第10章

Thearrobaisabouttwenty

fivepoundsweight。

ThehigglingofthemarketnothavingprovedeffectualintheadjustmentofthesumtobepaidbytheGovernor，apriest，oneJuanLozano，whohadbeencondemnedtoimprisonmentbyhissuperiorsforhislooselife，andwhohadtakenrefugewiththeBishop，hitonastrokeofveritablegenius。AtaconferencewhichtookplacebetweentheBishopandseveralnotablesoftheplace，includingtherectoroftheJesuits，Lozanogaveitashisopinionthat，iftheGovernorrefusedtopay，ageneralinterdictshouldbeproclaimed。

TherectoroftheJesuitsretiredindignantly，and`Pe\reLozano，retroussantsarobelepoursuivitencrianta\pleinete^te，ets"exprimantendestermespeuseansa\saprofession。"

BythistimeAsuncionmusthavebeenlikeamadhouse，fornooneseemstohavebeenastonished，oreventohavethoughthisconductsingular。

TheBishop，alwaysreadytotaketheworstadvice，gotreadyforhistask，andonEasterEveembarkedupontheriver，leavinghisVicar

Generalunderorderstoproclaimthegeneralban。Thiswasdone，andtheedictsocontrivedastocatchthelucklessGovernorineverychurch。Thepracticaleffectwastocloseallthechurches，fortowhateverchurchtheGovernorwentthepriestrefusedtocelebratetheMass。Severalotherpersonswerementionedintheban，whichwaspostedupbelowacrucifixinthechoiroftheCathedral。

AsDonBernardinohadomittedtostatetheparticularoffencesforwhichtheywerecondemned，thegeneralconfusionbecameintense，andnooneattendedMass，sothatthechurchesweredeserted。

Afteralittlesomeofthechurchesopenedinaclandestinemanner，othersremainedclosed，andthefollowersoftheBishopandtheGovernoralternatelyassembledinarabble，andthrewstonesatallthechurches，dispensingtheirfavoursquiteimpartially。ThevariousreligiousOrders，nottobebehindhand，alsotooksides，theJesuitsgivingastheiropinionthattheGovernor，nothavingawaruponhisback，wasreallyexcommunicated；

theDominicansholdingthattheBishop，inthegeneralinterest，oughttoabsolvehim。He，armedwiththeopinionofthelatterOrder，marchedtothedwellingoftheBishop"sVicar

General，and，havingnailedupbothdoorsandwindows，sentatrumpetertotellhimheshouldnotleavehishousetillabsolutionhadbeengranted。

Stillnothingcameofit，andthentheGovernordidwhatheshouldhavedoneatfirst:hesentastatementofthewholeproceedingstothehighcourtatCharcas。Thishighcourt(Audiencia)wassituatedrightinthemiddleofwhatisnowBolivia，milesawayfromLima，halfaworldfromParaguay，atleasttwothousandmilesfromBuenosAyres，andseparatedfromChilebythewholeCordilleraoftheAndes。

Evento

daythejourneyfromParaguayoftenexceedsamonth。

Charlevoix。

TheBishop，nottobeoutdone，alsopreparedastatement，inwhichheaccusedhisadversaryofallthecrimesthathecouldthinkof，andconfirmedhisstatementwithanoath。Thechapter，thinkingthingswereinanimpossiblecondition，besoughtthatthefinelaidontheexcommunicatedfolkshouldberaisedorlessened，asitappearedtothemtherewasnotmoneyinthetowntosatisfyit。

Cardenasrefused，andthusfourmonthselapsed。SoonafterthisarrivedoneFatherTruxillo，oftheOrderofSt。Francis，whocamefromTucumanasVice

Provincial。Cardenas，thinking，astheywerebothFranciscans，thatTruxillomustneedsbefavourabletohiscause，madehimhisVicar

General，withpowertobindandtounloose

thatis，tofreetheexcommunicatedfolkfromalltheirdisabilitiesif，onexamination，itseemedgoodtohim。Truxillo，whowasquiteunbiassedastomattersinAsuncion，lookedintoeverything，anddeclaredtheGovernorandeverybodyoughttobeabsolved。Hefurthergaveitashisopinionthat，theaffairhavinggonetothehighcourtatCharcas，hecoulddonothingbutgiveaninterimdecree。DonBernardinoheardthenewsatItati，anIndianvillageafewmilesoutsideAsuncion。FromthencehewenttoasomewhatlargervillagecalledYaguaron，andshuthimselfupinaconvent，afterdeclaringeveryone(exceptthesuperiorclergy)

undertheseverestcensureoftheChurchiftheyshoulddareapproach。

NotabadplaceforprayerandmeditationisYaguaron。Ascoreortwooflittlehouses，builtofstrawandwoodandthatchedwithpalm

leaves，straggleonthehillsideabovetheshoresofagreatcamalote

coveredlake。

Parrotsscreamnoisilyamongstthetrees，andredmacawshoverlikehawksoverthelittlepatchesofmaizeandmandiocaplantedamongstthepalms。

