第4章

ThespiritofthetimewasreactionaryinVirginiaasitwasreactionaryinEngland。Harshservantandslavelawswerepassed。Aprisonwastobeerectedineachcounty;provisionwasmadeforpilloryandstocksandduckingstool;theQuakersweretobeproceededagainst;theBaptistswhorefusedtobringchildrentobaptismweretosuffer。Thenatlastin1670

camerestrictionofthefranchise：

"ActIII。ELECTIONOFBURGESSESBYWHOM。WHEREAStheusuallwayofchuseingburgessesbythevotesofallpersonswhohavingservedtheirtymearefreemenofthiscountrywhohaveinglittleinterestinthecountrydoeoftenermaketumultsattheelectiontothedisturbanceofhisMajestie’speace，thanbytheirdiscretionsintheirvotesprovidefortheconservationthereof，bymakeingchoyceofpersonsfitlyqualifyedforthedischargeofsoegreateatrust，AndwhereasthelawesofEnglandgrantavoyceinsuchelectiononlytosuchasbytheirestatesrealorpersonallhaveinterestenoughtotyethemtotheendeavourofthepubliquegood;IT

ISHEREBYENACTED，thatnonebutfreeholdersandhousekeeperswhoonlyareanswerabletothepubliquefortheleviesshallhereafterhaveavoiceintheelectionofanyburgessesinthiscountry。"

*Hening’s"Statutes"，vol。II，p。280。

Threeyearslateranotherwoebefellthecolony。ThatsameCharlesII——towhominmisfortuneVirginiahadsoadheredthatforherloyaltyshehadreceivedthenameoftheOldDominion——nowgranted"allthatentiretract，territory，region，anddominionoflandandwatercommonlycalledVirginia，togetherwiththeterritoryofAccomack，"toLordCulpeperandtheEarlofArlington。Forthirty—oneyearstheyweretoholdit，payingtotheKingtheslightannualrentoffortyshillings。Theywerenottodisturbthecolonistsinanyguaranteedrightoflifeorlandorgoods，butfortheresttheymightfarmVirginia。Thecountrycriedoutinanger。TheAssemblyhurriedcommissionersonboardashipinportandsentthemtoEnglandtobesiegetheearoftheKing。

Distressanddiscontentincreased，withgoodreason，amongthemassoftheVirginians。TheKinginEngland，hiscouncilors，and，Parliament，playedanunfatherlyrole，whileinVirginiaeconomichardshipspressedeverharderandtheadministrationbecamemoreandmoreoppressive。By1676thegunpowderofpopularindignationwaslaidrightandleft，awaitingthematch。

CHAPTERXII。NATHANIELBACON

ToaddtotheuncertaintyoflifeinVirginia，Indiantroublesflaredupagain。Inandaroundthemainsettlementsthewhitemanwassafeenoughfromsavageattack。ButitwasnotsoontheedgeoftheEnglishworld，wherethewhitehueranthin，wheresmallclustersoffolkandevensinglefamiliesbuiltcabinsoflogsandmadelonelyclearingsinthewilderness。

NotfarfromwherenowrisesWashingtontheSusquehannockshadtakenpossessionofanoldfort。TheseIndians，onceinleaguewiththeIroquoisbutnowquarrelingviolentlywiththatconfederacy，hadbeendefeatedandwereinamoodofundiscriminatingbitternessandvengeance。Theybegantowaylayandbutcherwhitemenandwomenandchildren。InselfprotectionMarylandandVirginiaorganizedincommonanexpeditionagainsttheIndianstronghold。InthedeepwoodsbeyondthePotomac，redmenandwhitecametoaparley。TheSusquehannockssentenvoys。Therewaswrongonbothsides。A

disputearose。Thewhitemen，waxingangry，slewtheenvoys——anevildeedwhichtheirowncolorinMarylandandinVirginiareprehendedandrepudiated。Buttheharmwasdone。FromthePotomactotheJamesIndianslistenedtoIndianeloquence，recitingtheevilsthatfromthefirstthewhitemanhadbrought。Thentheredman，inincreasingnumbers，fellupontheoutlyingsettlementsofthepioneers。

InVirginiatheresoonaroseapopularclamorforeffectiveaction。Calloutthemilitiaofeverycounty！MarchagainsttheIndians！Act！ButtheGovernorwasold，ofanilltempernow，andmostsuspiciousofpopulargatheringsforanypurposewhatsoever。Hetemporized，delayed，refusedallappealsuntiltheAssemblyshouldmeet。

DislikeofBerkeleyandhiswaysandagrowingsenseofinjuryandoppressionbegantoquiverhardintheVirginianframe。TheKingwasnolongerpopular，norSirWilliamBerkeley，norwerethemostoftheCouncil，normanyoftheburgessesofthatLongAssembly。Therearosealouddemandforanewelectionandforchangesinpublicpolicy。

WhereapartofRichmondnowstands，therestretchedatthattimeatractoffieldsandhillsandaclearwindingcreek，heldbyayoungplanternamedNathanielBacon，anEnglishmanofthatfamilywhichproduced"thewisest，greatest，meanestofmankind。"Theplanterhimselflivedfartherdowntheriver。Buthehadatthisplaceanoverseerandsomeindenturedlaborers。ThisNathanielBaconwasanewcomerinVirginia——youngmanwhohadbeenenteredinGray’sInn，whohadtraveled，whowasrumoredtohaverunthroughmuchofhisownestate。Hehadacousin，alsonamedNathanielBacon，whohadcomefifteenyearsearliertoVirginia"averyrich，politicmanandchildless，"andwhoserepresentationshadperhapsdrawntheyoungerBacontoVirginia。Atanyratehewashere，andattheageoftwenty—eighttheownerofmuchlandandthepossessorofaseatintheCouncil。But，thoughhesatintheCouncil，hewashardlyofthemindoftheGovernorandthosewhosupportedhim。

Itwasinthespringof1676thattherebeganaseriesofIndianattacksdirectedagainsttheplantationsandtheoutlyingcabinsoftheregionabovetheFallsoftheFarWest。AmongthevictimsweremenofBacon’splantation，forhisoverseerandseveralofhisservantswereslain。Thenewsofthismassacreofhismensettheiryoungmasterafire。Evenalesshideoustalemighthavedoneit，forhewasofaboldandardentnature。

Ridinguptheforesttracks，acompanyofplantersfromthethreatenedneighborhoodgatheredtogether。"Letusmakeatroopandtakefireandswordamongthem！"Therelackedacommander。"Mr。Bacon，youcommand！"Verygood;andMr。Bacon，whoisabornorator，madeaspeechdealingwiththe"grievancesofthetimes。"Verygoodindeed;butstilltherelackedtheGovernor’scommission。"SendaswiftmessengertoJamestownforit！"

Themessengerwentandreturned。Nocommission。Mr。BaconhadmadeanunpleasantimpressionuponSirWilliamBerkeley。Thisyoungman，theGovernorsaid，was"popularlyinclined"——had"aconstitutionnotconsistentwith"allthatBerkeleystoodfor。Baconandhisneighborslistenedwithbentbrowstotheirenvoy’sreport。Murmursbegananddeepened。"Shallwestandidlyhereconsideringformalities，whiletheredskinsmurder？"

Commissionornocommission，theywouldmarch;andintheend，marchtheydid——aconsiderabletroop——totheup—rivercountry，withthetall，young，eloquentmanattheirhead。

