第12章

Won"tyoukindlylendheryours？StephenlaughedandMoynihan，pleasedwiththeresult，murmuredagain:——

We"llhavefivebobeachwayonJohnAnthonyCollins——

Iamwaitingforyouranswer，saidMacCannbriefly——

Theaffairdoesn"tinterestmeintheleast，saidStephenwearily。

Youknowthatwell。Whydoyoumakeasceneaboutit？——

Good!saidMacCann，smackinghislips。Youareareactionary，then？——

Doyouthinkyouimpressme，Stephenasked，whenyouflourishyourwoodensword？——

Metaphors!saidMacCannbluntly。Cometofacts。Stephenblushedandturnedaside。MacCannstoodhisgroundandsaidwithhostilehumour:——

Minorpoets，Isuppose，areabovesuchtrivialquestionsasthequestionofuniversalpeace。

Cranlyraisedhisheadandheldthehandballbetweenthetwostudentsbywayofapeace-offering，saying:——

Paxsupertotumsanguinariumglobum。

Stephen，movingawaythebystanders，jerkedhisshoulderangrilyinthedirectionoftheTsar"simage，saying:——

Keepyouricon。IfwemusthaveaJesusletushavealegitimateJesus——

Byhell，that"sagoodone!saidthegipsystudenttothoseabouthim，that"safineexpression。Ilikethatexpressionimmensely。

Hegulpeddownthespittleinhisthroatasifheweregulpingdownthephraseand，fumblingatthepeakofhistweedcap，turnedtoStephen，saying:——

Excuseme，sir，whatdoyoumeanbythatexpressionyouutteredjustnow？

Feelinghimselfjostledbythestudentsnearhim，hesaidtothem:——

Iamcurioustoknownowwhathemeantbythatexpression。

HeturnedagaintoStephenandsaidinawhisper:——

DoyoubelieveinJesus？Ibelieveinman。Ofcourse，Idon"tknowifyoubelieveinman。Iadmireyou，sir。Iadmirethemindofmanindependentofallreligions。IsthatyouropinionaboutthemindofJesus？——

Goon，Temple，saidthestoutruddystudent，returning，aswashiswont，tohisfirstidea，thatpintiswaitingforyou-HethinksI"manimbecile，TempleexplainedtoStephen，becauseI"mabelieverinthepowerofmind。

CranlylinkedhisarmsintothoseofStephenandhisadmirerandsaid:——

Nosadmanumballumjocabimus。

Stephen，intheactofbeingledaway，caughtsightofMacCann"sflushedblunt-featuredface——

Mysignatureisofnoaccount，hesaidpolitely。Youarerighttogoyourway。Leavemetogomine——

Dedalus，saidMacCanncrisply，Ibelieveyou"reagoodfellowbutyouhaveyettolearnthedignityofaltruismandtheresponsibilityofthehumanindividual。

Avoicesaid:——

Intellectualcrankeryisbetteroutofthismovementthaninit。

Stephen，recognizingtheharshtoneofMacAlister"svoicedidnotturninthedirectionofthevoice。Cranlypushedsolemnlythroughthethrongofstudents，linkingStephenandTemplelikeacelebrantattendedbyhisministersonhiswaytothealtar。

TemplebenteagerlyacrossCranly"sbreastandsaid:——

DidyouhearMacAlisterwhathesaid？Thatyouthisjealousofyou。

Didyouseethat？IbetCranlydidn"tseethat。Byhell，Isawthatatonce。

Astheycrossedtheinnerhall，thedeanofstudieswasintheactofescapingfromthestudentwithwhomhehadbeenconversing。Hestoodatthefootofthestaircase，afootontheloweststep，histhreadbaresoutanegatheredabouthimfortheascentwithwomanishcare，noddinghisheadoftenandrepeating:——

Notadoubtofit，MrHackett!Veryfine!Notadoubtofit!

Inthemiddleofthehalltheprefectofthecollegesodalitywasspeakingearnestly，inasoftquerulousvoice，withaboarder。Ashespokehewrinkledalittlehisfreckledbrowandbit，betweenhisphrases，atatinybonepencil——

Ihopethematricmenwillallcome。Thefirstarts"menareprettysure。Secondarts，too。Wemustmakesureofthenewcomers。

TemplebentagainacrossCranly，astheywerepassingthroughthedoorway，andsaidinaswiftwhisper:——

Doyouknowthatheisamarriedman？hewasamarriedmanbeforetheyconvertedhim。Hehasawifeandchildrensomewhere。Byhell，Ithinkthat"sthequeerestnotionIeverheard!Eh？

Hiswhispertrailedoffintoslycacklinglaughter。ThemomenttheywerethroughthedoorwayCranlyseizedhimrudelybytheneckandshookhim，saying:——

Youflamingflounderingfool!I"lltakemydyingbiblethereisn"tabiggerbloodyape，doyouknow，thanyouinthewholeflamingbloodyworld!