Roundeveryhouseissetagroveoforange

trees，mingledwithlemons，sweetlimes，andguayabas。Insidethehousesallissocleanthatyoucouldeatfromanyfloorwithlessrepulsionthanfromtheplatesatafirst

classhotel。Aplacewherelifeslipsonaslistlessandluxuriantasthegrowthofabanana，andwhereateveningtime，whenthewomenoftheplacegotofetchwaterinalonglinewithearthenjarsbalancedupontheirheads，thegoldenageseemslessimprobableeventhaninTheocritus。ToYaguaronthehigherclergyflockedtointercedeforthegoodpeopleofAsuncion，allexceptFatherTruxillo，who，knowingsomethingofhisBishop，didnotgo。Thathewaswise，eventsprovedshortly。Twocanons

DiegoPoncedeLeonandFernandoSanchez

heimprisonedintheirrooms，callingthemtraitorstotheirBishopandtheirChurch。

Deputationscamefromthecapitaltobegfortheirrelease，butallinvain。TheBishopansweredthemthathehadsethismindtopurgehisdioceseoftraitors；andthetwocanonsremainedinprison。

Afteradetentionwhichlastedfortydays，theyescapedandfledtoCorrientes，whichmusthavelookeduponAsuncionasavastmadhouse。

Truxillo，whoseemstohavebeenamannotquitesoabsolutelydevoidofsenseastheotherclergy，endeavouredtoorganizeareligious`coupd"etat"；

but，mostunfortunately，aletterhehadwrittentosomeofthesanerclergyfellintotheBishop"shands。Excommunicationsnowpositivelyrainedupontheland。TheGovernor，theJesuits，theDominicans，eachhadtheirturn；but，curiouslyenough，thepoorerpeoplestillstoodfirmtoCardenas，thinking，nodoubt，amanwhotreatedalltherichersortsoharshlymustdosomethingforthepoor。

Nothing，however，wasfurtherfromthethoughtsofCardenas，whothoughtthewholeworldcircledroundhimself。TheBishop"snephewhavingreturnedtoCorrientesandhisformernaughtylife，DonBernardino，castingaboutforanothersecretary，cameononeFranciscoNieto，anapostatefromtheOrderofSt。Francis，andlivingopenlywithanIndianwoman，bywhomhehadason。HimtheBishopmadehischaplain，thenhisconfessor；andpoorNietofoundhimselfobligedtosendhisIndianwifeawayinspiteofallhisprotestsandhiswishtoliveobscurelyashehadbeenlivingbeforehiselevationtothepostofsecretary。

AveritablebeachcomberFatherFranciscoNietoseemstohavebeen，andthetypeofmanyaEuropeaninParaguay，whoasksnobetterthantoforgetthetediumofourmodernlifeandpasshisdaysinalittlepalm

thatchedhutlostinaclearingofawoodornearsomelake。

Camaloteisaspeciesofwater

lilywhichformsathickcoveringonstagnantriversandlakesinParaguayandintheArgentineRepublic。

SoinAsuncionthingswentfrombadtoworse。Suchtradeasthenexistedwasatastandstill，andbandsofstarvingpeopleswarmedinthestreets，whilsttheincursionsofthesavageIndiansdailybecamemorefrequent。

Infact，Asuncionwasbutatypeofwhattheworldwouldbeunderthedominationofanyofthesectswithoutthecounterpoiseofanycivilpower。TheGovernor，seeingthemiseryoneveryside，determined，likeanhonestman，topocketuphisprideandreconcilehimselfwithCardenasatanyprice。So，settingforthwithallhisstaff，hecametoYaguaron。There，likeapenitent，hehadtobearareprimandbeforetheassembledvillageandengagetopayafinebeforetherancorouschurchmanwouldrelievehimfromtheban。

TheweaknessoftheGovernorhadtheeffectthatmighthavebeenexpected，andheavyfineswerelaidonallandsundrywhohadinanymannerdispleasedtheBishoporleanedtotheothersideinthecourseofthedispute。

