第5章

ThuswasDomingoMartinezdeIralaleftinsolecommandinParaguay。

HenaturallyhadalltogainbynotcommunicatingwithSpain。

Hadhedoneso，thepartheplayedinreferencetoAlvarNunezmusthavebeenknown。Hehad，however，certaingoodqualities，courageinabundance，Herculeanstrengthandgreatendurance，andthepowerofmakinghimselfobeyed。ButhehadtojustifyhimselftoSpainforhisposition，andthesurestwaytodosowastodiscovergold

mines。So，namingFranciscodeMendozahislieutenant，hestarteduptheParaguay，takingwithhimthreehundredandfiftysoldiersandtwothousandGuaranis。

Aftermanyhardships，hereachedthefrontiersofPeru，onlytofindthecountryalreadyconqueredfromthePacificside，andtobemetbythemessengersofthewisePresident，LaGasca，whotoldhimtoreturn，andnamedoneDiegoCentenoGovernorofParaguayinsteadofhim。Centenodiedbeforehecouldassumethegovernorship，soitseemedthatfatedeterminedthatIralawastocontinueincommand。

AfterayearandahalfhereturnedtoParaguay，havingfoundnogoldorriches，butbringingmanythousandIndiansasslaves。

ItisimportanttorememberthatIrala，whowasremarkableforhisrelativelykindtreatmentoftheIndians，onthisoccasionledsomanyofthemcaptive。OnarrivingatAsuncionhefoundarebelliongoingon，asnotinfrequentlyoccurredwhenaSpanishGovernorlefthisdomains。Hislieutenant，Mendoza，hadbeenkilledbyoneDiegodeAbreu。AfterquietingmattersinAsuncion，hedespatchedNuflodeChaves(oneofhiscaptains)tofoundatownonthehigherwatersoftheParaguay。

Likemanyothercaptainsofthosedays，theideaofChaveswastomakehimselfquiteindependentofauthority；so，strikingintotheinterior，hefoundedthetownofSantaCruzdelaSierrainBolivia。

AftermanyadventureshewaskilledbyanIndian，whostruckhimwithaclubwhilsthewassittingeatingwithouthishelmet。

IraladiedatthelittlevillageofItain1557，andwasburiedinthecathedralatAsuncion，whichhewasbuildingatthetime。

Withhimexpiredthegenerationoftheconqueringsoldiersoffortune，who，schooledinthewarsofItaly，broughttoAmericasomeofthevirtuesandallthevicesoftheOldWorld。

Afterhimbeganthereignofthehalf

casteSpaniardswhoweretheprogenitorsofthemodernoccupantsoftheSpanish

Americanrepublics。

AtIrala"sdeaththeusualfeuds，whichhaveforthelastthreehundredyearsdisgracedeverypartofSpanishAmerica，began。Intothemitisunnecessarytoenter，forwithIraladiedalmosttheonlyGovernorofParaguaywhoshowedthesmallestcapacitytomakehimselfobeyed。

TrueindeedthatAriasdeSaavedra，anativeofParaguayandLieutenant

GovernorunderRamirezdeVelasco，theGovernorofTucuman，displayedsometracesofabilityandofintelligence。HeitwaswhofirstappealedtoSpainformissionariestoconverttheIndians。

WhilstAlvarNunezandIrala，withNuflodeChavesandtheothercaptains，hadbeenconqueringandbuildingtowns，theJesuitshadbeenpreachinginthewildernessandgatheringtogethertheIndiantribes。

NottenyearsafterthefoundationoftheirOrder，orabout1550，theyhadlandedatSanSalvadordeBahiainBrazil。

AcquavivawasGeneraloftheOrderatthistime；hewasamanofmarkedabilityandgreatenergy。

In1554，inthedistrictofGuayra，ontheupperwatersoftheParana，andabovethecataract，thetownsofOntiveros，CiudadReal，andVillaRica，hadbeenfoundedbyDonRuyDiazdeMelgarejo。

In1586FathersAlfonsoBarcenaandAnguloleftthetownofSantaMariadelasCharcas(Bolivia)attherequestofFranciscoVitoria，BishopofSantiago，whohadappealedformissionariestotheSocietyofJesus。

