsandprocessions

AgriculturalandcommercialorganizationsWiththedeathofCardenasthemostdangerousenemytheJesuitseverhadinParaguayhaddisappeared。Theyworstedhim，anddrovehimfromhissee；butthemovementsetonfootbyhimandthecalumnieshelevelledattheirOrderstillremainedandflourished，andintheendprevailedagainstthemanddrovethemfromtheland。

Acalumnyishardtokill；mankindingeneralcherishit；

theyneverletitdie，and，ifitlanguishes，resuscitateitunderanotherform；theyholdtoitinevilandingoodrepute，sothat，oncefairlyrooted，itgoesongrowinglikeaforest

treethroughoutthecenturies。Therefore，thechargesagainsttheJesuitsinParaguay，whichCardenasfirststarted，arewithusstill，andwarpourjudgmentastothedoingsoftheOrderinthemissionsoftheParanaandUruguayevenuntilto

day。

ButneithercalumnynortheraidsofthePaulistas，noryetthejealousyoftheSpanishsettlersinParaguay，deterredtheJesuitsfromtheprosecutionoftheirtask。Themissionsgraduallyextended，tilltheyrangedfromSantaMarialaMayor，inParaguay，toSanMiguel，inwhatisnowBrazil；andfromJesus，upontheParana，toYapeyu，upontheUruguay。Mostofthecountry，withtheexceptionofthemissionsofJesusandTrinidad，upontheParana，whichto

day，atleast，areonlyclearingsintheprimevalforest，iscomposedofopenrollingplains，withwooduponthebanksofallthestreams。Coveredasitwasandiswithfine，shortgrass，itformedexcellentcattle

breedingcountry，andhencethegreatindustryoftheIndianswastolookafterstock。

Thecountrybeingsofavourableforcattle，theymultipliedimmoderately，sothatinthevariousestablishments(`estancias")，accordingtotheinventoriespublishedbyBrabo，theirnumberswereimmense。

Atthedateoftheexpulsionthenumberofthecattlewas719，761；oxen，44，183；horses，27，204；sheep，138，827

(`Inventariosdelosbieneshalladosa/laexpulsiondelosJesuitas"，FranciscoJavierBrabo，Madrid，1872)。

Theseopenrollingplains，calledbythenatives`camposquebrantados"，aregenerallystuddedthicklywithstuntedpalmscalledyatais，1

butnotsothicklyastospoilthegrasswhichcoverstheminspringandearlysummer，andeveninwintertheyremaingoodfeedingground。Thickclumpsofhard

woodtrees2

breakuptheprairiehereandthereintopeninsulasandislands，andinthehollowsandrockyvalleysbushypalmettorisesaboveahorse"sknees。Ingeneralthesoilisofarichbrightred，which，gleamingthroughthetrees，givesapeculiarlywarmcolourtotheland。

AlltheFrenchJesuitwritersrefertoitas`laterrerougedesmissions"。

TheJesuitsuseditandanotherearthofayellowshadeforpaintingtheirchurchesandtheirhousesinthemissionterritory。Itscompositionisrathersandy，thoughafterrainitmakesthickmud，andrenderstravellingmostlaborious。Theflowersandshrubsoftheterritoryarequiteasinterestingandstillmorevariedthanarethetrees。

ManyoftheJesuitswerebotanists，andtheworksofFathersMontenegro，3

SigismundAspergerandLozanoaremostcurious，andgivedescriptionsandlistsofmanyoftheplantsunclassifiedevento

day。

ThecelebratedBonpland，solongdetainedbyDr。FranciainParaguay，unfortunatelyneverpublishedanything；butmodernwriters4havedonemuch，thoughstillthefloraofthewholecountryisbutmostimperfectlyknown，andmuchremainstodobeforeitisallclassified。The`Crotonsuccirubrus"

(fromwhicharesinknownas`sangre

de

drago"isextracted)，thesumaha(bombax

thefruitofwhichyieldsafinevegetablesilk)，theerythroxylonorcocaofParaguay，theinciensoorincense

treeoftheJesuits，aresomeofthemostremarkableofthemyriadshrubs。

Butiftheshrubsaremyriad，theflowersarepastthepowerofmantocount。

Lianas，withtheiryellowandredandpurpleclustersofblossoms，likeenormousbunchesofgrapes，hangfromtheforest

trees。

Intheopengladesuponthenandubays，5thealgarrobos，andtheespinillos，hangvariousOrchidaceae，6calledbythenatives`floresdelaire"，coveringthetreeswiththeiraerialroots，theirhangingblossoms，andtheirfoliageoftendergreen。