Templewriggledinhisgrip，laughingstillwithslycontent，whileCranlyrepeatedflatlyateveryrudeshake:——

Aflamingflaringbloodyidiot!

Theycrossedtheweedygardentogether。Thepresident，wrappedinaheavyloosecloak，wascomingtowardsthemalongoneofthewalks，readinghisoffice。Attheendofthewalkhehaltedbeforeturningandraisedhiseyes。Thestudentssaluted，Templefumblingasbeforeatthepeakofhiscap。Theywalkedforwardinsilence。AstheynearedthealleyStephencouldhearthethudsoftheplayers"handsandthewetsmacksoftheballandDavin"svoicecryingoutexcitedlyateachstroke。

ThethreestudentshaltedroundtheboxonwhichDavinsattofollowthegame。Temple，afterafewmoments，sidledacrosstoStephenandsaid:——

Excuseme，Iwantedtoaskyou，doyoubelievethatJean-JacquesRousseauwasasincereman？

Stephenlaughedoutright。Cranly，pickingupthebrokenstaveofacaskfromthegrassathisfeet，turnedswiftlyandsaidsternly:——

Temple，IdeclaretothelivingGodifyousayanotherword，doyouknow，toanybodyonanysubject，I"llkillyousuperspottum——

Hewaslikeyou，Ifancy，saidStephen，anemotionalman——

Blasthim，cursehim!saidCranlybroadly。Don"ttalktohimatall。

Sure，youmightaswellbetalking，doyouknow，toaflamingchamber-potastalkingtoTemple。Gohome，Temple。ForGod"ssake，gohome——

Idon"tcareadamnaboutyou，Cranly，answeredTemple，movingoutofreachoftheupliftedstaveandpointingatStephen。He"stheonlymanIseeinthisinstitutionthathasanindividualmind——

Institution!Individual!criedCranly。Gohome，blastyou，foryou"reahopelessbloodyman——

I"manemotionalman，saidTemple。That"squiterightlyexpressed。

AndI"mproudthatI"manemotionalist。

Hesidledoutofthealley，smilingslyly。Cranlywatchedhimwithablankexpressionlessface——

Lookathim!hesaid。Didyoueverseesuchago-by-the-wall？

Hisphrasewasgreetedbyastrangelaughfromastudentwholoungedagainstthewall，hispeakedcapdownonhiseyes。Thelaugh，pitchedinahighkeyandcomingfromaSomuscularframe，seemedlikethewhinnyofanelephant。Thestudent"sbodyshookalloverand，toeasehismirth，herubbedbothhishandsdelightedlyoverhisgroins——

Lynchisawake，saidCranly。

Lynch，foranswer，straightenedhimselfandthrustforwardhischest——

Lynchputsouthischest，saidStephen，asacriticismoflife。

Lynchsmotehimselfsonorouslyonthechestandsaid:——

Whohasanythingtosayaboutmygirth？

Cranlytookhimatthewordandthetwobegantotussle。Whentheirfaceshadflushedwiththestruggletheydrewapart，panting。StephenbentdowntowardsDavinwho，intentonthegame，hadpaidnoheedtothetalkoftheothers——

Andhowismylittletamegoose？heasked。Didhesign，too？

Davidnoddedandsaid:——

Andyou，Stevie？

Stephenshookhishead——

You"reaterribleman，Stevie，saidDavin，takingtheshortpipefromhismouth，alwaysalone——

Nowthatyouhavesignedthepetitionforuniversalpeace，saidStephen，IsupposeyouwillburnthatlittlecopybookIsawinyourroom。

AsDavindidnotanswer，Stephenbegantoquote:——

Longpace，fianna!Rightincline，fianna!Fianna，bynumbers，salute，one，two!——

That"sadifferentquestion，saidDavin。I"manIrishnationalist，firstandforemost。Butthat"syouallout。You"reabornsneerer，Stevie——

Whenyoumakethenextrebellionwithhurleysticks，saidStephen，andwanttheindispensableinformer，tellme。Icanfindyouafewinthiscollege——