NewsreachedtheGovernoratJamestownthattheyweremarching。Inatight—lippedrageheissuedaproclamationandsentitafterthem。Theyandtheirleaderwereactingillegally，usurpingmilitarypowersthatbelongedelsewhere！Letthemdisband，dispersetotheirdwellings，orbewareactionoftherightfulpowers！Troubledinmind，somedisbandedanddispersed，butthreescoreatleastwouldbynomeansdoso。Norwouldtheyoungman"ofprecipitatedisposition"whoheadedthetroop。HerodeonintotheforestaftertheIndians，andtheothersfollowedhim。HereweretheFallsoftheFarWest，andhereonahilltheIndianshada"fort。"ThistheVirginiaplantersattacked。ThehillsabovetheJamesechoedtothesoundofthesmall，desperatefray。Intheendtheredmenwererouted。Somewereslain;

someweretakenprisoner;othersescapedintothedeepwoodsstretchingwestward。

Inthemeantimeanotherforceofhorsemenhadbeengathered。ItwasheadedbyBerkeleyandwasaddressedtothepursuitandapprehensionofNathanielBacon，whohadthusdefiedauthority。ButbeforeBerkeleycouldmovefar，firebrokeoutaroundhim。Thegrievancesofthepeopleweremanyandjust，andnotwithoutafamilyresemblancetothosethatprecipitatedtheRevolutionahundredyearslater。NotBaconalone，butmanyotherswhowereindespairofanygoodundertheirpresentmasterswerereadyforheroicmeasures。Berkeleyfoundhimselfringedaboutbyagenuinepopularrevolt。

HethereforelackedthetimenowtopursueNathanielBacon，butspurredbacktoJamestowntheretodealasbesthemightwithdangerousaffairs。AtJamestown，willy—nilly，theoldGovernorwasforcedtopromisereforms。TheLongAssemblyshouldbedissolvedandanewAssembly，moreconformabletothewishesofthepeople，shouldcomeintobeingreadytoconsideralltheirtroubles。Sowritswentout;andtherepresentlyfollowedahotandturbulentelection，inwhichthat"restrictedfranchise"oftheLongAssemblywasoftendefiedandinpartsetaside。Menwithoutpropertypresentedthemselves，gavetheirvoices，andwerecounted。Bacon，whohadbynowachievedanimmensepopularity，waschosenburgessforHenricusCounty。

IntheJuneweatherBaconsaileddowntoJamestown，withanumberofthosewhohadbackedhiminthatassumptionofpowertoraisetroopsandgoagainsttheIndians。WhenhecametoJamestownitwastofindthehighsheriffwaitingforhimbytheGovernor’sorders。Hewasputunderarrest。

Hotdiscussionfollowed。Butthepeoplewereforthemomentintheascendent，andBaconshouldnotbesacrificed。Acompromisewasreached。

Baconwastechnicallyguiltyof"unlawful，mutinousandrebelliouspractises。"If，onhiskneesbeforeGovernor，Council，andBurgesses，hewouldacknowledgeasmuchandpromisehenceforthtobehisMajesty’sobedientservant，heandthoseimplicatedwithhimshouldbepardoned。HehimselfmightbereadmittedtotheCouncil，andallinVirginiashouldbeasithadbeen。HeshouldevenhavethecommissionhehadactedwithouttogoandfightagainsttheIndians。

Baconthereuponmadehissubmissionuponhisknees，promisingthathenceforthhewould"demeanhimselfdutifully，faithfully，andpeaceably。"

Formallyforgiven，hewasrestoredtohisplaceintheVirginiaCouncil。Aneyewitnessreportsthatpresentlyhesaw"Mr。BacononhisquondamseatwiththeGovernorandCouncil，whichseemedamarvellousindulgencetoonewhomhehadsolatelyproscribedasarebel。"TheAssemblyof1676wasofadifferenttemperandopinionfromthatoftheLongAssembly。Itwasaninsurgentbody，composedtoalargedegreeofmerefreemenandsmallplanters，withafewofthericher，moreinfluentialsortwhoneverthelessqueriedthatolddivinerightofrule。BerkeleythoughtthathehadgoodreasontodoubtthisAssembly’sintentions，onceitgaveitselfrein。HedirectsitthereforetoconfineitsattentiontoIndiantroubles。Itdid，indeed，legislateonIndianaffairsbypassinganelaborateactfortheprosecutionofthewar。Anarmyofathousandwhitemenwastoberaised。

Baconwastobecommander—in—chief。Allmannerofprecautionsweretobetaken。Butthismatterdisposedof，theAssemblythereuponturnedto"theredressingseveralgrievancesthecountrywasthenlabouringunder;andmotionsweremadeforinspectingthepublicrevenues，thecollectors’

accounts，"andsoforth。TheGovernorthundered;friendsoftheoldorderobstructed;buttheAssemblywentonitsway，reforminghereandreformingthere。ItevenwentsofarastorepealtheprecedingAssembly’slegislationregardingthefranchise。Allwhitemaleswhoarefreemenwerenowprivilegedtovote，"togetherwiththefreeholdersandhousekeepers。"

Acertainmemberwantedsomedetailofprocedureretainedbecauseitwascustomary。"Tistrueithasbeencustomary，"answeredanother，"butifwehaveanybadcustomsamongstus，wearecomeheretomend’em！"

"Whereupon，"saysthecontemporarynarrator，"thehousewassetinalaughter。"Butaftersoconsiderableanamountofmendingtherethreatenedastandstill。Whatwastocomenext？Couldmengofurther——astheyhadgonefurtherinEnglandnotsomanyyearsago？Reformhadcometoanapparentimpasse。Whileitthushesitated，theoldpartygainedinlife。

Bacon，nowpetitioningforhispromisedcommissionagainsttheIndians，seemstohavereachedtheconclusionthattheGovernormightpromisebutmeantnottoperform，andnotonlyso，butthatinJamestownhisverylifewasindanger。Hehad"intimationthattheGovernor’sgenerosityinpardoninghimandrestoringhimtohisplaceintheCouncilwerenootherthanpreviouswheedlestoamusehim。"

InJamestownlivedonewhomachroniclerpaintsforusas"thoughtfulMr。

Lawrence。"ThisgentlemanwasanOxfordscholar，notedfor"wit，learning，andsobriety……nicelyhonest，affable，andwithoutblemishinhisconversationanddealings。"Thusfriendsdeclared，thoughfoessaidofhimquiteotherthings。Atanyrate，havingemigratedtoVirginiaandmarriedthere，hehadpresentlyacquired，becauseofalawsuitoverlandinwhichheheldhimselftobeunjustlyandshabbilytreatedthroughinfluencesoftheGovernor，aninveterateprejudiceagainstthatruler。Hecallshiminshort"anold，treacherousvillain。"Lawrenceandhiswife，notbeingrich，keptatavernatJamestown，andthereBaconlodged，probablyhavingbeenthrownwithLawrencebeforethis。PersonsarefoundwhoholdthatLawrencewasthebrain，Baconthearm，ofthediscontentinVirginia。TherewasalsoMr。WilliamDrummond，whowillbemetwithintheaccountofCarolina。Hewasa"soberScotchgentlemanofgoodrepute"——butnomorethanLawrenceongoodtermswiththeGovernorofVirginia。

