第11章

Justaboutthistime(1644

45)arumourwassetonfootthattheJesuitshaddiscoveredminesneartheirreductionsontheParana。TheserumourswerealwayssetaboutwhentherewasnothingelsebymeansofwhichtoattacktheJesuits。AnIndianbythenameofBuenaventura，whohadbeenaservantinaconventinBuenosAyres，onthisoccasionwastheinstrumentusedbytheirenemies。Forashorttimeeveryonebelievedhim，andexcitementwasintense；but，mostunluckily，Buenaventurahappenedatthezenithofhisnotorietytorunawaywithamarriedwoman，and，beingpursued，wasbroughttoBuenosAyres，andtheninpublicincontinentlywhipped。InanyothercountryBuenaventuraafterhispublicwhippingwouldhavebeendiscredited，butaletterarrivedfromtheBishopofParaguay，tellingtheGovernorofBuenosAyresthattheminesreallyexisted。AtthattimeanewGovernor，oneDonJacintodeLara，hadjustarrived。BeingnewtoAmericaanditsways，hestartedouthimselftotrythequestion，andwithfiftysoldiers，takingBuenaventuraashisguide，wenttothemissions。

Asmighthavebeenexpected，onthejourneyBuenaventuradisappeared，thistimealone。`Cettefuiteluidonnabeaucoupa\penser，"

saysCharlevoix。Buthavinggonesofar，theGovernordeterminedtotrythequestionthoroughly。

FatherDiazTano，oneofthebestandhardest

workingmissionarieswhoeverenteredParaguay，besoughttheGovernortosatisfyhimselfandsearchtheirterritoryforgoldandsilver，andrequestedhimtocallupontheBishopforconfirmationofthestatementshehadmade。

Thishedid，andthen，accompaniedbyhissoldiers，beganhissearch。

Hegaveoutthatthefirstmantofindamineshouldbeatoncepromotedtobecaptainandhavealargereward。

Afterseveraldays"march，andhavingfoundnomines，letterswerebroughthimfromtheGovernorofParaguayandfromtheBishop。

Thefirstinformedhimthathehadheardrumoursofmines，butnothingcertain。Theseconddeclinedtospecifythemines，whichthusweredestinedtoremainforever，sotospeak，`inpartibus"。

Buthegaveadvice，andgoodadviceisbetterthananymine，whetherofsilverorofgold。HetoldtheGovernortostartbyturningouttheJesuits，andhewouldfindtheprofitsoftheirexpulsionjustasvaluableasmines。

WhetherthisalsomadetheGovernorpensiveIdonotknow，but，luckily，theJesuits，whowereconcernedinexposingtheimposture，hadcomeonBuenaventura，andbroughthimironedtotheGovernor。

He，afterhavingtriedtomakehimconfesshisimposturewithoutsuccess，condemnedhimtobehung。TheJesuits，withtheiraccustomedhumanity(oringenuity)，beggedforhislife。Thiswasaccordedtothem，andonceagainBuenaventurareceivedagoodsoundwhippingforhispains。

ThusendedthejourneyofDonJacinto，withoutprofittohimself，exceptsofarastheexperiencegained。NodoubthesawandmarkedtheJesuittowns，thechurchesbuiltofmassivetimberorofstone，andthecontentedairofIndiansandpriests，whichalwaysstruckalltravellersinthosetimes。Hesawthecountlessherdsofcattle，thecultivatedfields；enjoyed，nodoubtforthefirsttimesincearrivinginSouthAmerica，thesenseofperfectsafety，atthattimetobeexperiencedaloneinMisiones。Butindespiteofhisexposureoftheimposture，therumourastotheexistenceoftheminesneverdiedout，andlingersevento

day，inspiteofgeologicalresearchinParaguay。

WhilstthiswasgoingoninMisiones，intheremoteandrecently

converteddistrictoftheItatines，inthenorthofParaguay，theexamplesetbytheBishophadborneitsfruit。TheIndiansbecameunmanageable。

Oneofthechiefsbrokeintoopenrebellion，andwoundedaJesuitfathercalledArenasattheveryaltar

steps。Soonthegeneralcorruptionofmannersbecamealmostuniversalthroughoutthedistrict。This，Ifancy，mustbetakentomeanthattheIndiansrevertedtopolygamy，fortheJesuitsalwayshadtroubleinthismatter，beingunabletopersuadetheIndiansoftheadvantageofmonogamy。

Butmostfortuitously，justasthegeneralcorruptiongainedallhearts，atigerrushedintothetown，and，afterkillingfourteenpeopleandsomehorses，disappearedagainintothewoods。

TheJesuits，everreadytotakeadvantageofeventslikethese，calledontheIndianstoseeinthevisitationofthetigerthewrathofHeaven，andtoleavetheirwickedways。