Ican"tunderstandyou，saidDavin。OnetimeIhearyoutalkagainstEnglishliterature。NowyoutalkagainsttheIrishinformers。Whatwithyournameandyourideas-AreyouIrishatall？——

ComewithmenowtotheofficeofarmsandIwillshowyouthetreeofmyfamily，saidStephen——

Thenbeoneofus，saidDavin。Whydon"tyoulearnIrish？Whydidyoudropoutoftheleagueclassafterthefirstlesson？——

Youknowonereasonwhy，answeredStephen。Davintosshisheadandlaughed——

Oh，comenow，hesaid。IsitonaccountofthatcertainyoungladyandFatherMoran？Butthat"sallinyourownmind，Stevie。Theywereonlytalkingandlaughing。

StephenpausedandlaidafriendlyhanduponDavin"sshoulder——

Doyouremember，hesaid，whenwekneweachotherfirst？Thefirstmorningwemetyouaskedmetoshowyouthewaytothematriculationclass，puttingaverystrongstressonthefirstsyllable。Youremember？Thenyouusedtoaddressthejesuitsasfather，youremember？Iaskmyselfaboutyou:Isheainnocentashisspeech？——

I"masimpleperson，saidDavin。Youknowthat。WhenyoutoldmethatnightinHarcourtStreetthosethingsaboutyourprivatelife，honesttoGod，Stevie，Iwasnotabletoeatmydinner。Iwasquitebad。Iwasawakealongtimethatnight。Whydidyoutellmethosethings？——

Thanks，saidStephen。YoumeanIamamonster——

No，saidDavin。ButIwishyouhadnottoldme。

AtidebegantosurgebeneaththecalmsurfaceofStephen"sfriendliness——

Thisraceandthiscountryandthislifeproducedme，hesaidIshallexpressmyselfasIam——

Trytobeoneofus，repeatedDavin。InheartyouareanIrishmanbutyourprideistoopowerful——

MyancestorsthrewofftheirlanguageandtookanotherStephensaid。

Theyallowedahandfulofforeignerstosubjectthem。DoyoufancyIamgoingtopayinmyownlifeandpersondebtstheymade？Whatfor？——

Forourfreedom，saidDavin——

Nohonourableandsincereman，saidStephen，hasgivenuptoyouhislifeandhisyouthandhisaffectionsfromthedaysofTonetothoseofParnell，butyousoldhimtotheenemyorfailedhiminneedorreviledhimandlefthimforanother。Andyouinvitemetobeoneofyou。I"dseeyoudamnedfirst——

Theydiedfortheirideals，Stevie，saidDavin。Ourdaywillcomeyet，believeme。

Stephen，followinghisownthought，wassilentforaninstant——

Thesoulisborn，hesaidvaguely，firstinthosemomentsItoldyouof。Ithasaslowanddarkbirth，moremysteriousthanthebirthofthebody。Whenthesoulofamanisborninthiscountrytherearenetsflungatittoholditbackfromflight。Youtalktomeofnationality，language，religion。Ishalltrytoflybythosenets。

Davinknockedtheashesfromhispipe——

Toodeepforme，Stevie，hesaid。Butaman"scountrycomesfirst。

Irelandfirst，Stevie。Youcanbeapoetoramysticafter——

DoyouknowwhatIrelandis？askedStephenwithcoldviolence。Irelandistheoldsowthateatsherfarrow。

Davinrosefromhisboxandwenttowardstheplayers，shakinghisheadsadly。ButinamomenthissadnesslefthimandhewashotlydisputingwithCranlyandthetwoplayerswhohadfinishedtheirgame。Amatchoffourwasarranged，Cranlyinsisting，however，thathisballshouldbeused。Heletitreboundtwiceorthricetohishandandstruckitstronglyandswiftlytowardsthebaseofthealley，exclaiminginanswertoitsthud:——

Yoursoul!