TheLabiatae，Compositae，Daturae，Umbelliferae，Convolvulaceae，andmanyotherspecies，coverthegroundinspringorrunuptreesandbushesafterthefashionofourhoneysuckleandthetraveller"sjoy。

1`Cocosyatais"。

2Urunday(`Astreniumfraxinifolium:Terebinthaceae")，curapay(`Piptadeniacommunis:Leguminaceae")，lapacho(`Tecomacurialis"and`varia:Begoniaceae")，taruma(`VitexTaruma:Verbenaceae")，tatane(`Acaciamaleolens:

Leguminaceae")，andcupai(`CopaiferaLangsdorfii")。

Theseandmanyotherwoods，suchasthePaloSanto(`Guaiacumofficinalis")，butacae，andthe`CedrelaBraziliensis"，knowntotheJesuitsas`cedar"，andmuchusedbythemintheirchurches，comprisethechiefvarieties。

3`LibrocompuestoporelHermanoPedrodeMontenegrodelaC。deJ。，Ano1711"，MS。folio，withpen

and

inksketches，formerlybelongedtotheDukesofOsuna，andwasintheirlibrary。PadreSigismundialsowroteaherbalinGuarani，andaPortugueseJesuit，Vasconellos，hasleftacuriousbookuponthefloraofBrazil。

4DomingoParodi，inhis`NotassobrealgunasplantasusualesdelParaguay"

(BuenosAyres，1886)，hasdonemuchgoodwork。

5`AcaciaCavenia"。

6`Prosopisdulcis"。Thefamous`balmofthemissions"，knownbythevulgarnameof`curalotodo"(all

heal)，wasmadefromthegumofthetreecalledaguacciba，oneoftheTerebinthaceae。ItwassoldbytheJesuitsinEurope。

ItwassohighlyesteemedthattheinhabitantsofthevillagesneartowhichthetreewasfoundwerespeciallyenjoinedtosendacertainquantityofthebalsameveryyeartotheKing"spharmacyinMadrid。

Thelakesandbackwatersofriversarecoveredwithmyriadsofwater

lilies(alllumpedtogetherbythenativesas`camalote")，whilstinthewoodlandpoolstheVictoriaRegiscarpetsthewaterwithitsgiantleaves。Ineverywoodtheorangeandthelemonwiththesweetlimehavebecomewild，andformgreatthickets。

Eachfarmand`rancho"hasitsorange

grove，beneaththeshadeofwhichIhavesooftencamped，thatthescentoforange

blossomalwaysbringsbacktomethedenseprimevalwoods，thesilentplains，thequietIndians，andtheunnavigatedwaterways，inwhichthealligatorsbasked。ExcepttheSierradeMbaracayu，1

onthenorth

east，throughoutthemissionterritorytherearenomountainsofconsiderableheight；andthroughthemiddleofthecountryruntheriversParanaandUruguay，thelatterformingtheboundaryonthesouth

east。Therollingplainsandwoodsalternatewithgreatmarshescalled`esteros"，whichinsomedistricts，asofthatofNeembucu，coverlargetractsofland，forminginwinteranalmostimpenetrablemorass，andinthespringandearlysummerexcellentfeeding

groundforsheep。Throughouttheterritorytheclimateishealthy，excepttowardsthewoodynorthernhills。

Withthisrichterritoryandthefalsereportsofmines，whichevenunsuccessfulexplorationcouldnotdispel，itisbutnaturalthattheJesuitswerehatedfarandwide。Itmusthavebeenannoyingtoasocietycomposed，aswerethegreaterportionoftheSpanishsettlementsinParaguay，ofadventurers，whotreatedtheIndiansasbrutebeasts，2

toseeapreserveofIndiansseparatedfromtheirterritorybynogreatbarrierofNature，andstillbeyondtheirpower。3

Bonpland，inspeakingofthecountry，says:`Thewholeofthelandexceedsdescription；ateverysteponemeetswiththingsusefulandnewinnaturalhistory。"SuchalsowastheopinionoftheFrenchtravellersDemersayandD"Orbigny；ofColonelduGraty，whoseinterestingwork(`LaRe/publiqueduParaguay"，Brussels，1862)isoneofthebestonthecountry；therecentFrenchexplorerBourgadelaDardye，andofallthosewhohaveevervisitedthemissionsofParaguay。4