Rightinthemiddleofthestrugglebetweentheclericalandlayauthorities，abandofoverthreehundredGuaycurusappearedbeforethetown。

Unluckily，allthechiefofficersofthegarrisonwereexcommunicated，andthusincapableofdoinganythingtodefendtheplace。

FoolishasCardenasmostindubitablywas，hisfollydidnotcarryhimsofarastoleavethecapitalofhisdiocesequiteundefended。

Still，hewouldnotgivewayfirst，andonlyatthemomentwhentheIndiansseemedpreparedtoattackthetown，attheentreatyofa`piousvirgin"，heraisedtheexcommunicationontheGovernorandhisofficersforfifteendays。TheGovernor，insteadof，likeasensibleman，seizingtheBishopandgivinghimtothe`cacique"oftheGuaycurus，ledouthistroopsanddrovetheIndiansoff。ThatverynighthefoundhimselfoncemoreunderthecensureoftheChurch，andtheconflictwithhisopponentmorebitterthanatfirst。TheViceroyofPeru，theMarquisofMancera，indignantattheweaknessoftheGovernor，wrotesharplytohim，reprimandinghimandtellinghimatoncetoasserthimselfandforcetheBishoptoconfinehimselftomattersspiritual。OntheGovernor"sattempttoreasserthimself，theanswerwasageneralinterdictlayingtheentirecapitalundertheChurch"sban。Onthis，hemarchedtoYaguaronwithallhistroops，resolvedtotaketheBishopprisoner；buthe，seeingthetroopsapproach，wentoutatonce，fellontheGovernor"sneck，andstraightwayabsolvedhim。

Aftertheabsolutioncameabanquet，whichmusthavebeenalittleconstrained，onemightimagine，andevenlessamusingthantheregulationdinner

partyoftheLondonseason，whereonesitsbetweentwohalf

nakedandperspiringwomeneatinghalf

rawmeatanddrinkingfierywineswiththethermometerateightyintheshade。ThusdisembarrassedfromtheGovernor，DonBernardinoturnedhisattentiontotheJesuits，andsignifiedtothemthatheintendedtotaketheeducationoftheyoungoutoftheirhands。

ThiswasamortalaffronttotheJesuits，astheyhavealwaysunderstoodthatmen，justastheotheranimals，canonlylearnwhilstyoung。

Harduponthisnewstep，Cardenasissuedanedictforbiddingthemtopreachorhearconfessions。AsfortheGovernor，theBishopdidnotfearhim，andthepoorerpeopleofAsuncionhadalwaysinclinedtotheBishop"sparty，eitherthroughterroroftheChurch"sbanorfromtheirnaturalinstinctthattheBishopwasagainsttheGovernment。

ButCardenassawclearlythat，todealashewishedwiththeJesuits，hemustentirelygaintheGovernor"sconfidence。ThishetriedtodobysendingtohimoneFatherLopez，ProvincialoftheDominicans。

ThisLopezwasanableandapparentlyquitehonestman，forhetoldtheGovernorthatthewishofCardenaswastoexpeltheJesuitsfromParaguay，andfromtheirmissions，warninghimatthesametimenottoallowhimselftobemadeuseofbytheBishopinhisdesign。

Fromthatmomentthetwoadversariesseemedtohavechangedcharacters，andDonGregoriobecameascautiousasachurchman，whereastheBishopseemedtoloseallhisdiplomacy。

Toalltheprotestationsoffriendshipwhichwereaddressedtohim，theGovernoransweredsoadroitlythattheBishopfellintothetrap，andthoughthehadsecuredapartnertohelphimintheexpulsionoftheJesuits。Finally，atYaguaron，duringasermon，heformulatedhiscelebratedchargesagainsttheJesuits，which，setonfootbyhimin1644，eventuallycausedtheexpulsionofthewholeOrderfromAmerica，and，thoughrefutedathousandtimes，stilllingerinthewritingofallthosewhotreatthequestiondowntothepresentday。

Thechargeswereseveninnumber，andsoingeniouslycontrivedthatroyal，national，anddomesticindignationwereallarousedbythem。

ThefirstwasthattheJesuitspreventedtheIndiansfrompaying1

theirannualtaxestothecrown。Secondly，thattheJesuitskeptbackthetithesfromBishopsandArchbishops。2Thirdly，hesaidtheJesuitshadrichminesintheirpossession，andthattheproductofthesemineswasallsentoutofthecountrytothegeneralfundatRome。