StephenstoodwithLynchtillthescorebegantorise。Thenhepluckedhimbythesleevetocomeaway。Lynchobeyed，saying:——

Letusekego，asCranlyhasit。

Stephensmiledatthisside-thrust。

Theypassedbackthroughthegardenandoutthroughthehallwherethedodderingporterwaspinningupahallnoticeintheframe。AtthefootofthestepstheyhaltedandStephentookapacketofcigarettesfromhispocketandofferedittohiscompanion——

Iknowyouarepoor，hesaid——

Damnyouryellowinsolence，answeredLynch。

ThissecondproofofLynch"sculturemadeStephensmileagain——

ItwasagreatdayforEuropeanculture，hesaid，whenyoumadeupyourmindtoswearinyellow。

Theylittheircigarettesandturnedtotheright。AfterapauseStephenbegan:——

Aristotlehasnotdefinedpityandterror。Ihave。IsayLynchhaltedandsaidbluntly:——

Stop!Iwon"tlisten!Iamsick。IwasoutlastnightonayellowdrunkwithHoranandGoggins。

Stephenwenton:——

Pityisthefeelingwhicharreststhemindinthepresenceofwhatsoeverisgraveandconstantinhumansufferingsandunitesitwiththehumansufferer。Terroristhefeelingwhicharreststhemindinthepresenceofwhatsoeverisgraveandconstantinhumansufferingsandunitesitwiththesecretcause——

Repeat，saidLynch。

Stephenrepeatedthedefinitionsslowly——

Agirlgotintoahansomafewdaysago，hewenton，inLondon。Shewasonherwaytomeethermotherwhomshehadnotseenformanyyears。

Atthecornerofastreettheshaftofalorryshiveredthewindowofthehansomintheshapeofastar。Alongfineneedleoftheshiveredglasspiercedherheart。Shediedontheinstant。Thereportercalleditatragicdeath。Itisnot。Itisremotefromterrorandpityaccordingtothetermsofmydefinitions——

Thetragicemotion，infact，isafacelookingtwoways，towardsterrorandtowardspity，bothofwhicharephasesofit。YouseeIusethewordarrest。Imeanthatthetragicemotionisstatic。Orratherthedramaticemotionis。Thefeelingsexcitedbyimproperartarekinetic，desireorloathing。Desireurgesustopossess，togotosomething；loathingurgesustoabandon，togofromsomething。Theartswhichexcitethem，pornographicalordidactic，arethereforeimproperarts。Theestheticemotion(Iusedthegeneralterm)isthereforestatic。Themindisarrestedandraisedabovedesireandloathing——

Yousaythatartmustnotexcitedesire，saidLynch。ItoldyouthatonedayIwrotemynameinpencilonthebacksideoftheVenusofPraxitelesintheMuseum。Wasthatnotdesire？——

Ispeakofnormalnatures，saidStephen。Youalsotoldmethatwhenyouwereaboyinthatcharmingcarmeliteschoolyouatepiecesofdriedcowdung。

Lynchbrokeagainintoawhinnyoflaughterandagainrubbedbothhishandsoverhisgroinsbutwithouttakingthemfromhispockets——

O，Idid!Idid!hecried。

Stephenturnedtowardshiscompanionandlookedathimforamomentboldlyintheeyes。Lynch，recoveringfromhislaughter，answeredhislookfromhishumbledeyes。ThelongslenderflattenedskullbeneaththelongpointedcapbroughtbeforeStephen"smindtheimageofahoodedreptile。

Theeyes，too，werereptile-likeinglintandgaze。Yetatthatinstant，humbledandalertintheirlook，theywerelitbyonetinyhumanpoint，thewindowofashrivelledsoul，poignantandself-embittered——

Asforthat，Stephensaidinpoliteparenthesis，weareallanimals。

Ialsoamananimal——

Youare，saidLynch——

Butwearejustnowinamentalworld，Stephencontinued。Thedesireandloathingexcitedbyimproperestheticmeansarereallynotestheticemotionsnotonlybecausetheyarekineticincharacterbutalsobecausetheyarenotmorethanphysical。Ourfleshshrinksfromwhatitdreadsandrespondstothestimulusofwhatitdesiresbyapurelyreflexactionofthenervoussystem。Oureyelidclosesbeforeweareawarethattheflyisabouttoenteroureye——

Notalways，saidLynchcritically——

Inthesameway，saidStephen，yourfleshrespondedtothestimulusofanakedstatue，butitwas，Isay，simplyareflexactionofthenerves。

Beautyexpressedbytheartistcannotawakeninusanemotionwhichiskineticorasensationwhichispurelyphysical。Itawakens，oroughttoawaken，orinduces，oroughttoinduce，anestheticstasis，anidealpityoranidealterror，astasiscalledforth，prolonged，andatlastdissolvedbywhatIcalltherhythmofbeauty——

Whatisthatexactly？askedLynch——

Rhythm，saidStephen，isthefirstformalestheticrelationofparttopartinanyestheticwholeorofanestheticwholetoitspartorpartsorofanyparttotheestheticwholeofwhichitisapart——