1ItwasfromthosemountainsthattheJesuitsprocuredtheseedofthe`IlexParaguayensis"toplantintheirreductions。

Theleavesbeatenintoafinishpowderfurnishedthe`Paraguayantea"，called`yerba

mate"bytheSpaniardsand`caa"bytheIndians，fromwhichtheJesuitsderivedahandsomerevenue。

AftertheexpulsionoftheOrderallthe`yerba"inParaguaywasprocured，tillafewyearsago，fromforestsinthenorthofParaguay，inwhichthetreegrewwild。

2ItwasbytheBullofPaulIII。

givenatthedemandoftwomonks，FrayDomingodeBetanzosandFrayDomingodeMinaya

thattheIndianswerefirstconsideredasreasoningmen(`gentederazon")，andnotasunreasonablebeings(`gentesinrazon")，asJuanOrtiz，BishopofSantaMarta，wished。

3Ibanez(`HistoireduParaguaysouslesJe/suitesM。D。CCIXXX。")，agreatopponentoftheJesuits，saysthatEuropeanoffendersandrecalcitrantIndiansinthemissionsweresentasalastresourcetotheSpanishsettlements。ThisisnotastonishingwhenwerememberthecuriousletterofDonPedroFaxardo，BishopofBuenosAyres(preservedbyCharlevoix)，writtenin1721totheKingofSpain，inwhichhesayshethinks`thatnotamortalcrimeiscommittedinthemissionsinayear。"Headdsthat，`iftheJesuitsweresorich，whyaretheircollegessopoor?"

4Itistoberememberedthat，ofthethirtyJesuitmissions，onlyeightwereinParaguay；therestwereinwhatto

dayisBrazilandtheArgentineprovincesofEntreRios，Corrientes，andMisiones。

InthisrichterritorytheJesuits，when，afterinfinitetrouble，theyhadunitedasufficientquantityofIndians，formedthemintotownships，almostallofwhichwerebuiltupononeplan。InParaguayitselfonlysomethreeorfourremain；buttheyremainsowellpreservedthat，bythehelpofcontemporaryaccounts，itiseasytoreconstructalmostexactlywhatthemissionsmusthavebeenlikeduringtheJesuits"rule。

Sometimes，whentheyhadbeenassembled，theyalldesertedsuddenly，asdidtheTobatines，whoin1740suddenlyleftthereductionofSantaFe，andforelevenyearswerelostintheforests，tillFatherYegrosfoundthem，and，astheywouldnotreturn，establishedhimselfamongstthem(CretineauJoly，`HistoiredelaCompagniedeJe/sus"，vol。v。，cap。ii。)。

P。Cardiel，`DeclaraciondelaVerdad"，p。282:`Todoslospueblosestanbienformadosconcallesa/cordel。LascasasdelosIndiossonenalgunospueblosdepiedrascuadradasperosincal……otrasdepalosybarrotodascubiertasdeteja，ytodastienensoportaleso/corredores，unasconpilaresdepiedras，otrasdemadera。"

Builtroundasquare，thechurchandstore

housesfilledoneend，andthedwellingsoftheIndians，formedofsun

driedbricksorwattledcanesinthreelongpent

houses，completedthethreesides。Ingeneral，thehouseswereofenormouslength，afterthefashionofaSt。Simonianphalanstery，orofa`miners"row"inLanarkshire。Eachfamilyhaditsownapartments，whichwerebutseparatedfromtheapartmentsofthenextbyalath

and

plasterwall，calledinSpanish`tabique""

butoneverandaandoneroofservedforahundredormorefamilies。

Thespaceinthemiddleofthesquarewascarpetedwiththefinestgrass，keptshortbybeingpasturedclosebysheep。Thechurches，sometimesbuiltofstone，andsometimesofthehardwoodswithwhichthecountryabounds，werebeyondalldescriptionsplendid，takingintoconsiderationtheremotenessoftheJesuittownsfromtheoutsideworld。Frequently

as，forinstance，inthemissionofLosApostoles

thechurcheshadthreeaisles，andwereadornedwithloftytowers，richaltars，1super

altars，andstatuary，broughtatgreatexpensefromItalyandSpain。

Thoughthechurcheswereoftenbuiltofstone，itwasnotusualforthehousesoftheIndianstobesobuilt；butinsituationswherestonewasplentiful，asatthemissionofSanBorja，thehousesoftheJesuitswereofmasonry，withverandasheldupbycolumns，andwithstaircaseswithbalustradesofsculpturedstone。2

