Pioneers of the Old Southwest

第7章

TheintrigantsofautocraticsystemshaveneverbeenabletounderstandthattheurgeofthespiritofindependenceinmenisnotprimarilytobreakshacklesbuttoSTANDALONEandthatthebreakingofbondsisincidentaltothetruedemonstrationoffreedom。TheBourbonsandtheiragentswerenomorenorlessblindtothegreatprinciplestirringtheheartsofmenintheirdaythanwerethePrussianizedhostsoverahundredyearslaterwho，havingthemselvesnoacquaintancewiththelawofliberty，couldnotforeseethathalfaworldwouldriseinarmstomaintainthatlaw。

WhentheWarofIndependencehadended，theFrenchMinister，Vergennes，andtheSpanishMinister，Floridablanca，secretlyworkedinunisontopreventEngland’srecognitionofthenewrepublic；andFloridablancain1782evenofferedtoassistEnglandifshewouldmakefurthereffortstosubdueher"rebelsubjects。"BothLatinpowershadtheirownaxestogrind，andAmericawastotendthegrindstone。FrancelookedforrecoveryofheroldprestigeinEuropeandexpectedtosupersedeEnglandincommerce。Shewoulddothis，inthebeginning，chieflythroughcontrolofAmericaandofAmerica’scommerce。VergennesthereforesoughtnotonlytodictatethefinaltermsofpeacebutalsotosaywhattheAmericancommissionersshouldandshouldnotdemand。

Ofthelattergentlemenhesaidthattheypossessed"caracterespeumaniables！"InwritingtoLuzerne，theFrenchAmbassadorinPhiladelphia，onOctober14，1782，Vergennessaid："itbehoovesustoleavethem[theAmericancommissioners]totheirillusions，todoeverythingthatcanmakethemfancythatwesharethem，andundertakeonlytodefeatanyattemptstowhichthoseillusionsmightcarrythemifourcooperationisrequired。"Amongthese"illusions"wereAmerica’sdesiresinregardtothefisheriesandtothewesternterritory。ConcerningtheWest，VergenneshadwrittentoLuzerne，asearlyasJuly18，1780："Atthemomentwhentherevolutionbrokeout，thelimitsoftheThirteenStatesdidnotreachtheRiver[Mississippi]anditwouldbeabsurdforthemtoclaimtherightsofEngland，apowerwhoseruletheyhadabjured。"BythesecrettreatywithSpain，furthermore，FrancehadagreedtocontinuethewaruntilGibraltarshouldbetaken，and——iftheBritishshouldbedrivenfromNewfoundland——tosharethefisheriesonlywithSpain，andtosupportSpainindemandingthattheThirteenStatesrenounceallterritorywestoftheAlleghanies。TheAmericanStatesmustbynomeansachieveagenuineindependencebutmustfeeltheneedofsureties，allies，andprotection。*

*SeeJohnJay，"OnthePeaceNegotiationsof1782-1788asIllustratedbytheSecretCorrespondenceofFranceandEngland，"

NewYork，1888。

SointentwasVergennesontheseaimsthathesentasecretemissarytoEnglandtofurtherthemthere。ThisactofhisperhapsgavethefirstinklingtotheEnglishstatesmen*thatAmericanandFrenchdesireswerenotidenticalandhastenedEngland’srecognitionofAmericanindependenceandheragreementtoAmericandemandsinregardtothewesternterritory。When，tohisamazement，VergenneslearnedthatEnglandhadaccededtoallAmerica’sdemands，hesaidthatEnglandhad"boughtthepeace"

ratherthanmadeit。ThepolicyofVergennesinregardtoAmericawasnotunjustlypronouncedbyalaterFrenchstatesman"AVILE

SPECULATION。"

*"YourLordshipwaswellfoundedinyoursuspicionthatthegrantingofindependencetoAmericaasapreviousmeasureisapointwhichtheFrenchhavebynomeansatheartandperhapsareentirelyaversefrom。"LetterfromFitzherberttoGrantham，September3，1782。

ThroughEngland’sunexpectedaction，then，theBourboncousinshadforeverlosttheiropportunitytodominatetheyoungbutspentandwar-weakenedRepublic，ortouseAmericaasacatspawtosnatchEnglishcommerceforFrance。Itwasplain，too，thatanyfrankmoveofthesortwouldrangetheEnglishalongsideoftheirAmericankinsmen。SinceAmericanIndependencewasanaccomplishedfactandthereforecouldnolongerbeprevented，thepresentobjectoftheBourboncousinswastorestrictit。TheAppalachianMountainsshouldbethewesternlimitsofthenewnation。ThereforethesettlementsinKentuckyandTennesseemustbebrokenup，orthesettlersmustbeinducedtosecedefromtheUnionandraisetheSpanishbanner。Thelatteralternativewasheldtobepreferable。Tobringitaboutthesamemethodsweretobecontinuedwhichhadbeenusedpriortoandduringthewar——namely，theuseofagentsprovocateurstocorrupttheignorantandincitethelawless，theinstigationofIndianmassacrestodauntthebrave，andthedistributionofgoldtobuytheavaricious。