OnamorninginJune，whentheAssemblymet，itwasobservedthatNathanielBaconwasnotinhisplaceintheCouncil——norwashetobefoundinthebuilding，noreveninJamestownitself，thoughBerkeleyhadLawrence’sinnsearchedforhim。Hehadleftthetown—goneuptheriverinhisslooptohisplantationatCurlesNeck"tovisithiswife，who，assheinformedhim，wasindisposed。"IntruthitappearsthatBaconhadgoneforthepurposeofgatheringtogethersomesixhundredup—rivermen。Orperhapstheythemselveshadcometogetherand，needingaleader，hadturnednaturallytothemanwhowasunderthefrownofanunpopularGovernorandalltheGovernor’ssupportersinVirginia。AtanyrateBaconwaspresentlyseenattheheadofnoinconsiderablearmyforacolonyoflessthanfiftythousandsouls。Thosewithhimwereonlyup—rivermen;buthemusthaveknownthathecouldgatherbesidesfromeverypartofthecountry。Givensomeinitialsuccess，hemightevensetallVirginiaablaze。Downtheriverhemarched，heandhissixhundred，andinthesummerheatenteredJamestownanddrewupbeforetheCapitol。ThespaceinfrontofthisbuildingwaspackedwiththeJamestownfolkandwiththesixhundred。Bacon，aguardbehindhim，advancedtothecentraldoor，tofindWilliamBerkeleystandingthereshakingwithrage。Theoldroyalisthascourage。Hetearsopenhissilkenvestandfineshirtandfacestheyoungmanwho，thoughtrainedinthelawoftherealm，isnowfillingthatlawwithahundredwounds。Heraisesapassionatevoice。"Here！Shootme！’ForeGod，afairmark——afairmark！

Shoot！"

Baconwillnotshoothim，butwillhavethatpromisedcommissiontogoagainsttheIndians。Thosebehindhimliftandshaketheirguns。"Wewillhaveit！Wewillhaveit！"GovernorandCouncilretiretoconsiderthedemand。IfBerkeleyispassionateandattimesviolent，soisBaconinhisownway，foraneye—witnesshastosaythat"hedisplayedoutrageousposturesofhishead，arms，bodyandlegs，oftentossinghishandfromhisswordtohishat，"andthatoutsidethedoorhehadcried："Damnmyblood！

I’llkillGovernor，Council，Assemblyandall，andthenI’llsheathemyswordinmyownheart’sblood！"Heisnodour，determined，unwordyrevolutionistliketheScotchDrummond，norstillandsubtlelike"thethoughtfulMr。Lawrence。"Heisyoungandhot，amanoforatoryandoutwardacts。Yetisheapatriotandintelligentuponbroadpublicneeds。WhenpresentlyhemakesaspeechtotheexcitedAssembly，ithasforsubject—matter"preservingourlivesfromtheIndians，inspectingthepublicrevenues，theexorbitanttaxes，andredressingthegrievancesandcalamitiesofthatdeplorablecountry。"Ithasquitetheringofyoungmen’sspeechesinBritishcoloniesacenturylater！

TheGovernorandhispartygaveinperforce。BacongothiscommissionandanActofIndemnityforallchancepoliticaloffenses。GeneralandCommander—in—chiefagainsttheIndians——sowashestyled。Moreover，theBurgesses，withanalarmedthoughttowardEngland，drewupanexplanatorymemorialforCharlesII’sperusal。Thispaperjourneyedforthuponthefirstshiptosail，butithadfortravelingcompanionalettersecretlysentfromtheGovernortotheKing。Thetwocommunicationswerepaintedinoppositecolors。"Ihave，"saysBerkeley，"forabovethirtyyearsgovernedthemostflourishingcountrythesunevershoneover，butamnowencompassedwithrebellionlikewaters。"

CHAPTERXIII。REBELLIONANDCHANGE

BaconwithanincreasedarmynowrodeoutoncemoreagainsttheIndians。HemadearendezvousontheupperYork——theoldPamunkey——andtothiscenterhegatheredhorsemenuntiltheremayhavebeenwithhimnotfarfromathousandmountedmen。Fromherehesentdetachmentsagainsttheredmen’svillagesinalltheuppertroubledcountry，andafarintothesunsetwoodswherethepioneer’scabinhadnotyetbeenbuilded。Heactedwithvigor。

TheIndianscouldnotstandagainsthishorsemenandconcertedmeasures，andbacktheyfellbeforethewhitemen，westwardagain;or，iftheystayedintheeverdwindlingvillages，theygavehostagesandoathsofpeace。

Quietseemedtodescendoncemoreupontheborder。

But，ifthefrontierseemedpeaceful，Virginiabehindtheborderwasabubblingcauldron。Baconhadnowbecomeaheroofthepeople，aSiegfriedcapableofslayingthedragon。NorwereLawrenceandDrummondidle，norothersoftheirwayofthinking。TheIndiantroublesmightsoonbesettled，butwhynotgofurther，marchingagainstothertroubles，moresubtleandlong—continuing，andthreateningallthefuture？

Inthemidstofthisspeculationandpromiseofchange，theGovernor，feelingthestorm，dissolvedtheAssembly，proclaimedBaconandhisadherentsrebelsandtraitors，andmadeadesperateattempttoraiseanarmyforuseagainstthenew—fanglednessofthetime。Thislasthecouldnotdo。Privateinterestledmanyplanterstosidewithhim，andtherewasafairamountofpassionateconvictionmatchinghisown，thathisMajestytheKingandtheforcesoflawandorderwerebeingwithstood，andwithoutjustcause。Butthemassofthepeoplecriedouttohisspeeches，"Bacon！

Bacon！"AsthepopularleaderhadbeenwarnedfromJamestownbynewsofpersonaldanger，soinhisturnBerkeleyseemstohavebelievedthathisownlibertywasthreatened。Withsuddennesshedepartedtheplace，boardedasloop，andwas"waftedoverChesapeakeBaythirtymilestoAccomac。"。ThenewsoftheGovernor’sflight，producingbothalarminonepartyandenthusiasmintheother，tendedtoprecipitatethecrisis。ThoughtheIndiantroublemightbynowbecalledadjusted，Bacon，faruptheYork，didnotdisbandhismen。Heturnedandwiththemmarcheddowncountry，nottoJamestown，buttoahamletcalledMiddlePlantation，wherelaterwastogrowthetownofWilliamsburg。Herehecamped，andheretookcounselwithLawrenceandDrummondandothers，andhereaddressed，withacurious，loftyeloquence，thethrongthatbegantogather。Hence，too，heissueda"Declaration，"recountingthemisdeedsofthoselatelyinpower，protestingagainstthetermsrebelandtraitorasappliedtohimselfandhisfollowers，whoareonlyinarmstoprotecthisMajesty’sdemesneandsubjects，andcallingonthosewhoarewelldisposedtoreformtojoinhimatMiddlePlantation，theretoconsiderthestateofthecountrywhichhadbeenbroughtintoabadwayby"SirWilliam’sdotingandirregularactings。"

UponhisproclamationmanydidcometoMiddlePlantation，greatplantersandsmall，menjustfreedfromindenturedservice，holdersofnolandandlittlelandandmuchland，menofallgradesofweightandconsiderationandalldegreesofrevolutionarywill，fromDrummond—withareportedspeech，"Iaminovershoes;Iwillbeinoverboots！"andawifeSarahwhosnappedastickintwowiththecry，"IcarenomoreforthepowerofEnglandthanforthisbrokenstraw！"——tothosewhowouldberevolutionaryaslongas，andonlywhen，itseemedsafetobeso。