Theordinaryground

planofthepriest"shousewasthatoftheSpanishMoorishdwelling，solikeinallitsdetailstoaRomanhouseatPompeiioratHerculaneum。Builtroundasquarecourtyard，withafountaininthemiddle，theJesuits"houseformedbutaportionofasortofinnertown，whichwassurroundedbyawall，inwhichagate，closedbyaporter"slodge，communicatedwiththeoutsideworld。Withinthewallwassituatedthechurch(althoughithadanentrancetotheplaza)，theroomsoftheinferiorpriest，agarden，aguest

chamber，stables，andastore

house，inwhichwerekeptthearmsbelongingtothetown，thecorn，flour，andwool，andtheprovisionsnecessaryforlifeinaremoteandoftendangerousplace。

Ineverycasethehouseswereofonestory；thefurniturewasmodest，andingeneralhome

made；ineveryroomhungimagesandpiouspictures，thelatteroftenpaintedbytheIndiansthemselves。InthesmallermissionstwoJesuitsmanagedalltheIndians。3

1DonFranciscoGraell，anofficerofdragoonsinserviceduringtheWaroftheSevenTownsin1750，givesthefollowingdescriptionofthechurchofthemissionofSanMiguel:`Laiglesiaesmuycapaz，todadepiedradesilleriacontresnavesymedianaranja。Muybienpintadaydoradaconunporticomagnificoydebellisimaarquitectura，bovedasymedianaranjasondemadera，elaltarmayordetalla，sindorarylefaltaelultimocuerpo。"

2`Galeriasconcolumnas，barandillasyescalerasdepiedraentallada"

(DonFranciscoGraell)。SeealsoP。Cardiel(`DeclaraciondelaVerdad"，p。247)，`Entodoslospuebloshayrelojdesolyderuedas，"etc。

TheworkofPadreCardielwaswrittenin1750inthemissionsofParaguay，butremainedunpublishedtill1800，whenitappearedinBuenosAyresfromthepressofJuanA。Alsina，CalledeMexico1422。Itis，perhaps，afterthe`ConquistaEspiritual"ofFatherRuizMontoya，themostpowerfulcontemporaryjustificationofthepolicyoftheJesuitsinParaguay。Itispowerfullybutsimplywritten，andcontainswithalthatsavinggraceofhumourwhichhas，fromthebeginningoftheworld，beenastumbling

blocktofools。

3ThemissionofSanMiguelhad1，353familiesinit，orsay6，635souls。

SanFranciscodeBorjacontained650families，or2，793souls(ReportbyManuelQuerinitotheKing，datedCordobadeTucuman，yAgosto1o，1750)。

ThegreatestdifficultywhichtheJesuitshadtofacewasthenaturalindolenceoftheirneophytes。Quiteunaccustomedastheyweretoregularworkofanykind，theordinaryEuropeansystem，aspractisedintheSpanishsettlements，promptlyreducedthemtodespair，andoftenkilledthemoffinhundreds。ThereforetheJesuitsinstitutedthesemi

communalsystemofagricultureandofpublicworkswithwhichtheirnamewillbeassociatedforeverinAmerica。

IntheirextensivemissionsintheprovincesofChiquitosandMoxostheypursuedthesamesystem。AstheyweremuchmoreisolatedinthoseprovincesthaninParaguay，andconsequentlymuchlessinterferedwith，itwastherethattheirpeculiarsystemmostflourished。

AftertheexpulsionoftheJesuitsfromAmericain1767，theSpaniardsinAltaPeru，andsubsequentlytheBolivians，hadthesensetofollowtheJesuitplaninitsentirety；whereasBucareli，theViceroyofBuenosAyres，entirelychangedtheJesuits"ruleinParaguay。

TheconsequencewasthatinBoliviatheIndians，insteadofdispersingastheydidinParaguay，remainedinthemissions，andD"Orbigny(`Fragmentd"unVoyageauCentredel"Ame/riqueMe/ridianale")

sawatthemissionsofSantiagoandElSantoCorazon，intheprovinceofChiquitos，theremainsoftheJesuits"polity。