TheyreachedtheprovinceofGuayra，andbegantheirlabours。

ShortlyafterwardstheywerejoinedbyFathersEstezanGrao，JuanSolano，andThomasFields；SolanoandFieldshadalreadyvisitedsomeofthewanderingtribesupontheRioVermejointheChaco。

In1593othersarrived，asJuanRomero，GaspardeMonroy，andMarcelinoLorenzana。ShortlyafterthistheyfoundedthecollegeinAsuncion。ThenFathersOrtegaandVellarnaopenetratedintothemountainsoftheChiriguanas，andbegantopreachtheGospeltotheIndians。

In1602Acquaviva，seeingthenecessityofcommonaction，calledallthescatteredJesuitsofParaguayandtheriverPlatetoaconferenceatSaltatodeliberateastotheirfuturepolicy。In1605

FatherDiegoTorreswasnamedProvincialoftheJesuitsofParaguayandChile，thusprovingboththepaucityofJesuitsinSouthAmericaatthetime，andthelittleideatheGeneralinRomehadoftheimmensityofthecountrieshewasdealingwith。

BeforethisdatetheJesuitsinParaguayhadbeenundertheecclesiasticaljurisdictionoftheBishopsofPeru。

TorresarrivedinLimawithfifteenpriests，andalmostatthesametimesomeothersarrivedatBuenosAyres；bothpartiesproceededtoParaguay。

AlreadytheJesuitsfoundthemselvesapreytocalumny。

BothinTucumanandParaguaytheywereexpectedtolendthemselvestotheenslavementoftheIndians。InChileFatherValdiviawasexpelledfromSantiago，andtookrefugeatTucuman。TherehefoundtheconditionofaffairssointolerablethathewenttoMadridtosolicittheprotectionoftheKing，PhilipIII。，forhisIndiansubjects。

In1608PhilipissuedhisroyalletterspatenttotheSocietyofJesusfortheconversionoftheIndiansintheprovinceofGuayra。

TheBishopandtheGovernor，AriasdeSaavedra(himselfaParaguayanbybirth)，offerednoobjection，andtheschemeofcolonizationwasagreeduponatonce。

ThustheJesuitsobtainedtheirfirstofficialstatusinAmerica。

FathersSimonMacetaandJoseCataldino(bothItalians)

leftAsunciononOctober10，1609，andarrivedinFebruary，1610，onthebanksoftheriverParanapane。

Paranapane=theWhiteParana，or，accordingtoothers，theParanawithoutfish。

TheretheymettheIndiansamongstwhomFieldsandOrtegahadbeguntolabour，andtheretheyfoundedtheReductionofLoreto，thefirstpermanentestablishmentinstitutedbytheJesuitsamongsttheGuaranis。Thus，inthewoodsofParaguay，uponatributaryoftheParanabutlittleknownevento

day，didtheSocietyofJesuslaythefirstfoundationoftheirfamousmissions。

ButlittlemorethanfiftyyearsfromthefoundationoftheirOrder，thushadtheypenetratedtowhatwasthen，andisperchanceto

day，aftertheirmissionsallareruined，oneoftheremotestcornersoftheworld。

Reduction(`reduccion")wastheSpanishnameforamissionaryestablishment。

Theretheybuiltupthesystemwithwhichtheirnameislinkedforever

thesystemwhichfortwohundredyearswasabletoholdtogetherwanderingIndiantribes，restlessasArabs，suspiciousaboveeveryotherraceofmen

andwhichto

dayhasdisappeared，leavingnothingofalikenatureinalltheworld。

ChapterII

Earlydaysofthemissions

Newsettlementsfounded

RelationsofJesuitswithIndiansandSpanishcolonists

DestructionofmissionsbytheMamelucos

FatherMaceta

PadreAntonioRuizdeMontoya

Hisworkandinfluence

RetreatoftheJesuitsdowntheParanaItdoesnotseemdoubtfulbutthattheworkdonebyFathersOrtegaandFilds