Howmuchofrevolution，despitethatspeechabouthisMajesty’sdemesneandsubjects，wasinBacon’smind，orinRichardLawrence’smindandWilliamDrummond’smind，orinthemindoftheirstaunchestsupporters，mayhardlynowberesolved。PerhapsasmuchaswasinthemindofPatrickHenry，ThomasJefferson，andGeorgeMasonacenturylater。

TheGovernorwasinAccomac，breathingfireandslaughter，thoughasyetwithoutbrandorswordwithwhichtoputhisardentdesiresintoexecution。

Butheandtheconstitutedorderwerenotwithoutfriendsandsupporters。

Hehad，ashisopponentssaw，aumberof"wickedandperniciouscounsellors，aidesandassistantsagainstthecommonaltyintheseourcruelcommotions。"Moreover——andagreatmoreoveristhat！——itwaseverywherebruitedthathehadsenttoEngland，totheKing，"fortwothousandRedCoates。"PerhapstheKing——perhapsEngland—willtakehisview，and，notconsultingthegoodofVirginia，sendtheRedCoats！Whatthen？

Bacon，asameasureofopposition，proposed"atestorecognition，"tobesignedbythosehereatMiddlePlantationwhoearnestlydowishthegoodofVirginia。Itwasaboldtest！NotonlyshouldtheycovenanttogivenoaidtothewhilomGovernoragainstthisnewgeneralandarmy，butifshipsshouldbringtheRedCoatstheyweretowithstandthem。Thereislittlewonderthat"thisbugbeardidmarvellouslystartle"thatbodyofVirginiahorsemen，thoseprogressivegentlemenplanters，andothers。Yetintheend，afterviolentcontentions，theassemblyatMiddlePlantationdrewupandsignedaremarkablepaper，the"OathatMiddlePlantation。"Historically，itislinkedontheonehandwiththat"thrustingoutofhisgovernment"ofSirJohnHarveyinCharlesI’stime，andontheotherwithVirginianproceedingsahundredyearslaterunderthethirdGeorge。IfhisMajestyhadbeen，asitwasrumored，wronglyinformedthatVirginiawasinrebellion;if，actinguponthatmisinformation，hesenttroopsagainsthisloyalVirginians—whowerearmedonlyagainstanevilGovernorandintolerablewoesthenthesesamegoodloyalistswould"opposeandsuppressallforceswhatsoeverofthatnature，untilsuchtimeastheKingbefullyinformedofthestateofthecase。"WhatwastohappeniftheKing，beinginformed，stillsupportedBerkeleyandsentotherRedCoatswasnottakenintoconsideration。

Thispaper，beingdrawn，wasthemorequicklysignedbecausetherearrived，inthemidstofthedebate，afreshIndianalarm。AttackthreatenedafortupontheYork—whencetheGovernorhadseenfittoremovearmsandammunition！ThenewscamemostopportunelyforBacon。"Therewerenomorediscourses。"Themajorportionofthelargeassemblagesigned。

TheoldGovernmentinVirginiawasthusdenied。Butitwasheldthatgovernmenttheremustbe，andthatthepeopleofVirginiathroughrepresentativesmustarrangeforit。Writsofelection，madeasusualintheKing’sname，andsignedbyBaconandbythosemembersoftheCouncilwhowereoftherevolt，wentforthtoallcounties。TheAssemblythusprovidedwastomeetatJamestowninSeptember。

Somuchbusinessdone，offrodeBaconandhismentoputdownthislatestrisingoftheIndians。Notonlythesebutredmeninanewquarter，tribessouthoftheJames，keptthememployedforweekstocome。Norweretheyunmindfulofthatproudoldman，SirWilliamBerkeley，overontheEasternShore，awell—peopledregionwheretravelingbyboatandbysandyroadwassufficientlyeasy。Bacon，Lawrence，andDrummondfinallydecidedtotakeSirWilliamcaptiveandtobringhimbacktoJamestown。ForthispurposetheydispatchedashipacrosstheBay，withtwohundredandfiftymen，underthecommandofGilesBland，"amanofcourageandhaughtybearing，"

and"nogreatadmirerofSirWilliam’sgoodness。"TheshipproceededtotheAccomacshore，anchoredinsomebight，andsentashorementotreatwiththeGovernor。ButtheGovernorturnedthetablesonthem。Hemadehimselfcaptor，insteadofbeingmadecaptive。Blandandhislieutenantsweretaken，whereupontheirfollowingsurrenderedintoBerkeley’shands。Bland’ssecondincommandwashanged;Blandhimselfwasheldinirons。

NowBerkeley’sstarwasclimbing。InAccomachegatheredsomanythat，withthosewhohadfledwithhimandlaterrecruitswhocrossedtheBay，hehadperhapsathousandmen。Hestowedtheseupontheshipoftheill—fatedBlandanduponanumberofsloops。Withseventeensailinall，theoldGovernorsethisfacewestandsouthtowardsthemouthoftheJames。

Inthatriver，onthe7thofSeptember，1676，thereappearedthisfleetoftheKing’sGovernor，setonretakingVirginia。Jamestownhadnotice。TheBaconfactionheldtheplacewithperhapseighthundredmen，ColonelHansfordattheirhead。SummonedbyBerkeleytosurrender，Hansfordrefused，butthatsamenight，byadviceofLawrenceandDrummond，evacuatedtheplace，drawinghisforceofftowardtheYork。Thenextday，emptiedofallbutafewcitizens，JamestownreceivedtheoldGovernorandhisarmy。

ThetidingsfoundBaconontheupperYork。Actingwithhisaccustomedenergy，hesentout，farandwide，ringingappealstothecountrytorouseitself，formentojoinhimandmarchtothedefeatoftheoldtyrant。

Numbersdidcomein。Hemovedwith"marvelouscelerity。"Whenhehad，forthetimeandplace，alargeforceofrebels，hemarched，bystreamandplantation，tobaccofieldandforest，forgeandmill，throughtheearlyautumncountrytoJamestown。Civilwarwason。

AcrossthenarrowneckoftheJamestownpeninsulahadbeenthrownasortoffortificationwithditch，earthwork，andpalisade。BeforethisBaconnowsoundedtrumpets。Noanswercoming，butthemouthsofcannonappearingatintervalsabovethebreastwork，the"rebel"generalhalted，encampedhismen，andproceededtoconstructsiegelinesofhisown。TheworkmustbedoneexposedtoSirWilliam’sironshot。

Nowcomesastrangeanddiscreditableincident。Patriots，revolutionists，whoonthewholewouldservehumanprogress，haveyet，ashaveweall，darkspotsandseamysides。Bacon’spartiesofworkmenwerethreatened，hindered，drivenfromtheirtaskbyBerkeley’sguns。Baconhadacurious，unadmirableidea。Hesenthorsementoneighboringloyalistplantationstogatherupandbringtocamp，nottheplanters——fortheyarewithBerkeleyinJamestown——buttheplanters’wives。HereareMistressBacon（wifeoftheelderNathanielBacon），MistressBray;MistressBallard，MistressPage，andothers。Protesting，theseladiesenterBacon’scamp，whosendsoneasenvoyintothetownwiththemessagethat，ifBerkeleyattacks，thewholenumberofwomenshallbeplacedasshieldtoBacon’smenwhobuildearthworks。