TheIndians，alwaysaswillingtosubmitastorevolt，submitted，andthegoodfathers`prirentlepartidefaireuncoupd"autorite/，quileurre/ussit，"asCharlevoixrelates。

Theydecoyedthechief，hisnephew，andson，intoanotherdistrict，wheretheyseizedandshippedthemofftwohundredleaguestoaremotereductionacrosstheUruguay。TheSpaniardsusedtosayofFerdinandVII。，whenhehadcommittedanygreatbarbarity，`HeisquiteaKing"(`EsmuchoRey")，andtheIndiansoftheItatinesesteemedtheJesuitsfortheir`coupd"autorite"inthesamemannerastheSpaniardstheirKing。

HisusualluckattendedCardenasinhisexileinCorrientes。ThistownformedpartofthedioceseofBuenosAyres，whichhappenedtobevacantatthetime。

HethereforetookuponhimselftoactjustashehadactedinParaguay

appointedofficersofjustice，heldordinations，andinstitutedacampaignagainsttheJesuitsofthetown。

Whilsthewasthusoccupiedinhisfavouritepastimeofusurpingotherpeople"sfunctions，twocitationsweresenthimtoappearbeforetheHighCourtofCharcas。Hedisregardedthem，andsentastatementofhiscasebythehandsofhisnephewtotheBishopofTucuman。IntheletterhesetforthallhiscomplaintsagainsttheGovernorofParaguay，callinghimaviolatoroftheChurch，aheretic，andgenerallyapplyingtohimallthosetermsinwhichathwartedchurchmanusuallyexhaleshisrage。

MixedupwiththiswasadetailedaccusationoftheJesuits，towhoseaccounthelaidallhismisfortuneswhilstinParaguay。

Lastly，hecalledupontheBishopofTucumantosummonaprovincialcounciltocondemnthemonstrousheresieswhichheattributedtotheJesuits，remindinghimthattheCouncilofTrenthadrecommendedtheholdingoffrequentprovincialcouncils，andstatinghisopinionthat，unlessacouncilwerecalledatonce，theBishopwouldincuramortalsin。

TheanswerCardenasreceivedfromTucumanwasmostironicallycouchedinthebeststylethathislong

sufferingfriendwasabletocommand。

AfteraddressingCardenasas`yourillustriouslordship"，heproceededtodemolishallhisstatementsinsuchamannerastoarguethathehadhadmuchpracticewithrefractorypriestsinhisowndiocese。

HetoldhimthattheJesuitsweretheonlyOrderinParaguaythatreallyworkedamongsttheIndians。HeremindedhimthatfromthatOrderthe`secondPaul"，i。e。，St。FrancisXavier，hadhimselfissued。Heaskedhimwhether，asachurchman，hethoughttheyearlysumoftwelvethousandcrownsgivenbytheKingoutofthetreasuryofBuenosAyrestowardstheJesuits"workwasbettersaved，orthatthethousandsofIndianswhomtheJesuitshadconvertedshouldbelosttoGod。Andastoheresy，hesaidhewasnojudge，leavingsuchmatterstothePope；

butthatnooneaccusedtheJesuitsofcorruptionintheirmorals，orofanyofthegreatercrimestowhichthegreatfragilityofhumannaturerendersusliable。HeremindedhimtheJesuitshadmadenoaccusationontheirpart，butalwaysspokeofhimwithmoderationandrespect。

Andastoaprovincialcouncil，hesaidthatitwasimpossible，forthefollowinggoodcause:TheBishopofMisquewastooinfirmtotravel；

theBishopofLaPazwaslatelydead，andtheseestillvacant；

theBishopofBuenosAyresonlyjustarrived，andtoomuchoccupiedtoleavehisdiocese。Therefore，theonlyBishopsavailablewerehimselfandCardenas，andthattheyneverwouldagree。

MisqueisatleastfifteenhundredmilesfromTucuman。

`Moreover，"heremarked，`whatisitthatyourillustriouslordshipwishesmetodo?

`ToadviseaBishop?