hadbornesomefruit。PerhapsnotquiteafterthefashionthattheJesuitsbelieved；butwhenMacetaandCataldinoarrivedatGuayraandfoundedtheReductionofLoreto，theirsuccessatfirstwasofanaturethatalmostjustifiedtheepithet`miraculous"，anepithetwhichindeedallmenapplytoanyenterpriseoftheirswhichmeetssuccess。Almostfromthefirstinceptionofthemissions，theJesuitsfoundthemselvesinthestrangepositionof，thoughbeinghatedbytheSpanishsettlers，yetrecurredtoasmediatorswhenanyofthewildtribesprovedtoopowerfulfortheSpanisharms。Thus，farfromcities，farfromevensuchelementarycivilizationasParaguayshouldshow，almostupontheedgeofthegreatcataractoftheParana，theJesuitsfoundedtheirfirstreduction；towhichtheIndiansflockedinsuchnumbersthatasecondwassoonnecessary，towhichtheygavethenameofSanIgnacio，inmemoryofthefounderoftheirrule。

SomeoftheSpanishwritersrefertoFildsasPadreTomFilds。

HisrealnamewasFields，andhewasaScotchman。

ForthefirstfewyearsallwentwellwiththeJesuits。TheIndians，happytoescapethepersecutionsoftheSpaniardsontheonehand，andtheincursionsofthePaulistasontheother，flockedtothereductions，missionaftermissionwassoonformed，andthewildIndiansgatheredupintotownshipsandtaughttheartsofpeace。

ButthoughtheGuaranisatfirstenteredintotheJesuitreductionsasarefugeagainsttheirpersecutors，thePortugueseandSpaniards，soon，aswasonlynaturaltomenaccustomedtoawildforestlife，theyfoundtheJesuitdisciplinetooirksome，andoftenfledbacktothewoods。Thenthepoorpriest，leftwithouthisflock，hadtotakeupthetrailoftheflyingneophytes，followthemtotherecessesoftheforests，andpersuadethemtocomeback。

ThePaulistasweretheinhabitantsofthePortuguese(nowBrazilian)

townofSaoPaulo。Azara，whohatedtheJesuits(hisbrother，DonNicolasdeAzara，havingbeenconcernedintheirexpulsion)，saysthatfearofthePaulistascontributedtothesuccessoftheJesuitswiththeIndians。DeanFunes(`HistoriadelParaguay"，etc。)

saysjustasreasonablythatitwasfearoftheSpanishsettlers。

AsameanstosecuretheconfidenceoftheIndians，theJesuitsfoundthemselvesobligedtocommunicateasrarelyaspossiblewiththeSpanishsettlements。Thus，fromthefirstthepolicyofisolation，whichwasoneofthechiefchargesbroughtagainsttheOrderinlateryears，wasofnecessitybegun。Voltaire，noloverofreligiousOrders，saysoftheJesuits:`Whenin1768themissionsofParaguayleftthehandsoftheJesuits，theyhadarrivedatperhapsthehighestdegreeofcivilizationtowhichitispossibletoconductayoungpeople，andcertainlyatafarsuperiorstatethanthatwhichexistedintherestofthenewhemisphere。

Thelawswererespectedthere，moralswerepure，ahappybrotherhoodunitedeveryheart，alltheusefulartswereinaflourishingstate，andevensomeofthemoreagreeablesciences；plentywasuniversal。"

Therewas，however，aroyalOrder(`cedulareal")whichappliedtoallAmerica，whichespeciallyprohibitedSpaniardsfromlivingintheIndiantowns，and，moreover，providedthatevenforpurposesoftradenoSpaniardshouldremainformorethanthreedaysinanIndiantown。

`HistoirePolitiqueetPhilosophiquedesIndes"，vol。i。，p。289

(Gene\ve，1780)。

Itis，however，toberememberedthatVoltairewroteasaphilosopher，andnotasaneconomist，andthathisstatementmostprobablywouldbetraversedbythosewhoseeadvancementratherinmaterialimprovementthaninmoralhappiness，forwithoutdoubt，inLimaandinMexicouponthewhole，societymusthavemadeamongsttheSpanishandSpanish

descendedcitizensgreateradvancesthanintheJesuitreductionsofParaguay。InsomerespectstheiralmostinaccessiblesituationclosetothecataractoftheParanawasfavourabletotheearlyJesuits，andinquicksuccessionthevillagesofLoreto，SanFranciscoXavier，SanJose，SanIgnacio，SanPedro，andothersoflessimportance，werefounded，containinginallaboutfortythousandsouls。