ThistheJesuitsdisprovedonseveraloccasions，but，asoftenhappensinsuchcases，proofwasofnoavailagainstthefollyofmankind，towhomitseemedincrediblethattheJesuitsshouldburythemselvesindesertstopreachtosavages，unlesstherewassomecountervailingadvantagetobegained。EventhefactthatattheexpulsionoftheCompanyofJesusfromAmericanotreasureatallwasfoundatanyoftheircollegesormissionsdidnotdispeltheconvictionthattheyownedrichmines。ThefourthchargewasthattheJesuitswerenotparticularaboutthesecretsoftheconfessional，andthattheyusedtheinformationthusacquiredfortheirownselfishends。

Further，thatFatherRuizdeMontoyahadacquiredfromtheKing，underamisapprehension，aroyaledict，3givingtheterritoryofthemissionstotheJesuits，thustakingthefruitsoftheirconquestfromtheSpanishcolonists。Fifthly，thattheJesuitsenteredParaguaypossessedbutoftheclothesupontheirbacks，thattheyhadmadethemselvesintothesovereignrulersofagreatterritory，butthathewasgoingtoexpelthem，astheVenetianshadexpelledthemfromVenetia。4

Sixthly，thateventhePortugueseofSanPaulodePiritinangahadexpelledthem。5Hislastassertionwasthathehimself，togetherwiththeBishopofTucumanandothers，hadsecretordersfromtheKingtoexpeltheJesuitsfromtheirdioceses，butthattheotherBishopslackedthecouragewhichhe(Cardenas)wasthenabouttoshow。

Hewoundupallbysayingthat，oncetheJesuitsweregone，theKingwouldonceagainenjoyhisrights，theChurchbeonceagainrestoredtofreedom，and，lastly，thattherewouldbeplentyofIndiansforthesettlerstoenslave。Quitepossiblyenough，thepublic，evergeneroustoafaultwithotherpeople"sgoods，caredlittlefortherightsofaKingwholivedtenthousandmilesaway；

andasfortheChurch，itseemsmostprobabletheyfailedtoseetheperilthatsheran。ButwhentheBishopspokeofenslavingtheIndians，theysawtheJesuitsmustgo，forfromtheconquesttheJesuitshadstoodbetweenthesettlersandtheirprey。Allthingsconsidered，DonBernardinomadearemarkablediscoursethatSundaymorninginthepalm

thatchedvillagebythelake，fortheechoofitstillresoundsinthereligiousworldagainsttheJesuits。

1Thiswasuntrue，astheJesuitmissionswerenotatthattime(1644)

apportionedintoparishesundertheauthorityoftheJesuits，andsuchtributeasthenwascustomarywasallcollectedbygovernmentofficials。

2Thiswasalsountrue，asthetitheswereneverregulatedinParaguaytill1649。

3Thisaccusationwasquiteuntrue，fortheedictreferredtowasnotobtainedundermisapprehension，butafteracompleteexpositionofallthefacts。Moreover，itwassubsequentlyrenewedonseveraloccasionsbytheSpanishKings。

4TheVenetiansdidnotexpeltheJesuits，theyleftVenetiaoftheirownaccord。

5FathersMontoyaandTanowentrespectivelytoRomeandtoMadridtolaythesorrowsoftheIndiansbeforetheKingandPope。

HavingobtainedtheedictfromtheKingthatCardenasreferredto，andabrieffromthePope(UrbanVIII。)forbiddingslavery，theyhadthehardihoodtoappearwithinthecityofSanPauloandaffixbothedictstothechurchdoor。Aswastobeexpected，thePaulistasimmediatelyexpelledthemfromtheirterritories，andhencethesemi

truthofthesixthchargemadebyBishopCardenas。

Likeothermenafteranotablepronouncement，itismostprobablethatCardenaswasunawareofthefullimportofhiswords。

Perhapshethought(asspeakerswill)thatallthebestportionsofhissermonhadbeenleftunsaid。Bethatasitmay，heshortlyturnedhisthoughtstoothermattersofmoredirectimportancetohimself。

Injudgingofhislife，itshouldnotbeforgottenthat，byhissermonatYaguaron，heplacedhimselfuponthesideofthosewhowantedtoenslavetheIndians。Perhapshedidnotknowthis，andcertainlyhispopularityamongsttheIndiansoutsidethemissionswasenormous。HisnextadventurewastotryandejecttheJesuitsfromafarmtheyhad，calledSanIsidro。TheGovernorhavingforbiddenhimtodoso，hearmedanarmyofhispartisanstoexpeltheJesuitsfromtheircollegeinthecapital。