`Godhasonlygivenmethechargeofmyownsheep。YourlordshipknowsaswellasIdohowaBishopshouldcomporthimself。"

Hefinishedwithaquotation，sayingthataBishop"sstatewasnottolie`insplendorevestium，sedmorum；nonadiram，sedutomnimodumpatientium。"

WhatCardenasrepliedisnotsetdowninanyhistorywhichhascomeundermyobservation，butwhathemusthavethoughtiseasytodivine。

TheGovernorofParaguay，notcontentwithhavingputhiscasebeforetheSupremeCourtofCharcas，sentalsototheCouncilGeneraloftheIndiesinSeville，detailingallthevagariesoftheBishop。TheJesuitsalsoempoweredanofficertorepresentthemthere。

Duringthesepreparations，andwhilsteveryonewasoffhisguard，theGuaycurusendeavouredtosurprisethecapital，andwouldhavedonesohadnotsomeregimentsofGuaranisarrivedintimefromthemissionterritory。Thisshouldhavebeenanobject

lessontothosewhoalwaystriedtoshowtheJesuitsinthelightofenemiestotheauthorityoftheKingofSpain。Nothing，however，provedoftheleastavail，andthoughonseveraloccasionstheSpanishpowerinParaguaywasonlysavedbytheexertionsoftheJesuitsandtheirIndians，thecalumniesofCardenashadtakentoodeeproottobedispelled。

Meanwhile，inCorrientes，CardenasschemednightanddaytoreturntoParaguay。InhisowncityofLaPlatanaturallyhehadsomefriends，andthesedidalltheycouldtogethimreinstated。

Inspiteofalltheirefforts，anordercamefromCharcasforhimtoleavethecityunderpainofbanishment。AnyonebutCardenaswouldhavebeendisconcerted；he，though，pretended，asintheorderhewasstillstyledBishopofParaguay，thatbeforeleavingforCharcas，topresenthimselfbeforethecourt，hehadtogotoAsunciontonameaVicar

General，andtowardstheendof1646heembarkedupontheriverforParaguay。

`QuelohagansalirdenuestrosReynosySen~orioscomoagenoyestran~o，porimportarassiparalaquietuddeaquellasProvincias，yalserviciodesuMajestad。"

TheGovernorwasonthealert，andsentavesselwithorderstoturnhimback，whichorderwascarriedoutinspiteofhisremonstrances，andhereturnedtoCorrientesinamiserablestate。

ThencameanothercitationtoappearatCharcas，andanintimationthathewasappointedBishopofPopayan。AsPopayan(inNewGranada)

wasatleastthreethousandmilesfromAsuncion，hisjoyattheappointmentmusthavebeenextreme。

Hisfortunesnowseemeddesperate；ashesaidhimselfinalettertotheKing，`atanadvancedagehecouldnotundertakesogreatajourney"；

andoneverysidehisenemiesseemedtohavegottheupperhand。

In1648achangecameovereverything。DonGregorioHinestrosawasremovedfromParaguay，andanewGovernor，DonDiegoEscobardeOsorio，appointedinhisplace。ImmediatelythenewsreachedCardenashesetoutforParaguay。ArrivingatAsuncion，hisfriendsallmethimandtookhiminprocessiontotheCathedral。HisfirstthoughtwastorenewhispersecutionoftheJesuits。Mostunfortunatelyforthem，DonJuandePalafox，BishopofPuebladelosAngelesinMexico，whohadhimselfinMexicohadmanyquarrelswiththeJesuits，wrotebeggingCardenasandalltheBishopsofSouthAmericatojoinagainstthem。

ThisPalafoxwasafterwardsbeatified，andeveninhislifetimeenjoyedthereputationofasaint，sothathislettergreatlystrengthenedCardenas。

Notwithstandingthis，PalafoxinsubsequentworksofhisduringthetimethathewasBishopofOsma(inSpain)saidmanythingsinpraiseoftheworkdonebytheJesuitsinParaguay。

ThenewGovernor，himselfamemberoftheSupremeCourtofCharcas，hadneverbeenbeforeinParaguay，andthereforeresolvedtotreattheBishop(asDonGregoriohaddone)witheveryrespectduetohisstation。

TheBishopwantednothingbetter，andsawatoncehehadanotherfooltodealwith。ThereforehemadenosecretofhisintentionofnotcomplyingwiththecitationofthecourtatCharcas，andsethimselfatoncetopreachagainsttheJesuits，andstiruppopularresentmentagainstthem。

Unluckily，proofwaswantingofthecrimesheallegedtheyhadcommitted，soheresortedtothedeviceofgettingapetitionsignedbyallandsundry，askingfortheexpulsionoftheOrderfromParaguay。Likeallpetitions，itwaslargelysignedbywomenandbychildrenandbythosewhohadneverthoughtbeforeaboutthematter，butlikedtheopportunitytowritetheirnamesafterthenamesofothers，assheepgothroughagapormembersgivetheirvotes(outofmeresympathy)

inthehighcourtofParliament。

Thisdevicehavingtakentoomuchtime，blankdocumentswerepassedaboutforalltowriteuponwhatevertheyimaginedtothedisadvantageoftheJesuits。Byanuntowardchance，abundleofthese，senttotheagentoftheBishopinSpain，wastakenonthevoyagebyanEnglishcorsair。Theworthypirate(nodoubtaProtestant)was，ifwecanbelievetheJesuits，extremelyscandalizedatthebadfaithofthosewhousedsuchmeansofwreakingtheirmalevolence。