CretineauJoly，`HistoireReligieuse，PolitiqueetLitte/rairedelaCompagniedeJe/sus"，vol。iii。，cap。v。，p。322(Paris，1846)。

SointheJesuitreductionsoftheprovinceofGuayrawasfirstbegunthesystemoftreatingtheIndianskindly，andstandingbetweenthemandtheSpanishsettlers，whichmadetheCompanyofJesussohatedafterwardsinParaguay。

Littlebylittletheirinfluencegrew，sothatwhen，in1614，PadreAntonioRuizdeMontoyaarrived，hefoundthattherewerealreadyonehundredandnineteenJesuitsinGuayraandinParaguay。

OfalltheJesuitswho，duringthelongperiodoftheirlabours，appearedinParaguay，hewasthemostremarkable；oneofthemostlearnedmenoftheageinwhichhelived，heyetunitedinhimselfthequalitiesofamanofactiontothoseofscholarandofmissionary。

WithouthispresencemostlikelynotatenthpartoftheIndianswouldhaveescapedafterthedestructionofthemissionsofGuayrain1630and1631atthehandsofthehalf

civilizedhordesknownasPaulistasorMamalucos，whofromthecityofSanPaulocarriedfireandswordamongsttheGuaranis。

ItiseasytounderstandthattheSpanishcolonists，whohadlookedonalltheIndiansasslaves，wererenderedfuriousbytheadventoftheJesuits，whotreatedthemasmen。

To

daytheEuropeancolonistinAfricalabourslesstoenslavethantoexterminatethenatives；butifabodyofclergyofanysecthavingtheabnegationanddisregardofconsequencesoftheJesuitsofoldshouldarise，fancythefurythatwouldbeevokediftheyinsistedthatitwereastrulymurdertoslayablackmanasitistokillamanwhoseskiniswhite。Mostfortunately，ourclergyofto

day，especiallythoseofthevariouschurchesmilitantinUganda，thinkotherwise，andholdthatChristwasthefirstinventorofthe`colour

line"。

AtthefirstsettlementofSouthAmericagreatsemi

feudalfiefscalled`encomiendas"weregrantedtotheconquerors。Oneoftheconditionsoftheirtenurewasthatthe`encomenderos"(theownersofthefiefs)

`shouldseetothereligiouseducationoftheIndians"。

MuchthesamekindofthingastoenjoinkindnessandChristianforbearanceuponthedirectorsofamodernCharteredCompany。But，inadditiontothe`encomiendas"，twoothersystemswereinvoguecalled`yanaconas"and`mitayos"，whichwereinfactdesignedtoreducetheIndianstotheconditionofmereslaves。

Herrerasaysthatthe`"yanaconas"weremendestinedfrombirthtoperpetualslaveryandcaptivity，andintheirclothing，treatment，andtheconditionsoftheirtoil，weredifferentlytreatedfromfreemen。"

`HistoriaGeneraldeloshechosdelosCastellanosenlasIslasytierrafirmedelMarOceano"，decad。v。，lib。iv。，cap。xl。

InParaguaythese`yanaconas"wereknownas`IndiosOriginarios"，andgenerallyweredescendantsofIndiansconqueredinwar；they，too，wereinaconditionofserfdom。Theylivedinthehouseofthe`encomendero"，andcouldnotbesold，andthe`encomendero"was(intheory)obligednotonlytofeedandclothethem，buttoinstructtheminreligioustruths。

Inordertoseethattheseconditionsweredulycarriedout，visitorsweresenteachyeartohearwhatmutuallythe`encomenderos"andtheIndianshadtosay。