OutsideAsunciontheLieutenant

Governor，DonFranciscoFlorez，mettheBishop"ssecretary，FatherNieto，whoinformedhimoftheenterprise，exhortinghimtoenlistthesympathiesoftheGovernorinsogoodacause。

Florez，abetterdiplomatistthanhiscommandingofficer，seemedtoapprove，andnaturallydeceivedpoorFatherNieto，who，likemosthypocrites，becameaneasypreytohisowntacticswhenusedagainsthimself。

FlorezinformedtheGovernoratonce，andhesenttotheJesuits，andputthemontheirguard。NextdayhemettheBishop，andtoldhimthathisenterprisecouldnotsucceed，astheJesuitswereunderarms。

NodoubthelearnedtheseartificesinhiscampaignsagainsttheIndiansofArauco，oritmayhavebeenthat，likeotherswhohavehadtostrivewithchurchmen，helearnedtobeatthemwiththeirowncontroversialarms。TheBishopfellcompletelyintothesnare，and，thinkingtheGovernorwasafastfriend，confidedallhisplanstohimfortheexpulsionoftheJesuitsandtheconquestofthemissionterritory。

JustthenCaptainDonPedroDiazdelVallecamefromLaPlata，andgaveDonBernardinoanewdecisionoftheHighCourtofCharcas，tellinghimtoliveinpeacewithallmen，andgovernhisdiocesewithzeal。

Hecertainlywaszealoustoanextraordinarydegree，ifnotjudicious。

Therefore，theverymentionoftheword`zeal"musthavebeenpeculiarlyoffensivetosuchazealousman。Theletterwentontosaythatallthefineshehadexactedwereillegal，andcommandedhimtogivebackthe`yerba"whichhehadextortedfromhisinvoluntarypenitents，andinthefutureliveonbettertermswithallaroundhim。Toallofthishepaidnonotice，aswastobeexpected，but，toavoidreturningthe`yerba"，sentalettertohisofficerstohaveitburned。Thisletter，whichhedenied，wassubsequentlyproducedagainsthimintheHighCourtatCharcas。

SeeingtheGovernorwasbentonfrustratingorondeceivinghim，hetriedtogetfromDonSebastianLeon，whoheldanofficeundertheGovernor，anedictoftheEmperorCharlesV。，whichhehadheardwasinthearchives，andwhichprovidedthat，incaseaGovernorshoulddieorbedeposed，thenotablesoftheplacehadpowertoappointaninterimGovernortofillhisplace。

Ifsuchapapereverexisted，itmusthavebeenaveryearlydocumentgivenbyCharlesV。atthefoundationofthecolony，fornothingwasmoreopposedtothetraditionsofSpanishpolicythroughoutAmerica。

DonSebastianLeonhavinginformedtheGovernor，thelattersawthatthingswerecomingtoacrisis，andthateitherheortheBishopwouldhavetoleavetheplace。Notbeingsureofallhistroops，andtheBishophavingthepopulaceuponhisside，hesenttotheJesuitmissionsforsixhundredIndians。Thusthesupremacyoftheroyalgovernmentfelltobesupportedbymenbutjustemergingfromasemi

nomadlife，whoowedthetinctureofcivilizationtheypossessedtothecalumniatedJesuits。

OnmanyoccasionsarmiesofIndiansfromtheJesuitmissionsrenderedimportantservicestothecrownofSpain:notonlyagainstthePortuguese，butagainstEnglishcorsairs，andinrebellions，asinthecaseofCardenas；oraswhen，intheyear1680，PhilipV。wrotetotheGovernorofBuenosAyrestogarrisontheportwithacontingentofIndiansfromtheJesuitreductions；in1681，whentheFrenchattackedtheportwithasquadronoffour

and

twentyships；

andatthefirstsiegeoftheColonia，in1678，whenthreethousandIndiansmarchedtotheattack，accompaniedbytheirJesuitpastors，butunderthecommandofSpanishofficers。

Funes，`HistoriaCivildelParaguay，Buenos

Ayres，yTucuman"。

AnarmyfromtheJesuitmissionsconsistedalmostentirelyofcavalry。

ItmarchedmuchlikeaSouthAmericanarmyoftwentyyearsagowaswonttomarch。Infrontwasdriventhe`caballada"，consistingofthesparehorses；thencamethevanguard，composedofthebestmountedsoldiers，undertheir`caciques"。