SoallseemedonceagaintosmileuponDonBernardino，whonodoubtresumedhisflagellations，hismidnightservices，andhissayingoftwoMasses，andonceagainbecametheidolofthepeopleofAsuncion。

Butinthenorth，inthewilddistrictofCaaguayu，hardbythemountainsofMbaracaya，closetothegreat`yerbales"，

theJesuitshadformedtwotownsamongsttheIndians。

ThesetwotownsweredestinedtobetheoutpostsofthecountryagainsttheincursionsofthewildIndiansfromtheChaco。

A`yerbal"isaforestchieflycomposedofthe`IlexParaguayensis"，fromtheleavesofwhichthe`yerbamate"，or`Paraguayantea"，ismade。

TheBishopprevailedupontheGovernortolethimturnouttheJesuitsandreplacethembypriestsofanotherOrder。Thisbeingdone，theIndiansalldeserted，leavingthedistrictquiteuninhabited。

ThecourtatCharcas，hearingofthisfolly，sentanordertotheGovernortosendtheJesuitsback。AyearwaspassedinceaselesssearchingofthewoodsanddesertsfortheIndians，butonlyhalfofthepopulationcouldeverbepersuadedtoreturn，andFatherMansilla，theex

missionary，diedofthehardshipsthatheunderwent。

FromthatdatedowntothetimeofDr。Francia(circa1812

35)，thedistrictremainedadesert。Franciauseditasapenalsettlement，andto

day，saveforafewwild，wanderingIndians，knownasCaaguas，andasparsepopulationofyerba

gatherers，itstillremainsalmostunpopulated。

Meanwhile，thegeneralindignationagainsttheJesuitsseemedtoinfectallclassesofthepopulation。Certainly，thecitizensofAsuncionhadgoodandsufficientcausesofcomplaintagainsttheJesuits。

OnseveraloccasionstheeffortsoftheJesuitsandtheirIndiansalonehadsavedthecapitalfromthewildIndians，andbenefitsarehardtobear，ifonlyfromtheirrarity。

Popularhatred，tothefullasidioticasispopularapplause，fellchieflyuponFatherDiazTano

hewhohadsavedtenthousandIndiansfortheKingofSpaininhiscelebratedretreatbeforetheMamelucosdowntheParana

andhewasfrequentlyinsultedinthestreets。

FatherAntonioManquiano，aquietandlearnedman，wasalmostmurderedinopendaybyafuriousfanatic，whofelluponhimwiththeopenlyexpressedintent`toeathisheart"。

ThiswasthemomentCardenaspitchedontodeclaretheentireOrderoftheJesuitsexcommunicated。Ashehadbeenayearawayfromthesceneofhisformerexploits，peoplewerenotsousedtoexcommunications，andthereforetookthemseriously。

AtthiseventfuljuncturetheGovernor，DonDiego，diedsosuddenlythatsuspicionsofhishavingbeenpoisonedwerearoused。

Scarcewashedeadthanallthepopulationassembledatthepalacetoelectaninterimsuccessor。Thiswasamostimportantthing，astocommunicatewithSpaintook，attheveryshortesttime，abouteightmonths。ByacclamationthechoicefellontheBishop，whothusfoundhimselfheadofthespiritualandthetemporalpoweratonce。

Theelectionwasabsolutelyillegal，astheSpanishlawprovidedthat，ifaGovernorofParaguayshouldchancetodie，thenominationofaninterimsuccessorshouldrestfirstwiththeViceroyofPeru，andfailinghimwiththeHighCourtofCharcas。

CardenasbasedhiselectiononthepretendededictoftheEmperorCharlesV。，but，ifhehadacopyoftheedict，neverproducedit。Asusual，`goodmendaringnot，andwisemencaringnot"，butonlyfoolsandschemerstakingpartintheelection，noseriousoppositiontohisusurpationwasencountered。

CardenasneverdoubtedforamomentthatthefunctionofaGovernorwastogovern，andhebeganatoncetodosowithawill。

Xarque，aSpanishwriter，givesthefollowingcuriousdescriptionofhowhesetabouttogetthepeopleonhissidetoexpeltheJesuits:

Xarque，bookii。，cap。xl。，p。30。

PreachingonedayintheCathedral，aftertheconsecrationheturnedtowardsthepeople，and，showingtheholywafer，said，`Doyoubelieve，mybrethren，thatJesusChristishere?"