Herrera1describestheIndiansunderthe`mitayo"systembythenameof`mitayostindarunas"，explainingthattheword`tindaruna"

signifies`forcedlabour"。Thechiefshadtoprovideacertainnumberofthemeveryyeartoworkinminesandmanufactories，andsowellwasthelabourintheminesknowntobefatal，thattheIndiansuponbeingdrawnforservicedisposedofalltheirproperty，andnotinfrequentlydivorcedtheirwives。The`mitayos"wereatthebeginningIndianswhohadnotfoughtagainsttheSpaniards，buthadsubmittedtotheirrule。TheyweregroupedintownshipscomposedofportionsofatribeunderachieftowhomtheSpaniardsgavethepositionofAlcalde。Inthetownsthusformedonlythemenbetweeneighteenandfiftywereliabletobedrawnforserviceinthemines；

originallytheirtermofservicewasforonlytwomonthsintheyear，andfortheremainingtenmonthstheywereintheoryasfreeasweretheSpanishsettlers。By1612theabusesoftheirsystemhadsodiminishedthenumberoftheIndiansthatDonFranciscodeAlfarowasnamedbytheSpanishGovernmenttoreportuponit，andtoreformabuseswherehefounditpossible。HisreportdeclaredthattheGuaranisandGuaycurusshouldnotbemadeslavesof，anditabolishedintheirfavourtheforcedlabourwhichtheyhadpreviouslyendured。TheEuropeansettlersinAsuncionthoughtthatthiswasowingtotheinfluenceoftheJesuits，andthereforetheyexpelledthemfromthetown。RecalledtoSantiago，theyfoundedthereacollege，andthosewhoremainedinParaguaypushedonthemission

work。Brabo2pointsoutthatthefirsttwentyreductionsfoundedbytheCompanyofJesusweresettledinthefirsttwentyyearsfromtheirfirstappearanceintheland，3

andthatfromthefoundationoftheMissionofSt。George(thelastestablishedofthefirsttwentytowns)tothatofSanJoaquim，inthewildforestsoftheTaruma，theyemployedahundredandtwelveyears。

Intheintervaltheychieflyoccupiedthemselvesintheconsolidationoftheirfirstsettlements，andinvariousunsuccessfulattemptstoinstitutesimilarreductionsamongsttheIndiansoftheChacoacrosstheParaguay。

1`HistoriaGeneraldeloshechosdelosCastellanosenlasIslasytierrafirmedelMarOceano"，decad。v。，lib。x。，cap。lxxx。

2`Inventariosdelosbieneshalladosa/laExpulsiondelosJesuitas"

(Madrid，1872)。

3TheFranciscanshadalreadyfiveorsixsettlements。

ButwhilsttheJesuitsweresettlingtheirreductionsintheprovinceofGuayraandthoseupontheParanaandUruguay，anestofhawkslookedattheirneophytesaspigeonsreadyfatteningfortheiruse。Almosteighthundredmilesaway，atthecityofSanPaulodePiritinanga，inBrazil，astrangesocietyhadcomeintoexistencebydegrees。PeopledatfirstbyPortugueseandDutchadventurersandmalefactors，ithadbecomeanestofpiratesandahomeforallthedesperadoesofBrazilandParaguay。

Thisengagingpopulation，beinginwantofwiveswherebytopropagatetheirvirtues，tooktothemselvesIndiansandnegresses，andbredaraceworsetentimesthanwerethemselves，asoftenhappensbothinthecasesofMulattosandMestizosinAmerica。

UnderthenameofMamelucos(giventothemnooneknowswhy)

theysoonbecametheterroroftheland。Equallyathomeonhorseback，incanoesupontherivers，orinschoonersonthesea，excellentmarksmenandcourageousfighters，theysubsistedchieflybyprocuringIndiansasslavesfortheplantationsinBrazil。

InashorttimetheyexhaustedalltheIndiansnearSanPaulo，andwereforcedtosearchfarinthedepthsoftheunknowninterior。