Ifthatisrhythm，saidLynch，letmehearwhatyoucallbeauty；

and，pleaseremember，thoughIdideatacakeofcowdungonce，thatIadmireonlybeauty。

Stephenraisedhiscapasifingreeting。Then，blushingslightly，helaidhishandonLynch"sthicktweedsleeve——

Weareright，hesaid，andtheothersarewrong。Tospeakofthesethingsandtotrytounderstandtheirnatureand，havingunderstoodit，totryslowlyandhumblyandconstantlytoexpress，topressoutagain，fromthegrossearthorwhatitbringsforth，fromsoundandshapeandcolourwhicharetheprisongatesofoursoul，animageofthebeautywehavecometounderstand-thatisart。

Theyhadreachedthecanalbridgeand，turningfromtheircourse，wentonbythetrees。Acrudegreylight，mirroredinthesluggishwaterandasmellofwetbranchesovertheirheadsseemedtowaragainstthecourseofStephen"sthought——

Butyouhavenotansweredmyquestion，saidLynch。Whatisart？Whatisthebeautyitexpresses？——

ThatwasthefirstdefinitionIgaveyou，yousleepy-headedwretch，saidStephen，whenIbegantotrytothinkoutthematterformyself。Doyourememberthenight？CranlylosthistemperandbegantotalkaboutWicklowbacon——

Iremember，saidLynch。Hetoldusaboutthemflamingfatdevilsofpigs——

Art，saidStephen，isthehumandispositionofsensibleorintelligiblematterforanestheticend。Yourememberthepigsandforgetthat。Youareadistressingpair，youandCranly。

Lynchmadeagrimaceattherawgreyskyandsaid:——

IfIamtolistentoyourestheticphilosophygivemeatleastanothercigarette。Idon"tcareaboutit。Idon"tevencareaboutwomen。Damnyouanddamneverything。Iwantajoboffivehundredayear。Youcan"tgetmeone。

Stephenhandedhimthepacketofcigarettes。Lynchtookthelastonethatremained，sayingsimply:——

Proceed!——

Aquinas，saidStephen，saysthatisbeautifultheapprehensionofwhichpleases。

Lynchnodded——

Irememberthat，hesaid，Pulcrasuntquaevisaplacent-

Heusesthewordvisa，saidStephen，tocoverestheticapprehensionsofallkinds，whetherthroughsightorhearingorthroughanyotheravenueofapprehension。Thisword，thoughitisvague，isclearenoughtokeepawaygoodandevilwhichexcitedesireandloathing。Itmeanscertainlyastasisandnotakinesis。Howaboutthetrue？Itproducesalsoastasisofthemind。Youwouldnotwriteyournameinpencilacrossthehypotenuseofaright-angledtriangle——

No，saidLynch，givemethehypotenuseoftheVenusofPraxiteles——

Statictherefore，saidStephen。Plato，Ibelieve，saidthatbeautyisthesplendouroftruth。Idon"tthinkthatithasameaning，butthetrueandthebeautifulareakin。Truthisbeheldbytheintellectwhichisappeasedbythemostsatisfyingrelationsoftheintelligible；beautyisbeheldbytheimaginationwhichisappeasedbythemostsatisfyingrelationsofthesensible。Thefirststepinthedirectionoftruthistounderstandtheframeandscopeoftheintellectitself，tocomprehendtheactitselfofintellection。Aristotle"sentiresystemofphilosophyrestsuponhisbookofpsychologyandthat，Ithink，restsonhisstatementthatthesameattributecannotatthesametimeandinthesameconnexionbelongtoandnotbelongtothesamesubject。Thefirststepinthedirectionofbeautyistounderstandtheframeandscopeoftheimagination，tocomprehendtheactitselfofestheticapprehension。Isthatclear？——

Butwhatisbeauty？askedLynchimpatiently。Outwithanotherdefinition。

Somethingweseeandlike!IsthatthebestyouandAquinascando？——

Letustakewoman，saidStephen——Letustakeher!saidLynchfervently——

TheGreek，theTurk，theChinese，theCopt，theHottentot，saidStephen，alladmireadifferenttypeoffemalebeauty。Thatseemstobeamazeoutofwhichwecannotescape。Isee，however，twowaysout。Oneisthishypothesis:

thateveryphysicalqualityadmiredbymeninwomenisindirectconnexionwiththemanifoldfunctionsofwomenforthepropagationofthespecies。