Hewasasgood——orasbad——ashisword。AtthefirstshowofactionagainsthisworkmentheseroyalistwomenwereplacedinthefrontandwerekeptthereuntilBaconhadmadehiscounter—lineofdefense。SirWilliamBerkeleyhadgreatfaults，butattimes——notalways——hedisplayedchivalry。

Forthatday"theladies’whiteaprons"guardedGeneralBaconandallhisworks。Thenextday，thedefensescompleted，this"whitegarde"waswithdrawn。

Berkeleywaitednolongerbut，thoughnowatadisadvantage，openedfireandchargedwithhismenthroughgateandoverearthworks。Thebattlethatfollowedwasshortanddecisive。Berkeley’schance—gatheredarmywasnomatchforBacon’sseasonedIndianfightersandfordesperatemenwhoknewthattheymustwinorbehangedfortraitors。TheGovernor’sforcewaveredand，unabletostanditsground，turnedandfled，leavingbehindsomedeadandwounded。ThenBacon，whoalsohadcannon，openeduponthetownandtheshipsthatrodebeforeit。InthenighttheKing’sGovernorembarkedforthesecondtimeandwithhim，inthatarmadafromtheEasternShore，thegreaterpartoftheforcehehadgathered。Whendawncame，Baconsawthattheships，largeandsmall，weregone，sailingbacktoAccomac。BaconandhisfollowingthuscamepeaceablyintoJamestown，butwiththesomewhatfelldeterminationtoburntheplace。Itshould"harbornomorerogues。"

WhatBacon，Lawrence，Drummond，Hansford，andothersreallyhoped——whethertheyforecastedarepublicanVirginiafinallyatpeaceandprosperous——whethertheysawinavisionanewcapital，perhapsatMiddlePlantation，perhapsattheFallsoftheFarWest，acapitalthatshouldbewithoutold，tyrannicmemories——cannotnowbesaid。Howeveritallmaybe，theyputtorchtotheoldcapitaltownandsoonsawitconsumed，foritwasnogreatplace，andnothardtoburn。

JamestownhadhardlyceasedtosmokewhennewscamethatloyalistsunderColonelBrentweregatheringinnortherncounties。Bacon，nowillbutenergetictotheend，turnedwithpromptnesstomeetthisnewalarm。HecrossedtheYorkandmarchednorthwardthroughGloucesterCounty。Buttherivalforcesdidnotcometoafight。Brent’smendesertedbythedoublehandful。TheycameintoBacon’sranks"resolvingwiththePersianstogoandworshiptherisingsun。"Or，hangingfire，reluctanttocommitthemselveseitherway，theymeltedfromBrent，runninghomewardbyeveryroad。Bacon，withanenlarged，notlessenedarmy，drewbackintoGloucester。Revolutionaryfortunesshonefairinprospect。Yetitwasbutthemomentofbrief，deceptivebloombeforedecayandfall。

AtthiscriticalmomentBaconfellsickanddied。Somesaidthathewaspoisoned，butthathasneverbeenproved。TheillnessthathadattackedhimduringhissiegeofJamestownandthatheldonafterhisvictoryseemstohavesufficedforhistakingoff。InGloucesterCountyhe"surrenderedupthatforthewasnolongerabletokeep，intothehandsofthatgrimandall—conqueringCaptaineDeath。"Hisbodywasburied，saystheoldaccount，"butwheredepositedtilltheGeneralldaynotknowne，onlytothosewhoareresolutelysilentinthatparticular。"

WithBacon’sdeaththerefelltopiecesallthishopefulorunhopefulmovement。LawrencemighthaveasubtleheadandDrummondthecouragetopersevere;Hansford，Cheeseman，Bland，andothersmighthavevariedabilities。ButthepassionateanddeterminedBaconhadbeentheorganofaction;Bacon’stheeloquencethatcouldbringtothecausemenwithpropertytogiveaswellasmenwithlifetolose。Itisaquestionhowsoon，hadBaconnotdied，musthavefailedhisattemptatrevolution，desperatebecausesopremature。

BackcameBerkeleyfromAccomac，histurbulentenemythusremoved。AllwhofromthefirsthadheldwiththeKing’sGovernornowrodeemboldened。Manywhohadshoutedmoreorlessloudlyfortherisingstar，nowthatitwassountimelyset，madeeasyobeisancetotheoldsun。Agreatnumberwhohadwaveredinthewindnowdeclaredthattheyhaddonenosuchthing，buthadalwaysstoodsteadfastfortheancientpowers。

TheoldGovernor，whomightoncehavebeenmagnanimous，waschangedfortheworse。Hehadbeenwithstood;hewouldpunish。Henowgavefullreintohispassionatetemper，hisbigotryforthethrone，andhisfeelingofpersonalwrong。HebeganinVirginiatooutlawandarrestrebels，andtodoomthemtohastytrialsandexecutions。Therewasnolongeraunitedarmytomeet，butonlygroupsandindividualsstrivingforsafetyinflightorhiding。

HansfordwasearlytakenandhangedwithtwolieutenantsofBacon，WilfordandFarlow。Cheesemandiedinprison。DrummondwastakenintheswampsoftheChickahominyandcarriedbeforetheGovernor。Berkeleybroughthishandstogether。"Mr。Drummond，youareverywelcome！IammoregladtoseeyouthananymaninVirginia！Mr。Drummondyoushallbehangedinhalfanhour！"Notinhalfanhour，butonthesamedayhewashanged，imperturbableScottothelast。Lawrence，heldbymanytohavebeenmorethanBaconthetrueauthoroftheattempt，eitherputanendtohimselforescapednorthward，forhedisappearsfromhistory。"ThelastaccountofMr。

Lawrencewasfromanuppermostplantationwhenceheandfourotherdesperadoeswithhorses，pistols，etc。，marchedawayinasnowankledeep。"

They"werethoughttohavecastthemselvesintoa’branchofsomeriver，ratherthantobetreatedlikeDrummond。"ThuscametoearlyanduntimelyendtheringleadersofBacon’sRebellion。Inall，bytheGovernor’scommand，thirty—sevenmensuffereddeathbyhanging。

Therecomestous，downthecenturies，thecommentofthatKingforwhomBerkeleywassozealous，amanwhofellbehindhiscolonialGovernorinsinglenessofinterestbutexcelledhimingoodnature。"Thatoldfool，"

saidthesecondCharles，"hashangedmoremeninthatnakedcountrythanI

havedoneforthemurderofmyfather！"

ThatletterwhichBerkeleyhadwrittensomemonthsbeforetohissovereignaboutthe"watersofrebellion"wasnowseentohavebornefruit。InJanuary，whiletheGovernorwasyetrunningdownfugitives，confiscatinglands，andhanging"traitors，"asmallfleetfromEnglandsailedin，bringingaregimentof"RedCoates，"andwiththemthreecommissionerschargedwiththedutyofbringingorderoutofconfusion。Thesecommissioners，bearingtheKing’sproclamationofpardontoalluponsubmission，werekinderthantheirascibleandvindictiveGovernorofVirginia，andtheysucceededatlastinrestraininghisfury。TheymadetheirreporttoEngland，andaftersomemonthsobtainedasecondroyalproclamationcensuringBerkeley’svengefulcourse，"soderogatorytoourprincelyclemency，"abrogatingtheAssembly’smoreviolentacts，andextendingfullpardontoallconcernedinthelate"rebellion，"savingonlythearch—rebelBacon——towhomperhapsitnowmadelittledifferenceiftheypardonedhimornot。