Littlebylittle，followingthecourseofthegreatriversintheircanoes，theyreachedtheJesuitsettlementsupontheupperwatersoftheParana，wheretheyburnedthetownsandthechurches，madecaptivesoftheconverts，andkilledthepriests。MontoyarelatesthataJesuit，havingclaspedanIndianinhisarmstosavehim，wasdelugedwithhisblood，aMamelucohavingcreptupbehindhimandplungedhislanceintotheIndianbehindtheJesuit"sback。TheMameluco，onbeing，asMontoyasays，`reprehended"bytheJesuit，dogmaticallyremarked，`IshallbesavedinspiteofGod，fortobesavedamanhasonlytobelieve，"

aremarkwhichshowedhimclearlyanhonestopponentoftheJesuits，astheyinsistedgreatlyonthedoctrineofgoodworks。

ThewordinBrazilisusedtodesignateahalf

breed，buttheetymologyseemsunknown。

`MehedesalvarapesardeDios，porqueparasalvarseelhombrenohamenestermasquecreer"(RuizMontoya，`ConquistaEspiritual")。

MontoyaaddswithatouchofhumourquiteinCervantes"vein:

`Este，sabeyaporexperiencialafalsedaddesudoctrina，porquelematarondetresbalazos，sinconfesion。"

RuizMontoyaandotherstellusthattheplanofactionofthePaulistaswaseithertoattacktheJesuitreductionsonSunday，whenthesheepweregatheredinthefoldlisteningtoMass，surroundthechurch，murderthepriest，andcarryofftheneophytesasslaves；orelse，disguisedasJesuits，enteramission，gaintheconfidenceoftheIndians，andthencommunicatewiththeirsoldiers，whowerewaitinginthewoods。

Butnotcontentwiththis，itseems，sooftendidtheypractisesingingMasstopassasJesuits，thatonreturningtoSanPaulo，intheirorgies，theirgreatdiversionwastomasqueradeaspriests。Sothattherascalsnotonlyprofitedbytheirvillainy，butextractedmuchamusementfromtheirwickeddeeds。This，inMontoya"sopinion，wasevenmoredamnablethantheactualcrime。Andsonodoubtitwas，andweinEngland，byhavingmadeourviceasdullasvirtueisinotherlands，havegonesomewaytowardsmorality，forviceandvirtue，bothdeprivedofhumour，becomenotsofarseparatedassomevirtuousdullfolkmaythink。

TheMamelucossometimespushedtheirforaysrightthroughParaguayintothedistrictoftheMoxos，andPadrePatricioFernandez，inhiscurious`RelaciondelosIndiosChiquitos"(Madrid，1726)，relatestheiradventuresinthatfar

distantdistrict，andtheconflictswhichtheIndians，ledbytheirpriestsandhelpedbytheSpanishsettlers，sustained。

Quitenaturally，theseredoubtablelandandriverpiratessawintheJesuitreductionsupontheParanapane，andgenerallythroughoutthedistrictofGuayra，merelyanopportunityofcapturingmoreIndiansthanusualatahaul。In1629theyfirstappearedbeforetheMissionofSanAntonioanddestroyeditutterly，burningthechurchandhouses，anddrivingofftheIndianstosellasslaves。

SanMiguelandJesus

Mariashortlysufferedthesamefate。InConcepcionPadreSalazarwasregularlybesieged，andheandallthepeoplereducedtoeatingdogs，cats，rats，mice，andevensnakes。Atthelastmoment，whenabouttosurrender，FatherCataldino，hastilyarmingsomeIndianswithanyrudeweaponsathiscommand，marchedontheplaceandraisedthesiege。

AworthymemberoftheChurchmilitantthisexploring，fighting，intrepidItalianpriest，andonetheCompanyofJesusshouldhonour，fortohim，perhapsasmuchastoanyofthesefirstexplorersoftheUpperParana，iscreditdue。

ButstilltheMamelucosrantheircourse，destroyingtownaftertown，sothatintheshortspaceofayear(1630