Itmaybeso。Theworld，itseems，isdrearierthanevenyou，Lynch，imagined。

FormypartIdislikethatwayout。Itleadstoeugenicsratherthantoesthetic。Itleadsyououtofthemazeintoanewgaudylecture-roomwhereMacCann，withonehandonTheOrionofSpeciesandtheotherhandonthenewtestament，tellsyouthatyouadmiredthegreatflanksofVenusbecauseyoufeltthatshewouldbearyouburlyoffspringandadmiredhergreatbreastsbecauseyoufeltthatshewouldgivegoodmilktoherchildrenandyours——

ThenMacCannisasulphur-yellowliar，saidLynchenergetically——

Thereremainsanotherwayout，saidStephen，laughing——

Towit？saidLynch——

Thishypothesis，Stephenbegan。

AlongdrayladenwitholdironcameroundthecornerofSirPatrickDun"shospitalcoveringtheendofStephen"sspeechwiththeharshroarofjangledandrattlingmetal。Lynchclosedhisearsandgaveoutoathafteroathtillthedrayhadpassed。Thenheturnedonhisheelrudely。

Stephenturnedalsoandwaitedforafewmomentstillhiscompanion"sill-humourhadhaditsvent——

Thishypothesis，Stephenrepeated，istheotherwayout:that，thoughthesameobjectmaynotseembeautifultoallpeople，allpeoplewhoadmireabeautifulobjectfindinitcertainrelationswhichsatisfyandcoincidewiththestagesthemselvesofallestheticapprehension。Theserelationsofthesensible，visibletoyouthroughoneformandtomethroughanother，mustbethereforethenecessaryqualitiesofbeauty。Now，wecanreturntoouroldfriendsaintThomasforanotherpennyworthofwisdom。

Lynchlaughed——

Itamusesmevastly，hesaid，tohearyouquotinghimtimeaftertimelikeajollyroundfriar。Areyoulaughinginyoursleeve？——

MacAlister，answeredStephen，wouldcallmyesthetictheoryappliedAquinas。Sofarasthissideofestheticphilosophyextends，Aquinaswillcarrymeallalongtheline。Whenwecometothephenomenaofartisticconception，artisticgestation，andartisticreproductionIrequireanewterminologyandanewpersonalexperience——

Ofcourse，saidLynch。AfterallAquinas，inspiteofhisintellect，wasexactlyagoodroundfriar。Butyouwilltellmeaboutthenewpersonalexperienceandnewterminologysomeotherday。Hurryupandfinishthefirstpart——

Whoknows？saidStephen，smiling。PerhapsAquinaswouldunderstandmebetterthanyou。Hewasapoethimself。HewroteahymnforMaundyThursday。

ItbeginswiththewordsPangelinguagloriosi。Theysayitisthehighestgloryofthehymnal。Itisanintricateandsoothinghymn。Ilikeit；butthereisnohymnthatcanbeputbesidethatmournfulandmajesticprocessionalsong，theVexillaRegisofVenantiusFortunatus。

Lynchbegantosingsoftlyandsolemnlyinadeepbassvoice:ImpletasuntquaeconcinitDavidfidelicarmineDicendonationibusRegnavitalignoDeus——That"sgreat!hesaid，wellpleased。Greatmusic!

TheyturnedintoLowerMountStreet。Afewstepsfromthecornerafatyoungman，wearingasilkneckcloth，salutedthemandstopped——

Didyouheartheresultsoftheexams？heasked。Griffinwasplucked。

HalpinandO"Flynnarethroughthehomecivil。MoonangotfifthplaceintheIndian。O"Shaughnessygotfourteenth。TheIrishfellowsinClark"sgavethemafeedlastnight。Theyallatecurry。

Hispallidbloatedfaceexpressedbenevolentmaliceand，ashehadadvancedthroughhistidingsofsuccess，hissmallfat-encircledeyesvanishedoutofsightandhisweakwheezingvoiceoutofhearing。

InreplytoaquestionofStephen"shiseyesandhisvoicecameforthagainfromtheirlurking-places——

Yes，MacCullaghandI；hesaid。He"stakingpuremathematicsandI"mtakingconstitutionalhistory。Therearetwentysubjects。I"mtakingbotanytoo。YouknowI"mamemberofthefieldclub。

Hedrewbackfromtheothertwoinastatelyfashionandplacedaplumpwoollen-glovedhandonhisbreastfromwhichmutteredwheezinglaughteratoncebrokeforth——