All，beingtruebelievers，answeredasonemanthatsuchwastheirbelief。

Inthesamewayasatascientificlecture，whenthelecturerholdsupsomesubstance，andsays，`Youallknowwellthatcalciumtungstateorbariumhydrocyanidehasthisortheotherproperty，"

thehearersnodassentlikesheep，beingafraidtocontradictsoglibastatementfromsoeminentaman。

ThensaidCardenas，`BelieveasfirmlythatIhaveanorderfromtheKingtoexpeltheJesuits。"Thepeopleallbelieved，andCardenasforgottotellthemthatbytheexpulsionoftheJesuitstwentythousandIndianswouldpassintohispower，whomhecouldthendistributeamongsthisfriendsasslaves，asheproposedtodividetheIndiansofthemissionsamongsttheParaguayannotablestowinthemtohisside。

BeingattheheadofeverythinginAsuncion，Cardenasnolongerhesitated，butorderedanofficer，DonJuandeVallejoVillasanti，withatroopofsoldierstomarchtothecollegeoftheJesuits。

Thishedid，andfindingthegatesallbarred，heburstthemopen，and，enteringthecollege，signifiedtotherectoranorderfromtheGovernor(dulycountersignedbytheBishop)toleavethecitywithallhispriests，andtoevacuateallthemissionsontheParana。TherectoransweredthattheJesuitshadapermissionfromPhilipII。，renewedbyhissuccessors，tofoundacollege，andFatherTanoexhibitedthedocuments。

Villasanti，whohadbutlittlelovefordocuments，snatchedtheparchmentsfromhishand，andthesoldiersforcedtheJesuitsinabodytotheportlikesheep。Theretheyweretiedandthrownintocanoesalmostwithoutprovisions，andsentoffdowntherivertoCorrientes，thecertainhavenofthepartyinParaguaywhichhasgottheworstofanelectionorarevolution，andwishestogaintime。

ArrivedinCorrientes，DonManuelCabral，apiousofficer，receivedtheminhishouse，and，curiouslyenough，thepopulationwelcomedtheJesuitswithenthusiasm，andpressedthemearnestlytobuildacollegeinthetown。

TheircollegeatAsuncionwastreatedlikeatowntakenbystorm:

pulpitandfont，confessionalsanddoors，allweretorndownandburnt，and，withaviewofjustifyingwhatwasdone，theBishop"spartisansspreadareportthat，astheJesuitswereheretics，theirtemplewasunclean。

Thepopulation，moreartisticinitsinstinctsthantheBishop，refusedtoallowthealtar，whichhadbeenbroughtfromSpain，tobedestroyed。Besidesthealtar，therewerealsostatuesofSanIgnacioandSanFranciscoXavier。ThesetheBishopwishedtoturnintoSt。PeterandSt。Paul。WiththisdesignhegavethemtoanIndiancarpentertoworkupon。Thepoormandidhisbest，butonlymanagedtoturnouttwomonstrousblocks，whichlookedlikenothinghuman。

AstatueoftheBlessedVirginwhichhadtheeyesturneduptoheaventheBishopwishedtoalter，andreplacetheheadbyanotherwiththeeyesturneddowntoearth，asbeingmorebefittingtothestatue"ssex。

Thepeople，lessmadorsuperstitiousthantheBishop，refusedtoallowit，andtheimage，too，wasplacedintheCathedral。

In1649theexpulsionofanOrdersopowerfulasweretheJesuitscausedsomecommotionthroughtheworldatlarge。Miracleshappenedopportunelytostrengthenwaningfaith。Afireplacedroundtheirchurch，thoughitdestroyed，refusedtoblacken；andropesfixedtothetowerofthechurch，althoughattachedtowindlasses，refusedtopullitdown，sothatthetowerandchurch，thoughgutted，stillremainedalmostintact，and，ontheJesuits"return，wereeasilyrepaired，andservedasamonumentofvictory。

Uneasyliestheheadthatwearsamitre，aspoorCardenasfoundout。

HispopularitysufferedsomedecreasebythelackoftreasurefoundintheJesuits"college，forhehadalwaysdangledmillionsinprospectivebeforethepeople"seyestoengagethemonhisside，and，mostunluckily，hehadnomillionstobestow。So，tomakeallthingsright，hesentFrayDiegoVillalontoMadridtorepresenthisinterests。

ThisVillalonhasleftsomecuriousmemoirsinthecasewhichhesubmittedtotheCounciloftheIndieswhichsatinSeville。

TheJesuitsupontheirsidewerenotinactive。ByvirtueofabriefofGregoryXIII。theyhadtheprivilegeofappointinganofficialcalledajudgeconservatorincaseswheretheirhonourortheirpossessionswereattacked。ThereforeFatherAlfonsodeOjedawassenttoCharcastoarrangeaboutthecase。AtCharcastheyfoundthatCardenashadbeenbeforethem，andhadinstitutedproceedingsagainsttheirOrderintheHighCourt。FatherPedroNolasco，SuperioroftheOrderofMercy，wasappointedjudgeconservator。HeatoncesummonedtheBishoptoappearbeforehim，andarrangedtotrythecaseandheartheevidence。