ThereweretenmissionsinChiquitos，andfifteeninMoxos。

AtthepresenttimetheFranciscanshavesomesmallestablishmentsinBolivia。

ThecelebratedDr。Francia，dictatorofParaguay，usedtorefertotheJesuitsas`cunningrogues"，1and，ashecertainlyhimselfwasversedineveryphaseofcunningness，perhapshisestimate

tosomeextent，atleast

wasjust。Arogueinpoliticsisbutamanwhodisagreeswithyou；but，still，itwantednolittleknowledgeofmankindtopresentadailytasktomen，unversedinanykindoflabour，asofthenatureofapleasureinitself。Thedifficultywasenormous，astheIndiansseemednevertohavecomeundertheprimevalcurse，butpassedtheirlivesinwanderingabout，occasionallycultivatingjustsufficientfortheirneeds。Whetheramissionary，Jesuit，orJansenist，Protestant，Catholic，orMohammedan，doeswellinforcinghisownmodeoflifeandfaithonthosewholiveahappier，freerlifethananyhisinstructorcanholdouttothemisamootpoint。Onlythefuturecanresolvethequestion，andjudgeofwhatwedoto

day

nodoubtwithgoodintentions，butwiththeignorancebornofourself

conceit。

Muchofthemiseryoftheworldhasbeenbroughtaboutwithgoodintentions；

butoftheJesuits，atleast，itcanbesaidthatwhattheydidinParaguaydidnotspreaddeathandextinctiontothetribeswithwhomtheydealt。2

SotothetaskofagriculturetheJesuitsmarshalledtheirneophytestothesoundofmusic，andinprocessiontothefields，withasaintbornehighaloft，thecommunityeachdayatsunrisetookitsway。

Alongthepaths，atstatedintervals，wereshrinesofsaints，andbeforeeachofthemtheyprayed，andbetweeneachshrinesanghymns。3

Astheprocessionadvanced，itbecamegraduallysmallerasgroupsofIndiansdroppedofftoworkthevariousfields，andfinallythepriestandacolytewiththemusiciansreturnedalone。4Atmid

day，beforeeating，theyallunitedandsanghymns，andthen，aftertheirmealandsiesta，returnedtoworktillsundown，whentheprocessionagainre

formed，andthelabourers，singing，returnedtotheirabodes。ApleasingandArcadianstyleoftillage，anddifferentfromthesystemofthe`swinked"labourerinmorenorthernclimes。Buteventhenthehymnaldaywasnotconcluded；

forafterabriefresttheyallrepairedtochurchtosingthe`rosary"，andthentosupandbed。Onrainydaystheyworkedatotherindustriesinthesamehalf

Arcadian，half

communisticmanner，onlytheysangtheirhymnsinchurchinsteadofinthefields。ThesystemwassodifferenttothatunderwhichtheIndiansenduredtheirlivesinthe`encomiendas"

andthe`mitas"oftheSpanishsettlements，thatthefactaloneissufficienttoaccountformuchofthecontemporaryhatredwhichtheJesuitsincurred。

1`Pillosmuyladinos"(Robertson，`LettersfromParaguay")。

2FerrerdelRio，inhis`ColecciondelosarticulosdelaEsperanzasobreCarlosIII。"(Madrid，1859)，says:

`FueradelasmisionesdelosJesuitasparticularmenteenelParaguayseconsiderabanlosIndiosentrelosseresmasinfelicesdelmundo。"

JorgeJuanandAntoniodeUlloa，intheircelebrated`SecretReport"

(`NoticiasSecretasdeAmerica"):`Lacompan~ia(deJesus)atiendeasusfinesparticularmenteconlosmisionerosquellevandeEspan~a；

perocontodoesonoseolvidadelaconversiondelosIndios，nitieneabandonadoesteasuntopuesaunquevanpocoadelanteenel，queesloquenoseesperimentenenlasdemasreligiones。"

3Manytravellers，asAzara，Demersay，DuGraty，andD"Orbigny，haveremarkedhowfondofmusicwastheGuaranirace，andhowsoontheylearnedtheuseofEuropeaninstruments。D"Orbigny(`Fragmentd"unVoyageauCentredel"Ame/riqueMe/ridianale")，inhisinterestingaccountofthemissionofElSantoCorazon，inthedistrictofChiquitos，says:`Jefustre\se/tonne/

d"entendreexe/cuterapre\slesdansesindige\nesdesmorceauxdeRossiniet……deWeber……lagrandemessechante/eenmusiquee/taitexe/cute/ed"unemanie\retre\sremarquablepourdesIndiens。"