Butwiththispieceofgoodnature，socharacteristicofthesecondCharles，therecameneithertotheKinginpersonnottoEnglandasawholeanyappreciationofthetrueillsbehindtheVirginianrevolt，noranyattempttorelievethem。AlongwiththeKing’sfirstproclamationcameinstructionsfortheGovernor。"YoushallbenomoreobligedtocallanAssemblyonceeveryyear，butonlyonceintwoyears……AlsowhensoevertheAssemblyiscalledfourteendaysshallbethetimeprefixedfortheirsittingandnolonger。"AndthenarrowedfranchisethatBacon’sAssemblyhadwidenedisnarrowedagain。"YoushalltakecarethatthemembersoftheAssemblybeelectedonlybyfreeholders，asbeingmoreagreeabletothecustomofEngland。"NoristhegranttoCulpeperandArlingtonrevoked。Nor，wideranddeeper，aretheNavigationLawsinanywisebettered。Nomorethanbefore，nomoreindeedthanacenturylater，isthereanyconceptionthatthechildexistsnomorefortheparentthantheparentforthechild。

SirWilliamBerkeley’sloyaltyhadintheendovershotitself。HiszealfatiguedtheKing，andin1677hewasrecalledtoEngland。AsGovernorofVirginiahehadbeenlongpopularatfirstbutinhisoldagedetested。Hehadgreatpersonalcourage，fidelity，andgenerosityforthosethingsthatranwiththecurrentofadeepandnarrowsoul。HepassesfromtheNewWorldstage，amarkedandtragicfigure。BehindhimhisvengeancesdispleasedevenloyalistVirginia，willingonthewholetoletbygonesbebygonesamongneighborsandkindred。Itissaidthat;whenhisshipwentdowntheriver，bonfireswerelightedandcannonandmusketsfiredforjoy。

Andsobeyondtheeastwardhorizonfadestheoldreactionary。

HerbertJeffreysandthenSirHenryChicheleyfollowBerkeleyasGovernorsofVirginia;theyaresucceededbyLordCulpeperandhebyLordHowardofEffingham。KingCharlesdiesandJamestheSecondrulesinEngland。

CulpeperandEffinghamplaytheGovernormerelyforwhattheycangetforthemselvesoutofVirginia。*Thepriceoftobaccogoesdown，down，Thecropsaretoolarge;theoldpoorremediesoflettingmuchacreagegounplanted，ordestroyingandburningwherethemeasureofproductionisexceeded，andofpetitionstotheKing，areallresortedto，buttheyprocurelittlerelief。Virginiacannotbecalledprosperous。EnglandhearsthatthepeoplearestilldisaffectedandunquietandEnglandstolidlywonderswhy。

*In1684theCrownpurchasedfromCulpeperallhisrightsexceptintheNorthernNeck。

DuringthereignofthesecondCharles，MarylandhadsufferedfrompoliticalunrestsomewhatlessthanVirginia。TheautocracyofMarylandwasmorebenevolentandmoretemperatethanthatofhersouthernneighbor。ThenameofCalvertisabettersymbolofwisdomthanthenameofBerkeley。

CecilCalvert，secondLordBaltimore，dyingin1675，hasafairnicheinthetempleofhumanenlightenment。HissonCharlessucceeded，thirdLordBaltimoreandLordProprietaryofMaryland。Well—intentioned，thisCalvertlackedsomethingoftheabilityofeitherhisfatherorhisgrandfather。

ThoughhelivedinMarylandwhilehisfatherhadlivedinEngland，hisgovernmentwasnotaswiseashisfather’shadbeen。

ButinMaryland，evenbeforethedeathofCecilCalvert，inherentevilswerebeginningtoformofthemselvesavisiblebody。InMaryland，asinVirginia，theresetinaftertheRestorationaperiodofreaction，ofcallousruleintheinterestsofanoligarchy。In1669a"packed"Councilandan"aristocratic"AssemblyprocuredarestrictionofthefranchisesimilartothatintroducedintoVirginia。AsinVirginia，anAssemblydeemedoftherightpoliticalhuewaskeptinbeingbythedeviceofadjournmentfromyeartoyear。InMaryland，asinVirginia，publicofficialswereguiltyofcorruptionandgraft。In1676thereseemstohavelackedforrevolt，inMaryland，onlytheimmediateprovocativeofacuteIndiantroublesandsuchleadersasBacon，Lawrence，andDrummond。ThenewLordBaltimorebeingforthetimeinEngland，hisdeputywriteshimthatneverwereany"morerepletewithmalignancyandfrenzythanourpeoplewereaboutAugustlast，andtheywantedbutamonstrousheadtotheironstrousbody。"Twoleadersindeedappeared，DavisandPatebyname，buthavingneitherthestandingnorthestrengthoftheVirginiarebels，theywerefinallytakenandhanged。Whatsupporterstheyhaddispersed，andthespecterofarmedinsurrectionpassedaway。

ThethirdLordBaltimore，likehisfather，founddifficultyinpreservingtheintegrityofhisdomain。HisfatherhadbeeninvolvedinalongwrangleovertheallegedinvasionofMarylandbytheDutch。Sincethen，NewNetherlandhadpassedintoEnglishhands。NowthereoccurredanotherencroachmentontheterritoryofMaryland。ThistimetheinvaderwasanEnglishmannamedWilliamPenn。JustastheideaofaNewWorldfreedomforCatholicshadappealedtothefirstLordBaltimore，sonowtoWilliamPenn，theQuaker，camethethoughtoffreedomtherefortheSocietyofFriends。

ThesecondCharlesowedanolddebttoPenn’sfather。Hepaiditin1681bygivingtotheson，whomheliked，aprovinceinAmerica。Littlebylittle，inordertogainforPennaccesstothesea，thetermsofhisgrantwerewideneduntilitincluded，besidethehugePennsylvanianregion，thetractthatisnowDelaware，whichwasthenclaimedbyBaltimore。MarylandprotestedagainstthegranttoPenn，asVirginiahadprotestedagainstthegranttoBaltimore——andequallyinvain。EnglandwasearlysetupontheroadtomanycoloniesinAmerica，destinedlatertobecomemanyStates。Onebyonetheywerecarvedoutofthefirstgreatunity。

In1685thetolerantCharlestheSeconddied。JamestheSecond，aCatholic，ruledEnglandforaboutthreeyears，andthenfledbeforetheRevolutionof1688。WilliamandMary，sovereignsofaProtestantEngland，cametothethrone。WehaveseenthattheProprietaryofMarylandandhisnumerouskinsmenandpersonaladherentswereCatholics。ApproximatelyoneineightofotherMarylanderswerefellowsinthatfaith。AnothereighthofthepeopleheldwiththeChurchofEngland。Therest，themassofthefolk，weredissentersfromthatChurch。AndnowalltheProtestantelementstogether——theQuakersexexceptedsolidifiedintopoliticalandreligiousoppositiontotheProprietary’srule。Baltimore，stillinEngland，hadimmediately，upontheaccessionofWilliamandMary，dispatchedorderstotheMarylandCounciltoproclaimthemKingandQueen。Buthismessengerdiedatsea，andtherewasdelayinsendinganother。InMarylandtheCouncilwouldnotproclaimthenewsovereignswithoutinstructions，anditwasevenrumoredthatCatholicMarylandmeanttowithstandtheneworder。