Bringusafewturnipsandonionsthenexttimeyougoout，saidStephendrily，tomakeastew。

Thefatstudentlaughedindulgentlyandsaid:——

Weareallhighlyrespectablepeopleinthefieldclub。LastSaturdaywewentouttoGlenmalure，sevenofus——

Withwomen，Donovan？saidLynch。

Donovanagainlaidhishandonhischestandsaid:——

Ourendistheacquisitionofknowledge。Thenhesaidquickly:——

Ihearyouarewritingsomeessaysaboutesthetics。Stephenmadeavaguegestureofdenial——

GoetheandLessing，saidDonovan，havewrittenalotonthatsubject，theclassicalschoolandtheromanticschoolandallthat。TheLaocooninterestedmeverymuchwhenIreadit。Ofcourseitisidealistic，German，ultra-profound。

Neitheroftheothersspoke。Donovantookleaveofthemurbanely——

Imustgo，hesaidsoftlyandbenevolently，Ihaveastrongsuspicion，amountingalmosttoaconviction，thatmysisterintendedtomakepancakestodayforthedinneroftheDonovanfamily——

Goodbye，Stephensaidinhiswake。Don"tforgettheturnipsformeandmymate。

Lynchgazedafterhim，hislipcurlinginslowscorntillhisfaceresembledadevil"smask:——

Tothinkthatthatyellowpancake-eatingexcrementcangetagoodjob，hesaidatlength，andIhavetosmokecheapcigarettes!

TheyturnedtheirfacestowardsMerrionSquareandwentforalittleinsilence——

TofinishwhatIwassayingaboutbeauty，saidStephen，themostsatisfyingrelationsofthesensiblemustthereforecorrespondtothenecessaryphasesofartisticapprehension。Findtheseandyoufindthequalitiesofuniversalbeauty。Aquinassays:Adpulcritudinemtriarequirunturintegritas，consonantia，claritas。Itranslateitso:Threethingsareneededforbeauty，wholeness，harmony，andradiance。Dothesecorrespondtothephasesofapprehension？Areyoufollowing？——

Ofcourse，Iam，saidLynch。IfyouthinkIhaveanexcrementitiousintelligencerunafterDonovanandaskhimtolistentoyou。

Stephenpointedtoabasketwhichabutcher"sboyhadslunginvertedonhishead——

Lookatthatbasket，hesaid——

Iseeit，saidLynch——

Inordertoseethatbasket，saidStephen，yourmindfirstofallseparatesthebasketfromtherestofthevisibleuniversewhichisnotthebasket。Thefirstphaseofapprehensionisaboundinglinedrawnabouttheobjecttobeapprehended。Anestheticimageispresentedtouseitherinspaceorintime。Whatisaudibleispresentedintime，whatisvisibleispresentedinspace。But，temporalorspatial，theestheticimageisfirstluminouslyapprehendedasselfboundedandselfcontainedupontheimmeasurablebackgroundofspaceortimewhichisnotit。Youapprehendeditasonething。Youseeitasonewhole。Youapprehenditswholeness。

Thatisintegritas——

Bull"seye!saidLynch，laughing。Goon——

Then，saidStephen，youpassfrompointtopoint，ledbyitsformallines；youapprehenditasbalancedpartagainstpartwithinitslimits；

youfeeltherhythmofitsstructure。Inotherwords，thesynthesisofimmediateperceptionisfollowedbytheanalysisofapprehension。Havingfirstfeltthatitisonethingyoufeelnowthatitisathing。

Youapprehenditascomplex，multiple，divisible，separable，madeupofitsparts，theresultofitspartsandtheirsum，harmonious。Thatisconsonantia——

Bull"seyeagain!saidLynchwittily。Tellmenowwhatisclaritasandyouwinthecigar——

Theconnotationoftheword，Stephensaid，israthervague。Aquinasusesatermwhichseemstobeinexact。Itbaffledmeforalongtime。Itwouldleadyoutobelievethathehadinmindsymbolismoridealism，thesupremequalityofbeautybeingalightfromsomeotherworld，theideaofwhichthematterisbuttheshadow，therealityofwhichitisbutthesymbol。Ithoughthemightmeanthatclaritasistheartisticdiscoveryandrepresentationofthedivinepurposeinanythingoraforceofgeneralizationwhichwouldmaketheestheticimagea"universalone，makeitoutshineitsproperconditions。Butthatisliterarytalk。Iunderstanditso。Whenyouhaveapprehendedthatbasketasonethingandhavethenanalyseditaccordingtoitsformandapprehendeditasathingyoumaketheonlysynthesiswhichislogicallyandestheticallypermissible。Youseethatitisthatthingwhichitisandnootherthing。Theradianceofwhichhespeaksinthescholasticquidditas，thewhatnessofathing。Thissupremequalityisfeltbytheartistwhentheestheticimageisfirstconceivedinhisimagination。ThemindinthatmysteriousinstantShelleylikenedbeautifullytoafadingcoal。Theinstantwhereinthatsupremequalityofbeauty，theclearradianceoftheestheticimage，isapprehendedluminouslybythemindwhichhasbeenarrestedbyitswholenessandfascinatedbyitsharmonyistheluminoussilentstasisofestheticpleasure，aspiritualstateveryliketothatcardiacconditionwhichtheItalianphysiologistLuigiGalvani，usingaphrasealmostasbeautifulasShelley"s，calledtheenchantmentoftheheart。