Thenfollowedthewivesandwomenofthesoldiers，drivingthebaggage

mules，andlastlysomeherdsmendroveatroopofcattleforthementoeat。

WhenJesuitsaccompaniedthearmy，theydidnotenterintoaction，butweremostintrepidinsuccouringthewoundedunderfire，asFunes，inhis`HistoriaCivildelParaguay"，etc。，

relateswhenspeakingoftheirconductatthesiegeoftheColoniain1703。

Forarmstheycarriedlances，slings，`chuzos"(broad

pointedspears)，lazos，andbolas，andhadamongstthemcertainverylongEnglishgunswithreststofirefrom，notveryheavy，andofagoodrange。

EachdaytheaccompanyingJesuitssaidMass，andeachtowncarrieditsparticularbannerbeforethetroop。Theygenerallycamped，ifpossible，intheopenplain，bothtoavoidsurprisesandforconvenienceinguardingthecattleandthe`caballada"。InalltheterritoriesofSouthAmericanosuchquietandwell

behavedsoldierywastobefound；

forinChile，Peru，Mexico，andGuatemala，thepassageofanarmywassimilartothepassingofaswarmoflocustsinitseffect。

ThetestimonyofFunesisasfollows:`A/juiciodetestigoocularnoesma/sadmirablelasangrefriadesuscapellanes"

(`HistoriaCivildelParaguay"，bookiii。，cap。viii。)。

DonBernardino，onhisside，wasoccupiedinanimatingthepopulaceagainsttheJesuitswithallthefervourofanApostle。Naturally，hefirstcommencedbylaunchinghisusualsentenceofexcommunicationagainstthem，andhavingdonesoreturnedagaintoYaguaron。Thisvillage，likeotherParaguayanvillages，manyofwhichintimesgonebyhavebeenthescenesofstirringepisodes，retainsto

daybutlittletodistinguishit。

Naturehasprovedtoopowerfulinthelong

runformentofightagainst。

Oneverysidethewoodsseemreadytooverwhelmtheplace。

Grassgrowsbetweenthewoodenstepsoftheneglectedchurch；

seibos，lapachos，espinillosdeolor，allboundtogetherwithlianas，encroachtothevergesofthelittleclearingsinwhichgrowsmandioca，lookinglikeafieldofsticks。Alldaytheparrotsscream，andtoucansandpicafloresdartabout；ateveningthemonkeyshowlinchorus；

atnightthejaguarprowlsabout，andgiantbatsfastenupontheincautioussleeper，or，fixingthemselvesuponahorse，leavehimexhaustedinthemorningwiththelossofblood。

WhenCardenasusedtheplaceasasortofAvignonfromwhichtosafelyutterhisanathemas，itmusthavewornadifferentaspect。

Nodoubtprocessionsandceremonieswerecontinual，withcarryingaboutthesaintsinpublic，acustomwhichtheParaguayansirreverentlyrefertoas`sacandoa/luzlosbultos"。Messengers(`chasquis")，nodoubt，cameandwentperpetually，asisthecustomincountriessuchasParaguay，wherenewsisvaluableandhorsefleshcheap。Theretoflocked，toamoralcertainty，allthebrokensoldierswhoswarmedincountrieslikePeruandParaguay，withIndian`caciques"lookingoutforworktodowhenwhitemenquarrelledandthroatsweretobecut。Priestswentandcame，friarsandmissionaries；andCardenasmostcertainly，wholovedeffect，gaveallhisemeraldringtokiss，andmadethosepromiseswhichleadersofrevoltlavishoneveryoneintimesofdifficulty。

Literally，`takingouttheblockstoair"。Theeffigiesaremadeofhardandheavywood，andIrememberonceinConcepciondeParaguayassistingonaswelteringdaytocarryaMadonnaweighingaboutfivehundredweight。

WhentheIndiancontingentarrived，theGovernormarcheduponYaguaron，althoughtheairwaspositivelyluridwithexcommunications。

TheBishop，rushingtothechurch，wasinterceptedbytheGovernor，whoseizedhisarmandtriedtostophim。Cardenasstruggledwithhim，anddeclaredhimexcommunicatedforlayinghishandupontheanointedoftheLord。But，mostunfortunately，therewasnoFitz