31)theydestroyedpartiallythereductionsofSanFranciscoXavier，SanJose，SanPedro，andLaConcepcion；andthetwofirstfounded，SanIgnacioandLoreto，wereruinedutterly。ThewretchedIndians，towhombylawtheJesuitswereforbiddentoserveoutfirearms，stoodnochanceagainstthewell

trainedPaulistas，withtheirhorses，guns，andbloodhounds，assistedastheywerebytroopsofsavageIndianswhodischargedpoisonedarrowsfromblowpipesandfrombows。Smallwonderthat，asMontoya，Charlevoix，Lahier，1andFilibertoMonero2allagree，despairtookholdofthem，sothatinmanyinstancestheycursedtheJesuitsandfledbacktothewoods。WhenonereflectsthatmanyoftheIndiantribeslookeduponbaptismasapoison，3

itisnotstrangethattheyshouldhaveassociatedeffectwithcause，andsetdownalltheirsufferingstotheinfluenceofthemalignantritetowhichtheJesuitshadsubjectedthem。TheisolatedJesuitsranconsiderableriskfromtheirownsheep，andPadreMola，aftertheruinofSanAntonio，wassuspectedbythemofbeinginleaguewiththePaulistas，andhadtofleeforsafetytoanothertown；

andasatouchofcomedyisseldomwantingtomakethingsbitterertothoseinmisfortune，atroopofsavageIndians，havingarrivedtoattacktheReductionofSanAntonio，andfindingitalreadyburning，instantlythoughtpoorPadreMolahadbeentheinstigator，and，startingonhistrail，almostsurprisedhimbeforehereachedarefugefromtheirpatrioticrage。

1Lahier(Francisci)S。I。，`AnnaeParaguarie，Annor。1635，etduor。sequ。"

2`RelazionidellaProvinciadelParaguai"。

3Brabo。

Thusinthegreaterworldreformersofallsortshavenotinfrequentlyintimesofscarcityanddangerbeentakenbytheirprotegesfortheauthorsoftheirtrialsandstoned，whilstthesmugGovernmentwhichcausedtheruin，wellbolsteredupintheaffectionofits`taxables"，chuckled，serenelyconfidentintheunendingfollyofmankind。

MostcertainlytheJesuitsstruggledtodotheirdutytotheirneophytesinwhattheythoughttheysawwasright。OnfootandunattendedFathersMacetaandMansillafollowedthefifteenthousandcaptivestoBrazil，confessingthosewhofellupontheroadbeforetheydied，andinstantinsupplicationtothePaulistasfortheprisoners"release。

FatherMacetaespeciallybehavedheroically，carryingthechainsofthosewhocouldhardlydragthemselvesalong，himselfhalfdeadwithhungerandhisconstanttoil。EspeciallyhestrovetoeffectthereleaseofacaptivechiefcalledGuiravera，whohadbeenoneofhisbitterestenemies，andstrovesohardthataPaulistacaptain，eithertouchedbyhiszealorweariedwithhispleading，releasedthechief，hiswifeandfamily，andsixoftheIndiansofhistribe。

ThechiefreturnedtobecometheJesuits"bestfriend，andthetwopriestsonfootfollowedthecaptives"train。

Whattheyenduredonfootwithoutprovisions，torturedbyinsects，andindangerfromwildbeasts，aswellasconstantperilsfromthePaulistas，whonowandthenprickedthemwithlancesorfiredpistolsovertheirheadstofrightenthemaway，nonebutthosewhohavejourneyedintheforestsofthatforgottencorneroftheworldcanestimate。

Iseethemintheirtornandsun

brownedcassocksstrugglingthroughthe`esteros"1inwatertotheknees，fallingandrisingoft，afterthefashionofthesupposititiousChristianonlife"sway；

pushingalongthroughforestpathsacrosswhichdartedhumming

birds，nowcomingonadyingmanandkneelingbyhisside，nowgatheringtheberriesoftheguavirami2toeatupontheroad，andthenagaincatchingsightofajaguarasitslunkbesidethetrail，andallthetimeconvincedthatalltheirefforts，liketheeffortsofmostofthosewhostrive，wouldbeinvain。Sostumblingthroughthewoods，crossingtheriversoninflatedox

skins，bakedbythesunupontheopenplains，atlengththeJesuitsreachedSanPaulo，wheretheyhadacollege，andwithoutrestingsetatoncetowork。