VargasMachuca，inhismostcuriousandrare`MiliciayDescripciondelasIndias"，says，undertheheadingof`MusicadelIndio":

`Usansusmusicasantiguasensusregocijos，ysonmuytristesenlatonada。"To

daytheIndiansofParaguayhavesongsknownas`tristes"。ThebrigadierDonDiegodeAlvear，inhis`RelaciondeMisiones"(ColecciondeAngelis)，saysthatthefirsttoteachtheGuaranisEuropeanmusicwasaFlemishJesuit，P。JuanBasco，whohadbeen`maestrodecapilla"

totheArchdukeAlbert。

4SeealsoP。Cardiel，`DeclaraciondelaVerdad"，p。274:

`……yestaacabada，setocaa/Misaa/queentrantodoscantandoelBendito，yalabadoensulengua，o/enCastellano，queenlasdoslenguaslosaben。"

Imagineasemi

communisticsettlementsetclosetothebordersofRhodesia，inwhichthousandsofKaffirspassedalifeanalogoustothatpassedbytheIndiansofthemissions

caredforandfedbythecommunity，lookedafterineverysmallestparticularoftheirlives

andwhatafloodofcalumnywouldbeletlooseupontheunfortunatedevisersofthescheme!Firstly，towithdrawthousandsof`natives"

fromthelabourmarketwouldbeacrimeagainstallprogress，andthentotreatthemkindlywouldbeheresy，andtosecludethemfromthecontaminationofthescumofEuropeinthesettlementswouldbetermedunnatural；forweknowthatnativeracesderivemostbenefitfromfreecompetitionwiththeleastfittedofourpopulationtoinstruct。

Butbesidesagriculturetheenormouscattle

farmsofthemissionterritorygaveoccupationtomanyoftheneophytes。Thelifeoncattle

farmsgavelessscopeforsupervision，andwemaysupposethattheherdersandthecattlemenweremorelikeGauchos；

butGauchosunderreligiousdiscipline，half

centaursinthefield，sittingaplunginghalf

wildcoltasiftheywerepartofhim，andwhenonfootathomesubmissivetotheJesuits，constantinchurch，butnotsofierceandbloodthirstyastheirdescendantssoonbecameafterthewithdrawalofthemissionrule。

DeanFunes，inhis`EnsayodelaHistoriadelParaguay"，etc。，saysthatinthe`estancia"ofSantaTecla，inthemissionsofParaguay，duringthetimeoftheJesuits，therewere50，000headofcattle。

Aswellasagricultureand`estancia"life，theJesuitshadintroducedamongsttheIndiansmostoftheartsandtradesofEurope。

BytheinventoriestakenbyBucareli，ViceroyofBuenosAyres，attheexpulsionoftheOrder，wefindthattheywovecottonlargely；

sometimestheymadeasmuchaseightthousandfivehundredyardsofclothinasingletowninthespaceoftwoorthreemonths。

And，inadditiontoweaving，theyhadtanneries，carpenters"shops，tailors，hat

makers，coopers，cordage

makers，boat

builders，cartwrights，joiners，andalmosteveryindustryusefulandnecessarytolife。

Theyalsomadearmsandpowder，musicalinstruments，andhadsilversmiths，musicians，painters，turners，andprinterstoworktheirprinting

presses:

formanybookswereprintedatthemissions，andtheyproducedmanuscriptsasfinelyexecutedasthosemadebythemonksinEuropeanmonasteries。

`Inventariosdelosbieneshalladosa/laexpulsiondelosJesuitas"，Introduction，xxvii，FranciscoJavierBrabo。

Therareandmuch

sought

after`ManualeadusumPatrumSocietatisJesuquiinReductionibusParaquariaeversantur，exRitualeRomanoadToletanodecerptum"，wasprintedatthemissionofLoreto。

ItcontainsprayersinGuaraniaswellasinLatin。

HerealsowasprintedacuriousbookofGuaranisermonsbyNicolasYapuguay，manyGuaranivocabularies，andthe`ArtedelaLenguaGuarani/"ofRuizMontoya。