UrseathandtoridtheGovernorofsoturbulentapriest。

AmulattowomanrushedtotheBishop"said，togetherwithsomepriests。

ThisgavehimtimetogainthealtarandseizetheHost，whichheexposedatoncetothepublicgaze，andforthemomentallpresentfellupontheirknees。TurningtotheGovernor，heaskedwhathewantedwitharmedmeninachurch。TheGovernorrepliedhehadcometobanishhimfromParaguay，byorderoftheViceroy，forhavinginfringeduponthetemporalpower。Cardenas，takenaback，repliedhewouldobey，and，turningtothepeople，tookthemallforwitnesses。TheGovernor，nodoubtthinkinghewasdealingwithanhonestAraucanchief，retired。TheBishopimmediatelydenouncedtheGovernorinafurioussermon，afterwhichheleftthechurch，carryingtheHostinfullprocession，accompaniedbythechoirsingingthe`PangeLingua"，followedbyabandofIndianwomenwiththeirhairdishevelled，andcarryinggreenbranchesintheirhands。

Hethenreturnedtothechurch，andfromthepulpitdenouncedtheGovernor，who，standingatthedoorsurroundedbyagroupofarquebusiersblowingtheirmatches，answeredhimfuriously。

TheproverbsaysinParaguay，`Nosefiademulanimulata"。

Thehonours，sotospeak，beingthusequallydivided，itremainedforonesideortheothertonegotiate。Cardenas，knowinghimselfmuchablerinnegotiationsthanhisadversary，proposedaconference，inwhichheborehimselfsoskilfullythathemadetheGovernorconsenttodismisshisIndians，andallowhimsixdaystomakehispreparationsfortheroad。Thissettled，atdeadofnighthesetoutforthecapital。

Arrivedthere，heshowedhimselfinpublicinhisgreenhat，havinguponhisbreastalittleboxofglassinwhichheboretheHost。

Abandofpriestsescortedhim，allwitharmsconcealedbeneaththeircloaks，inthetruespiritoftheChurchmilitant。Thebellswererung，andeveryeffortstrainedtoraiseatumult，butallinvain。

HehadtothrowhimselfforrefugeintotheconventoftheFranciscans。

Atoncehesetabouttofortifytheplacetostandasiege。Inseveralplacesheconstructedembrasuresforguns，andpiercedthewallsformusketry。

But，thinkingthathisbestdefencelayinthefollyofthepeople

aspublicmenalwayshavedone，anddo

hesenttotheCathedralforastatueoftheBlessedVirgin，andanotherofSanBlas，andplacedthematthegate。Then，rememberingthatcalumnywasamostserviceableweapon，heputaboutthetownareportthattheIndiansfromthemissionshadpillagedYaguaron，andthattheyeventhenweremarchingontheplace。AgainrecurringtotheedictofCharlesV。，whichhepretendedtohavefound，heissuedaproclamationthat，asthepresentGovernorwasexcommunicated，andthereforecouldnotgovern，theofficebeingvacant，heintendedtonominateanotherinhisstead。Hissubsequentbehaviourshowsmostclearlythathewishedtonominatehimself。

AgainbothsidessentoffarelationoftheirdoingstotheHighCourtofCharcas。DonBernardinowroteinhisthattheJesuitshadofferedtheGovernorthirtythousandcrowns，andplacedathousandmenathiscommand，ifhewouldexpeltheBishopfromthecountry，underthebeliefthathe(DonBernardino)knewoftheirhiddenminesinthemissionterritory。Hiswitnesseswerestudentsandpriests，andoneoftheseprovingrecalcitrant，theBishophadhimheavilychained，andthensuspendedoutsidetheconventoftheFranciscans。

Thisdrastictreatmenthadthedesiredeffect，astorturealwayshaswithreasonablemen，andthepoorwitnesssigned，butafterwardsprotested，thusgivingagoodexampleinhimselfofthetruthoftheSpanishsaying，`Protestandpay"。

`Pagaryapelar"。

Bythistimethepatienceandlong

sufferingoftheGovernorwerequiteexhausted。HethereforesenttotheBishoptosayashipwasreadytotakehimdowntheriver，andatthesametimeremindedhimofhispromiseatYaguarontoobeytheorderoftheViceroyofPeru。Hesentthemessagebytheroyalnotary，GomezdeCoyeso，whoaccordinglyrepairedtotheconventofSanFrancisco。Atthedoorapriestappeared，armedwithajavelin，whothreetimestriedtowoundthenotary，onwhichtheGovernorstationedabandoffiftysoldiersattheconventgate，inspiteofthepresenceofthestatuesoftheBlessedVirginandSanBlas。

Then，havingpublishedanedictthattheBishopwasdeposed，heproceededtoelectanotherinhisstead。