Cardenashavingrefusedtoappear，sentencewentbydefaultagainsthim。

TheHighCourt，beingconvincedthatthepretendededictoftheEmperorCharlesV。didnotexist，appointedDonAndresGarabitodeLeontobeinterimCaptain

GeneralofParaguay，andgavehimpower，ifnecessary，torestoreorderbyforceofarms。ThecourtthenissuedadecreesummoningCardenastoappearatonceatCharcasandgivehisreasonswhyhehadhadhimselfmadeGovernorandhadexpulsedtheJesuitsfromParaguay。ItthencommunicatedwiththeMarquisofMancera，ViceroyofPeru，whoquiteconcurredinitsdecisionastoCardenas。

ApparentlyupontheprinciplewhichprevailsamongstMohammedansofalwaysappointing，firstanofficer，andthenacaliphtothatofficertodothework，theHighCourtofCharcasalsoappointedacommandertoproceedtoParaguay，pendingthetimethatDonAndresshouldfeelinclinedtostarthimself。Asthecaliph"snamewasSebastiandeLeon，itisnotimprobablethathewasarelationofthefirst

appointedman。

DonSebastiandeLeonseemstohavebeeninParaguayalready，forbothCharlevoixandXarqueagreethatheandhisbrothers，aftertheexpulsionoftheJesuitsbyCardenas，hadretiredtoanestatesomedistancefromAsuncion。Attheestatethenewsofhisappointmentreachedhim，andmusthaveplacedhiminamostdifficultpositionastowhattodo。

OnseveraloccasionsinthevariousrebellionswhichoccurredinSouthAmericaduringtheSpanishrule，menwereappointedtoquellrebellions，pacifycountries，andrestoreorder，andallwithoutanarmyoranyforcesbeingplacedattheircommand。ThiswasthecasewiththecelebratedLaGasca，whowassentfromSpaintoputdowntherebellionofGonzaloPizarro，andsucceededinsodoing，thoughheleftSpainwithoutasinglesoldierinhistrain。

InthisconnectionitistoberememberedthatnoneoftherebellionsinSpanishAmericafromthedaysofCharlesI。(i。e。，theEmperorCharlesV。)

tothoseofCharlesIII。werefortheobjectofseparationfromthemetropolis，butmerelyrisingsagainstGovernorssentoutfromSpain。

ItseemsthatbothinPeruandParaguaytheverynameoftheimperialpowerwasabletodrawhundredsofmentothestandardofwhateverofficerheldacommissionfromMadrid，suchasthatheldbyGarabitodeLeonorbyLaGascaontheParana。

AtfirstDonSebastiandidnotshowhimselfinAsuncion，butsentoutmessengersoneverysidetosummonsoldiers，requisitionhorses，andcollectprovisions。HealsosenttoCorrientestotelltheJesuitshewasreadytoreinstatethemintheirpossessions。

DonBernardinomeanwhilewaspreparingforthegreatadventureofhislife。

HeseemstohavebelievedmostfirmlythatnopoweronearthhadanyrighttoremovehimfromthegovernorshipofParaguay。

InaletterwhichheaddressedtoDonJuanRomerodelaCruz

hesaysheisonthepointofdistinguishinghimselfbyheroicexploitsandgreatvictories；thathehadonhissidejusticeandforce(amostuncommoncombination)；thattheentirecapitalwasfavourabletohim；andthathewasresolvedneithertoreadmittheJesuitsnortorecogniseDonSebastiandeLeonasGovernor。

Charlevoix，bookxii。，p。115。

Asuncionwasonceagainconvulsed，andallwaspreparationfortheholywar。

TheBishophadgivenoutthatangelsweretohelphim，andthissoreassuredhissoldiersthattheyprovidedthemselveswithcordstobindtheIndiansinthearmyofDonSebastianLeon，thinkingtheywouldfallaneasypreytothem。Thismatterofthecordsexplains，perhaps，whythepopulationofAsuncionwasalmostunanimousinfavouroftheBishop。

InthearmyofDonSebastian，aswellasthemilitiaoftheprovince，marchedthreethousandIndiansfromtheJesuitreductionsontheParana。

TheSpaniardsofthecapitalwerealldeterminednottokillanyofthem，butkeepthemaliveforslaves，andhencethecordswithwhichtheyarmedthemselves。