Ineffecttheolddayswereover。TheProtestants，ChurchmenandDissentersalike，proceededtoorganizeunderanewleader，oneJohnCoode。Theyformed"AnAssociationinarmsforthedefenseoftheProtestantreligion，andforassertingtherightofKingWilliamandQueenMarytotheProvinceofMarylandandalltheEnglishDominions。"Nowfollowedaconfusedtimeofaccusationsandcounter—accusations，withassertionsthatMarylandCatholicswereconspiringwiththeIndianstoperpetrateanewSt。

BartholomewmassacreofProtestants，andhotcounter—assertionsthatthisis"aslevelessfearandimaginationfomentedbytheartificeofsomeill—mindedpersons。"IntheendCoodeassembledaforceofsomethinglessthanathousandmenandmarchedagainstSt。Mary’s。TheCouncil，whichhadgatheredthere，surrendered，andtheAssociationfortheDefensefounditselfinpower。ItproceededtocallaconventionandtomemorializetheKingandQueen，whointheendapproveditscourse。MarylandpassedundertheimmediategovernmentoftheCrown。LordBaltimoremightstillreceivequit—rentsandcustoms，buthisgovernmentalrightswereabsorbedintothemonarchy。SirLionelCopleycameoutasRoyalGovernor，andaneworderbeganinMaryland。

TheheydayofCatholicfreedomwaspast。EnglandwouldhaveaProtestantAmerica。Episcopaliansweregreatlyintheminority，buttheirChurchnowbecamedominantoverbothCatholicandDissenter，andwherethefreethinkerraisedhisheadhewassmittendown。CatholicandDissenterandallalikeweretaxedtokeepstabletheEstablishedChurch。Theoldtolerance，suchasitwas，wasover。Marylandpacedevenwiththerestoftheworld。

PresentlytheoldcapitalofSt。Mary’swasabandoned。ThegovernmentremovedtothebanksoftheSevern，toProvidence——soon，whenAnneshouldbeQueen，toberenamedAnnapolis。InvaintheinhabitantsofSt。Mary’sremonstrated。ThecenterofpoliticalgravityinMarylandhadshifted。

ThethirdLordBaltimorediedin1715。HissonBenedict，fourthlord，turnedfromtheCatholicChurchandbecameamemberoftheChurchofEngland。Dyingpresently，heleftayoungson，Charles，fifthLordBaltimore，tobebroughtupinthefoldoftheEstablishedChurch。

Reconcilednowtothedominantcreed，withaMarylandwhereCatholicswereheavilypenalized，BaltimoreresumedthegovernmentunderfavoroftheCrown。Butitwasagovernmentwithadifference。InMaryland，aseverywhere，thepeoplewerebeginningtoholdthereins。Notagaintheoldlordandtheoldunderling！Foryearstocomethelordswouldsaythattheygoverned，butstronglifearosebeneath，around，andabovetheirgoverning。

Marylandhadby1715withinherboundsmorethanfortythousandwhitemenandnearlytenthousandblackmen。Shestillplantedandshippedtobacco，butpresentlyfoundhowwellshemightraisewheat，andthatit，too，wasvaluabletosendawayinexchangeforallkindsofmanufacturedthings。

ThusMarylandbegantobealandofwheatstillmorethanalandoftobacco。

Fortherest，conditionsoflifeinMarylandparalleledprettycloselythoseinVirginia。Marylandwasalmostwhollyrural;herplantationsandfarmswerereachedwithdifficultybyroadshardlymorethanbridle—paths，orwitheasebysailboatandrowboatalongtheinnumerablewaterways。

Thoughhereandtheremanors——large，easygoing，patriarchalplaces，withvague，feudalwaysandcustoms——weretobefound，themoderatesizedplantationwastherule。Herestood，insightusuallyofbluewater，theplanter’sdwellingofbrickorwood。Arounditgrewupthetypicalouthouses，householdoffices，andstorerooms;fartherawayyetclusteredthecabinquartersalikeofslavesandindenturedlabor。Thenstretchedthefieldsofcornandwheat，thefieldsoftobacco。Here，atriverorbayside，wasthehomewharforlanding。Herethetobaccowasrolledincasks;

hererattledtheanchoroftheshipthatwastotakeittoEnglandandbringinreturnathousandandonemanufacturedarticles。TherewerenofactoriesinMarylandorVirginia。Yetartisanswerefoundamongtheplantationlaborers——"carpenters，coopers，sawyers，blacksmiths，tanners，curriers，shoemakers，spinners，weavers，andknitters。"Throughoutthecolonies，asineverynewcountry，menandwomen，besidesbeingagriculturists，producedhomemademuchthatmen，women，andchildrenneeded。Butmanyotherarticlesandallluxuriescameintheshipsfromoverseas，andtheharvestofthefieldspaidtheaccount。

CHAPTERXIV。THECAROLINAS

ThefirstsettlersonthebanksoftheJamesRiver，lookingfrombeneaththeirhandssouthwardoverplainlandandahazeofendlessforests，calledthatunexploredcountrySouthVirginia。Itstretchedawaytothoseriversandbays，tothatislandofRoanoke，whencehadfledRaleigh’ssettlers。

Beyondthat，saidtheJamesRivermen，wasFlorida。Timepassed，andtheregionofSouthVirginiawasoccasionallyspokenofasCarolina，thoughwhetherthatnamewasdrawnfromCharlestheFirstofEngland，orwhetherthoseoldunfortunateHuguenotsinFloridahaduseditwithreferencetoCharlestheNinthofFrance，isnotcertainlyknown。

SouthVirginialayhuge，unknown，unsettled。TheonlyexceptionwasthecountryimmediatelybelowthesouthernbanksofthelowerJameswiththepromontorythatpartiallyclosedinChesapeakeBay。Virginia，growingfast，atlastsentherchildrenintothisregion。In1653theAssemblyenacted：

"UponthepetitionofRogerGreen，clarke，onthebehalfeofhimselfeandinhabitantsofNansemundriver，ItisorderedbythispresentGrandAssemblythattennthousandacresoflandbegranteduntoonehundredsuchpersonswhoshallfirstseateonMoratuckorRoanokeriverandthelandlyinguponthesouthsideofChoanriverandtheranchesthereof，Providedthatsuchseaterssettleadvantageouslyforsecurityandbesufficientlyfurnishedwithamunitionandstrength……"

Greenandhismen，wellfurnishedpresumablywithfirelocks，bullets，andpowder—horns，wentintothishinterland。Atintervalstherefollowedotherhardyfolk。Quakers，subjecttopersecutioninoldVirginia，fledintothesewilds。ThenameCarolinagrewtomeanbackwoods，frontiersman’sland。

Herewereforestandstream，Indianandbearandwolf，bluewatersofsoundandsea，longoutwardlyingreefsandshoalsandislets，fertilesoilandaclimeneitherhotnorcold。Slowlythepeopleincreasedinnumber。FamiliesleftsettledVirginiaforthewilderness;menwithoutfamiliescamethereforreasonsgoodandbad。Theircabins，theirtinyhamletswerefarapart;

theypractisedahazardousagriculture;theyhunted，fished，andtradedwiththeIndians。Theisolationofthesesettlersbredorincreasedtheirpersonalindependence，whileitrobbedthemofthatsmoothnesstobegainedwherethesocialparticlesrubtogether。ThispartofSouthVirginiawassoontobecalledNorthCarolina。