Oneofthecanons，DonCristobalSanchez，whohadgovernedthedioceseduringtheinterregnumbeforetheadventofDonBernardino，stilllivedinretirementnearthetown。TheGovernorapproachedhimwiththerequestthathewouldoncemoretaketheinterimchargeuntiltheKingshouldsendanotherBishoptoreplaceCardenas。

Sanchezconsented，ontheunderstandingthattheGovernorwouldguaranteehispersonalsafety。Thisbeingdone，SanchezwastakentotheJesuitcollegeasthesecurestplace。

SoitfelloutthateverythingconcurredtostrengthenthehatredoftheBishoptotheJesuits。TotheJesuitcollegecametheGovernorandallthenotables，and，havingtakenSanchezinprocessionthroughthestreets，theyplacedhimontheBishop"sthroneintheCathedral，andinvestedhimwithallthepowerthathehadheldbeforethecomingofDonBernardinoCardenas。TheproclamationsetforthbytheGovernoralludedtotheinformalityoftheconsecrationofDonBernardino，andtohisactionsduringhistimeofpower。

AtlasttheBishopsawthathemustgo。So，afterlaunchingasupremeanathema，andafterhavingexpressedhisgreatunwillingnesstotarrylongerinacitywherehalfthepopulationhadincurredthecensureoftheChurch，andmarkedwithacrossthosechurcheswherehepermittedMasstobecelebrated，hewentonboardtheship。

Beforeembarking，hedrewasilverbellfromunderneathhiscloak，andtothesoundofithesolemnlyproclaimedthetownaccursed。

ThebellsoftheFranciscanconventandtheBishop"spalace，accordingtohisorders，alltolledloudly。Thiscausedsomuchconfusionthat，inordertoappeasethetumult，theauthoritiesorderedthebellsofallthechurchesinthetowntoring。

Enteringthevessel，DonBernardinosathimselfuponthepooponalowstool，withalltheclergywhowerefaithfultohimgroupedaboutthedeck。Withhimhehadthesacredwaferinaglassbox，andnotfaroffagroupofsailorsontheforecastleloungedaboutsmokinganddrinking`mate"whilsttheyplayedatcards。

SomeoneremindedhimitwasnotfittingthatGod"sBodyshouldthusbeseensoneartosailors，andthereforetheBishop，accordingtothecustomoftheChurchincasesofaccidentordesecration，consumedtheoffendedwafer，andpeacedescendedontheship。

Thus，in1644，hetookhisfirstdeparturefromtheplacewhereforthelasttwoyearshehadbroughtcertainlyratheraswordthanpeace。

Hisfriendsassuredthepublicthat，atthemomenthesteppedonboardtheship，starswereseentofallfromheaventowardsthechurchofSt。Luke，andpassedfromthencetotheepiscopalpalaceanddisappeared；

thatatthesametimeaslightshockofearthquakehadbeenexperienced；

thatstoneshaddancedabout，andseveralhillshadtrembled。

Thesun，quitenaturally，hadappearedblood

red；troubleanddesolationhadenteredeveryheart，andanimalshadprophesiedwoeanddestruction，predictingruinandmisfortunetothetowntillthegoodBishopshouldreturnoncemore。

TheeventsofthepasttwoyearsinParaguayhadnotbeenfavourabletotheconversionoftheIndians。Notonlyinthemissions，wheretheneophyteshadseenthemselvesobligedtofurnishtroopsagainsttheirBishop，butintheterritoryofParaguayitself，theIndianshadnothadagoodexampleofhowChristianscarryoutthedutiesoftheirfaith。Asageneralrule，theIndian(unlikethenegro)

careslittlefordogma，butplaceshisbeliefentirelyingoodworks。

PerhapsonthisaccounttheJesuits，alsobelieversingoodworks，havehadthemostsuccessamongstthem。Bethatasitmay，theJesuits，afterthedepartureoftheBishop，foundthatmanyoftheirrecentconvertshadfallenawayandgonebacktothewoods。

WhilstJesuitsinParaguaywereseekingtoconverttheIndians，andwhilsttheGovernor，nodoubt，wasthankinghisstarsfortheabsenceofhisrival，inRomethequestionoftheBishop"sconsecrationfilledallminds。FromMay9，1645，toOctober2ofthesameyearnolessthanfourcongregationsofthePropagandahadbeenheldaboutthecase。ThePopehimselfwaspresentatoneofthem。

Nothingwasarrivedattill1658，whenfinallytheconsecrationwasdeclaredinorder，butnotuntilDonBernardinowasappointedtoanothersee。