Stephenpausedand，thoughhiscompaniondidnotspeak，feltthathiswordshadcalleduparoundthemathought-enchantedsilence——

WhatIhavesaid，hebeganagain，referstobeautyinthewidersenseoftheword，inthesensewhichthewordhasintheliterarytradition。

Inthemarketplaceithasanothersense。Whenwespeakofbeautyinthesecondsenseofthetermourjudgementisinfluencedinthefirstplacebytheartitselfandbytheformofthatart。Theimage，itisclear，mustbesetbetweenthemindorsensesoftheartisthimselfandthemindorsensesofothers。Ifyoubearthisinmemoryyouwillseethatartnecessarilydividesitselfintothreeformsprogressingfromonetothenext。Theseformsare:thelyricalform，theformwhereintheartistpresentshisimageinimmediaterelationtohimself；theepicalform，theformwhereinhepresentshisimageinmediaterelationtohimselfandtoothers；thedramaticform，theformwhereinhepresentshisimageinimmediaterelationtoothers——

Thatyoutoldmeafewnightsago，saidLynch，andwebeganthefamousdiscussion——

Ihaveabookathome，saidStephen，inwhichIhavewrittendownquestionswhicharemoreamusingthanyourswere。InfindingtheanswerstothemIfoundthetheoryofestheticwhichIamtryingtoexplain。HerearesomequestionsIsetmyself:Isachairfinelymadetragicorcomic？

IstheportraitofMonaLisagoodifIdesiretoseeit？Ifnot，whynot？——

Whynot，indeed？saidLynch，laughing——

Ifamanhackinginfuryatablockofwood，Stephencontinued，makethereanimageofacow，isthatimageaworkofart？Ifnot，whynot？——

That"salovelyone，saidLynch，laughingagain。Thathasthetruescholasticstink——

Lessing，saidStephen，shouldnothavetakenagroupofstatuestowriteof。Theart，beinginferior，doesnotpresenttheformsIspokeofdistinguishedclearlyonefromanother。Eveninliterature，thehighestandmostspiritualart，theformsareoftenconfused。Thelyricalformisinfactthesimplestverbalvestureofaninstantofemotionarhythmicalcrysuchasagesagocheeredonthemanwhopulledattheoarordraggedstonesupaslope。Hewhouttersitismoreconsciousoftheinstantofemotionthanofhimselfasfeelingemotion。Thesimplestepicalformisseenemergingoutoflyricalliteraturewhentheartistprolongsandbroodsuponhimselfasthecentreofanepicaleventandthisformprogressestillthecentreofemotionalgravityisequidistantfromtheartisthimselfandfromothers。Thenarrativeisnolongerpurelypersonal。Thepersonalityoftheartistpassesintothenarrationitself，flowingroundandroundthepersonsandtheactionlikeavitalsea。ThisprogressyouwillseeeasilyinthatoldEnglishballadTurpinHerowhichbeginsinthefirstpersonandendsinthethirdperson。Thedramaticformisreachedwhenthevitalitywhichhasflowedandeddiedroundeachpersonfillseverypersonwithsuchvitalforcethatheorsheassumesaproperandintangibleestheticlife。Thepersonalityoftheartist，atfirstacryoracadenceoramoodandthenafluidandlambentnarrative，finallyrefinesitselfoutofexistence，impersonalizesitself，sotospeak。Theestheticimageinthedramaticformislifepurifiedinandreprojectedfromthehumanimagination。Themysteryofesthetic，likethatofmaterialcreation，isaccomplished。Theartist，liketheGodofcreation，remainswithinorbehindorbeyondorabovehishandiwork，invisible，refinedoutofexistence，indifferent，paringhisfingernails。