FardownthecoastwasCapeFear。IntheyearoftheRestorationahandfulofNewEnglandmencamehereinashipandmadeasettlementwhich，notprospering，waserelongabandoned。ButNewEnglanderstradedstillinSouthVirginiaasalongothercoasts。Seafarers，theyenteredatthisinletandatthat，crossedthewidebluesounds，and，anchoringinmouthsofrivers，purchasedfromthesettlerstheirforestcommodities。ThenovertheyrantotheWestIndies，andgotinexchangesugarandrumandmolasses，withwhichagaintheytradedfortobaccoinCarolina，inVirginia，andinMaryland。TheseshipswentoftentoNewProvidenceintheBahamasandtoBarbados。Therebegan，throughtradeandothercircumstances，aspecialconnectionbetweenthelongcoastlineandtheseislandsthatwerepeopledbytheEnglish。TherestoredKingdomofEnglandhadmanyadherentstoreward。LandinAmerica，islandsandmain，formedtheobviousFortunatus’spurse。AsthesecondCharleshaddividedVirginiaforthebenefitofArlingtonandCulpeper，sonow，in1663，to"ourrighttrustyandrightwell—belovedcousinsandcounsellors，Edward，EarlofClarendon，ourHighChancellorofEngland，andGeorge，DukeofAlbemarle，MasterofourHorseandCaptainGeneralofallourForces，ourrighttrustyandwell—belovedWilliam，LordCraven，John，LordBerkeley，ourrighttrustyandwell—belovedcounsellor，Anthony，LordAshley，ChancellorofourExchequer，SirGeorgeCarteret，KnightandBaronet，ViceChamberlainofourHousehold，andourtrustyandwell—belovedSirWilliamBerkeley，Knight，andSirJohnColleton，KnightandBaronet，"hegaveSouthVirginia，henceforthcalledtheCarolinas，aregionoccupyingfivedegreesoflatitude，andstretchingindefinitelyfromtheseacoasttowardthesettingsun。

Thishugeterritorybecame，likeMaryland，aprovinceorpalatinate。InMarylandwasoneProprietary;inCarolinatherewereeight，thoughfordistinctionthesenioroftheeightwascalledthePalatine。AsinMaryland，theProprietarieshadprincelyrights。TheyowedallegiancetoEngland，andasmallquit—rentwenttotheKing。Theyweresupposedtogovern，inthemain，byEnglishlawandtoupholdthereligionofEngland。Theyweretomakelawsattheirdiscretion，with"theadvice，assent，andapprobationofthefreemen，oroftheirdeputies，whoweretobeassembledfromtimetotimeasseemedbest。"

JohnLocke，whowrotethe"EssayConcerningHumanUnderstanding"，wrotealso，withAshleyathisside，"TheFundamentalConstitutionsofCarolina，innumberaHundredandTwenty，agreeduponbythePalatineandLordsProprietors，toremainthesacredandunalterableformandRuleofgovernmentofCarolinaforever。"

"Forever"isalongwordwithofttimesashorthistory。TheLordsProprietorshavelefttheirnamesuponthemapsofNorthandSouthCarolina。ThereareAlbemarleSoundandtheAshleyandCooperrivers，Clarendon，Hyde，Carteret，Craven，andColletonCounties。ButtheirFundamentalConstitutions，"innumberahundredandtwenty，"writtenbyLockein1669，arealmostallasdeadastheleavesoftheCarolinaforestfallingintheautumnofthatyear。

ThegrantincludedthatterritorysettledbyRogerGreenandhismen。AmongtheProprietorssatSirWilliamBerkeley，GovernorofVirginia，theonlylordofCarolinaactuallyuponAmericanground。FollowinginstructionsfromhissevenfellowsBerkeleynowdeclaredthisregionseparatedfromVirginiaandattachedtoCarolina。HechristeneditAlbemarle。Strangelyenough，hesentasGovernorthatScotchman，WilliamDrummond，whomsomeyearslaterhewouldhang。DrummondshouldhaveaCouncilofsixandanAssemblyoffreementhatmightinauguratelegislationhavingtodowithlocalmattersbutmustsubmititsactstotheProprietariesforvetoorapproval。ThiswasthesettlementinCarolinaofAlbemarle，backcountrytoVirginia，gathererthenceofmanythatwerehardyandsound，manythatwereunfortunate，andmanythatwereshiftlessanduntamed。AnuncouthnurseofaturbulentdemocracywasAlbemarle。

CapeFear，fardownthedeeplyfrayedcoast，seemedaproperplacetowhichtosendacolony。TheintrusiveMassachusettsmenweregone。But"gentlemenandmerchants"ofBarbadoswereinterested。ItisafarcryfromBarbadostotheCarolinashore，butsoisitafarcryfromEngland。ManyroyalistshadfledtoBarbadosduringtheoldtroubles，sothatitsEnglishpopulationwasconsiderable。Anumbermayhavewelcomedthechancetoleavetheirsmallislandfortheimmensecontinent;andanEnglishtradingportasfarsouthasCapeFearmusthavehadageneralappeal。So，in1665，cameEnglishmenfromBarbadosandmade，uptheCapeFearRiver，asettlementwhichtheynamedClarendon，withJohnYeamansofBarbadosasGovernor。Butthecolonydidnotprosper。Therearosethetypicalcolonialtroubles—sickness，dissensions，improvidence，quarrelswiththeaborigines。

Norwasthesitethebestobtainable。Thesettlersfinallyabandonedtheplaceandscatteredtovariouspointsalongthenortherncoast。

In1669theLordsProprietariessentoutfromEnglandthreeships，theCarolina，thePortRoyal，andtheAlbemarle，withaboutahundredcolonistsaboard。Takingtheoldsearoad，theycameatlasttoBarbados，andheretheAlbemarle，seizedbyastorm，waswrecked。Thetwootherships，withaBarbadossloop，sailedonanalwereapproachingtheBahamaswhenanotherhurricanedestroyedthePortRoyal。TheCarolina，however，pushedonwiththesloop，reachedBermuda，andrestedthere;then，togetherwithasmallshippurchasedintheseislands，sheturnedwestbysouthandcameinMarchof1670tothegoodharborofPortRoyal，SouthCarolina。

Southwardfromtheharborwheretheshipsrode，stretchedoldFlorida，heldbytheSpaniards。TherewastheSpanishtown，St。Augustine。ThenceSpanishshipsmightputforthanddescendupontheEnglishnewcomers。ThecolonistsafterdebateconcludedtosetsomefurtherspacebetweenthemandlandsofSpain。Theshipsputagaintosea，beatnorthwardafewleagues，andatlastenteredaharborintowhichemptiedtworivers，presentlytobecalledtheAshleyandtheCooper。UptheAshleytheywentalittleway，anchored，andthecolonistsgoingashorebegantobuilduponthewestbankoftheriveratownwhichfortheKingtheynamedCharlesTown。Tenyearslaterthisplacewasabandonedinfavorofthemoreconvenientpointoflandbetweenthetworivers。HerethenwasbuildedthesecondandmoreenduringCharlesTown——Charleston，aswecallitnow，inSouthCarolina。