Allthe`estancias"，theagriculturallandsandworkshopswere，sotospeak，thepropertyofthecommunity；thatistosay，thecommunityworkedthemincommon，wasfedandmaintainedbytheirproductions，thewholeunderthedirectionofthetwoJesuitswholivedineverytown。

Aportioncalled`tupinambal"inGuaraniwassetasideespeciallyforthemaintenanceoforphansandofwidows。Thecattleandthehorses，withtheexceptionof`loscaballosdelsanto"，destinedforshowatfeasts，werealsousedincommon。ThesurplusofthecapitalwasreservedtopurchasenecessarycommoditiesfromBuenosAyresandfromSpain。

Eachfamilyreceivedfromthecommonstocksufficientforitsmaintenanceduringgoodconduct，fortheJesuitsheldinitsentiretythePaulinedictumthatifamanwillnotwork，thenneithershallheeat。

Butastheyheldit，sotheypractiseditthemselves，fortheirlivesweremostlaborious

teachingandpreaching，andactingasoverseerstotheIndiansintheirlabourscontinually，fromthefirstmomentoftheirarrivalatthemissionstilltheirdeath。

Thus，ifthemayorofthetownshipcomplainedofanymanforremissnessathiswork，hereceivednorationstillhehadimproved。

P。Cardiel，`DeclaraciondelaVerdad"，p。295:`Deestosgranoscomunalessedaparasembrar"，etc。

ToinculcatehabitsofprovidenceamongsttheIndians，alwaysinclinedtoconsumewhateverwasgiventothemandgofastingafterwards，theyissuedtheprovisionsbutonceaweek，andwhentheykilledtheiroxenforcedtheIndiansto`jerk"acertainquantityofbeeftolastthroughouttheweek。Vegetableseachfamilywasobligedtoplantbothintheirgardensandinthecommonfields；

andallthatwerenotactuallyconsumedweredealtouttotheworkersinthecommonworkshopsorpreservedforsale。

Thisjerkedbeefiscalled`charqui"inSouthAmerica。

CertainoftheIndiansownedtheirowncowsandhorses，andhadgardensinwhichtheyworked；butalltheproductwasobligedtobedisposedoftotheJesuitsforthecommongood，andinexchangeforthemtheygaveknives，scissors，cloth，andlooking

glasses，andotherarticlesmadeintheoutsideworld。ClotheswereservedouttoeveryIndian，andconsistedforthemenoftrousers，coarse`ponchos"，strawhatsorcaps，andshirts；butneithermennorwomeneverworeshoes，andthesolecostumeofthelatterwastheGuarani`tipoi"，

alongandsleevelessshiftcutratherhigh，andwithcoarseembroideryroundtheshoulders，andmadeofaroughcottoncloth。Forornamentstheyhadglassbeadsandrosariesofbrassorsilver，withsilverrings，andnecklacesofglassorhorn，fromwhichhungcrucifixes。

ThusfoodandclothingcosttheJesuits(orthecommunity)

butlittle，andarudeplentywastheorderoftheland。

ThegreatestluxuryoftheIndianswas`mate"，andtoproduceittheyworkedinthe`yerbales"inthesamewayinwhichtheyworkedtheirfields

inbandsandwithprocessions，tothesoundofhymnsandheadedbyapriest。

ThepoorerclassesinParaguayallusedtowearthe`tipoi"。

Theycoveredthemselveswhenitwascoldwithawhitecottonsheetwrappedinmanyfolds。

TheJesuitsthemselvesweredressedinhomespunclothes，forMatiasAngles

quotedintheintroductiontothe`DeclaraciondelaVerdad"ofFatherCardiel，publishedatBuenosAyresin1900(theintroductionbyP。PabloHernandez)

says:

`ElvestuariodelosPadresesdelienzodealgodonten~idodenegro，hiladoyfabricadoporlasmismasIndiasdelospueblos；

ysitalqualPadretieneuncapoteo/manteodepan~adeCastillasesucededeunosa/otros，yduraunsigloentero。"

This，then，wasthesystembymeansofwhichtheJesuitssucceeded，withoutemployingforceofanykind，whichintheircasewouldhavebeenquiteimpossible，lostastheywereamongstthecrowdofIndians，inmakingtheGuaranisenduretheyokeoftoil。Thesemi

communalcharacteroftheirruleaccountsforthehostilityofLiberalswho，likeAzara，sawincompetitionthebestroadtoprogress，butwho，likehim，intheirconsumingthirstforprogresslostsightofhappiness。