ThesacredgeneralissimoledouthisarmyfromAsuncioninperson，celebratingMasshimself，andthenheadinghistroopslikemanyanotherSpanishecclesiastichasdonebeforeandafterhim，andcontinueddoingeventothelatestCarlistwar。

ThearmiesmetnotfarfromLuque，inalittleplainknownastheCampoGrande。Anopenplainwithsandysoil，whichgavethehorsesagoodfooting，withseverallittlestagnantpoolsinthecentrewherethewoundedmencoulddrinkandwashtheirwounds，withamostconvenientforestonallsidesforthedesertersandthecowardstohidein，madeagoodbattlefield。ThevillageofLuque，groupedrounditschurch，andwithalittleplazainthemiddleinwhichsatParaguayanwomensellingmandioca，chipa，1andrapadura，2

withsacksofmaizeandofmani，3stoodonthesummitofalittlehill。

Upontheplaintheearthisred，andlooksasifabattlehadbeenfoughtuponitandmuchbloodspilt。Inalldirectionsrunlittlepaths，worndeepbythefeetofmulesandhorses，andinwhichtheriderhastolifthisfeetasifheweregoingthroughastream。ToAsuncionthereleadsoneofthedeep

sunkroadsplantedwithorangeandparaiso4trees，constructedthus(asBarcodelaCenteneratellsusinhis`Argentina")soastobedefensibleagainsttheIndiansafterthecountrywasfirstconqueredbytheSpaniards。

1Chipaisakindofbreadmadeofmandiocaflour。

2Rapaduraisakindofcoarsesugar，generallysoldinlittlepyramid

shapedlumps，doneupinabananaleaf。

Itisstronglyflavouredwithlye。

3Maniisground

nut。["Peanut"inAmericanEnglish。

A。L。，1998。]

4TheparaisoisoneofthePaulinias。

OntheBishop"ssidehardlyasoldierbutthoughthimselfanemissaryofGod，ordoubtedofthevictoryforamomentinhisheart。Angelsthemselveshadpromisedvictorytotheirleader，who，tomakeallthingssafe，hadissuedaproclamationpunishingsurrenderwiththepainofdeath；

sotheystoodquietlyinarrayofbattlewaitingtobeattacked。

Uponhisside，DonSebastianLeon，seeingtheattitudeoftheenemy，immediatelyorderedanadvance，andchargedhimself，withallhiscavalry，upontheBishop"smen。They，withthefirmnessthatfanaticssooftenshow，stoodfirmlyintheirranks，thinkingthemselvesinvulnerable。

Theirvalourprovedbutmomentary，foratthesecondchargetheybroketheirranksandfled。Flightturnedtorout，andDonSebastianhavingcommandedthattheyshouldnotbepursued，theystillfledon，nomanpursuingthem。

TheGovernorthenenteredthecapitalwithoutresistance。

Ontheplazahestopped，andhavinggatheredupthewoundedwithoutrespectofparty，hesentthemtothehospital。

Then，havingseentothesafetyofthetown，herodetotheCathedraltogivethankstoGodforhavingpreservedhimfromthedangersofthefight。

DressedinhisrobesandseatedonhisthronewasCardenas。DonSebastianenteredthechurch，dismounted，andkissedhishandrespectfully，likeatrueSpaniard，andaskedhimceremoniouslytodeigntogivehimthebatonofthecivilpower。Cardenasanswerednotaword，buthandedhimthebaton，andthenretired，accompaniedbyallhispriests。

ThevictorydidnotterminatetheworkofDonSebastian。

Afterareasonableinterval，andbeforewitnesses，hecitedtheBishoptoappearbeforethecourtofCharcas。TheBishoppromisedtoobey，thinkinghehadanotherDonGregorioHinostrosatodealwith，butquitedeterminednevertocomply，actingaccordingtothecustomofGovernorsinSouthAmerica，who，whenanorderreachedthemfromMadrid，eitherabsurdorquiteimpossibletoexecute，solemnlyanswered，`Iobey，butIdonotcomply，"savingbythephrasethehonouroftheirsovereignsandthemselves。UpontheirsidetheJesuitspressedthejudgeconservator，FatherNolasco，toissuehissentence，andfreethemfromthechargesunderwhichtheylay。

Thishedid，andgaveashisopiniontheywerequiteinnocentofallthatCardenashadlaidtotheiraccount。

`Obedesco，peronocumplo。"

Asinapalace，thingsgoslowinSpain，anditwasnottill1654

thataroyaldecisionconfirmedthejudgmentofNolasco，andfreedtheJesuitsfromallthechargesraisedagainstthem。

`Cosasdepalaciovandespacio。"

Orderrestored，Cardenasdeprivedofhisusurpedauthority，andtheJesuitsreinstated，thetemporarycommissionofSebastianLeonwasatanend。Thereforeheretiredagaintoplanthismandiocaunderhisownguayaba

tree。YetfeelingransohighthathewashardlysafefromthevengeanceofthepartisansofCardenas，sothathefoundhimselfoncemoreobligedtosummonthemilitiaoftheprovince，andleadthemtoaperfunctorycampaignagainstthePayaguas。

TheseIndianstheearlierhistoriansoftheconquest，BarcodelaCenteneraandRuiDiazdeGuzman，describeasriver

pirates，almostlivingincanoes，anddashingoutonanypassingSpanishvesselthattheythoughtweakenough。TheJesuitsMontoyaandDobrizhoffertellusthattheywentnaked，paintedinmanycolours，withahawk"sorparrot"swingpassedthroughthecartilageoftheirleftear，andthattheywere，ofalltheIndiansofParaguay，themostindomitable。Afew，whenIknewParaguaysometwentyyearsago，hungroundAsuncion，squalidandmiserable，passingtheirtimeinfishingincanoes，andasattachedtotheirownmodeoflifeaswhenthefirstdiscovererscalledthem`sweet

waterpirates"andthe`mostpestilentofalltheIndiansontheriverParaguay。"ThePayaguaschastised，DonSebastian，upononepretextoranother，didnotdisbandhistroops，keepingthemalwaysbyhim，andthusmakingthepositionoftheBishopquiteuntenable，tillbydegreeshisfollowersfellawayandlefthimalmostdesertedandhispartyalldissolved。Seeingthegamewasup，theBishop，afterhavingnamedoneDonAdrianCornejoashissuffragan，tookhisdeparture(1650)forCharcastoappearbeforethecourt。

Foreighttumultuousyearshehadkepthisbishopricinaperpetualturmoil，havingbeentheevilgeniusoftheland。

Whatsortofmanhereallywasishardto

daytojudge，forXarque，Villalon，Charlevoix，andDeanFunes，whochroniclehisdoings，wereall，ononesideortheother，partisans。TheJesuitscondemnhimasaspoliator，theFranciscansholdhimupasonewhofoughtthroughouthislifeforthehonourofthefounderoftheirrule。Tracts，books，andpamphletsforandagainsthimhavebeenwritteninnumbers，andinthehistoryofthetimesinParaguayhisnamebulkslarge。

Onethingiscertain

thattheIndianslovedandreveredhim，andfollowedhimuptotheend。EveninCharcas，wherehelivedforyearsuponapensionoftwothousandcrownsallowedhimbytheKingwhilsthiscasedraggeditswearycoursetoRome，Madrid，backtoPeru，andthentoRomeagain，theIndians，whenheappearedinpublic，greetedhimwithflowers。Hemayhavebeenasaint:somanymenaresaints，andtheworldknowsthemnot。Hemayhavebeenaschemer；buthemadenothingbyhisschemesexceptthebarrenhonourofhisconsecrationtotheseeofParaguay。Apreachercertainlyhewas，ableandwillingtodrawcrowds，afterthefashionofallthosewhohavethegiftofwords。

DeanFunes，inhis`EnsayodelaHistoriaCivildelParaguay，BuenosAyresyTucuman"(bookii。，cap。i。，p。10)，sayshewas`Dotadodeuntemperamentomuyfacildeinflamarse，deunaimaginacionviva，deunamemoriafeliz，ydeuningenionovulgar。"

Headstrongandobstinate，throughalonglifehehatedvigorously，thinkingallthosewhodifferedfromhimwereaccursedofGod。

AstrenuousmemberoftheChurchmilitantonearth，hewasatleastapersonality，andthosewhoreadthehistoryofhistimemustreckonwith，andtakesidesfororagainst，himafterthefashionofthemenwithwhomhepassedhislife，whotoamanreveredhimasasaint，orlookeduponhimasadevilsenttoplaguemankind。

ArrivedinCharcas，hesoonfelloneviltimes，althoughatfirsthemadesomepartisans。StilllookingbacktoParaguay，hepassedhistimeindrawingoutpetitionstotheKing；then，onebyone，allhisfriendsfellfromhim，exceptsomefaithfulIndians，whoconsideredhimasaint。

Hisdreamsofsaintshipwerenotfulfilled，forhisnameneverfiguredinthecalendar。Yearsdidnottamenoryetdidhopeevercompletelyleavehim；forinoldbooksIfindhimalwaysprotesting，evercomplaining，andstillstriving，till，in1665，PhilipIV。inpitymadehimBishopofSantaCruz。AsentencefromtheregistersoftheConsistoryatRomeinformsusthat，asBishopofLaPaz，inhisownprovinceoftheCharcas，heleftofftroubling，andrestedfromhisagitatedlife。