Asherfinalandsuprememeansofcoercion，SpainrefusedtoAmericatherightofnavigationontheMississippiandsodeprivedtheWesternersofamarketfortheirproduce。TheNorthernStates，havingnoimmediateusefortheMississippi，werewillingtoplacateSpainbyacknowledginghermonopolyofthegreatwaterway。ButVirginiaandNorthCarolinaweredeterminedthatAmericashouldnot，bycongressionalenactment，surrenderher"naturalright"；andtheycitedtheproposedlegislationastheirreasonforrefusingtoratifytheConstitution。"Theactwhichabandonsit[therightofnavigation]isanactofseparationbetweentheeasternandwesterncountry，"Jeffersonrealizedatlast。"Anactofseparation"——thatpointhadlongbeenverycleartotheLatinsachemsoftheMississippiValley！

BoundedastheywereononesidebytheprecipitousmountainsandontheotherbythesouthwardflowoftheMississippianditstributary，theOhio，thetrappersandgrowersofcorninKentuckyandwesternTennesseeregardedNewOrleansastheirlogicalmarket，asthewidewatersweretheirnaturalroute。Ifmarketandrouteweretobeclosedtothem，theircommercialadvancementwassomethinglessthanadream。

In1785，DonEstevanMiro，agentlemanofartfulandwinningaddress，becameGovernorofLouisianaandfountainheadofthepropaganda。HewrotebenignandbrotherlyepistlestoJamesRobertsonoftheCumberlandandtoHisExcellencyofFranklin，suggestingthattobeofservicetothemwashisdearestaiminlife；andatthesametimehekeptthesouthernIndianscontinuallyonthewarpath。WhenRobertsonwrotetohimoftheCreekandCherokeedepredations，withahintthattheSpanishmighthavesomeresponsibilityinthematter，MirorepliedbyofferingtheCumberlanderasafehomeonSpanishterritorywithfreedomofreligionandnotaxes。HedisclaimedstirringuptheIndians。Hehad，infact，advisedMrMcGillivray，chiefoftheCreeks，tomakepeace。HewouldtryagainwhathecoulddowithMr。McGillivray。AstotheCherokees，theyresidedinaverydistantterritoryandhewasnotacquaintedwiththem；hemighthaveaddedthathedidnotneedtobe：hisfriendMcGillivraywasthepotentpersonalityamongtheSoutherntribes。

InAlexanderMcGillivray，Mirofoundaweaponfashionedtohishand。IftheCreekchieftain’sfiguremightstandasthesymboloftreachery，itisnonethelessoneofthemostpicturesqueandpatheticinourearlyannals。McGillivray，itwillberemembered，wasthesonofAdair’sfriendLachlanMcGillivray，thetrader，andaCreekwomanwhosesirehadbeenaFrenchofficer。A

brilliantandbeautifulyouth，hehadgivenhisfatheraprideinhimwhichisgenerallydeniedtothefathersofsonswithIndianbloodinthem。TheHighlandtraderhadsparednothinginhisson’seducationandhadplacedhim，afterhisschooldays，inthebusinessofficeofthelargetradingestablishmentofwhichhehimselfwasamember。AtabouttheageofseventeenAlexanderhadbecomeachieftaininhismother’snation；anddoubtlessitishewhoappearsshortlyafterwardsintheColonialRecordsastheWhiteLeaderwhoseinfluenceisseentohavebeenatworkforfriendshipbetweenthecolonistsandthetribes。WhentheRevolutionaryWarbrokeout，LachlanMcGillivray，likemanyoftheoldtraderswhohadservedBritishinterestssolongandsofaithfully，heldtotheBritishcause。GeorgiaconfiscatedallhispropertyandLachlanfledtoScotland。Forthis，hissonhatedthepeopleofGeorgiawithaperfecthatred。Herememberedhowoftenhisfather’scouragealonehadstoodbetweenthosesamepeopleandthewarlikeCreeks。Hecouldrecallthefewdaysin1760whenLachlanandhisfellowtrader，Galphin，attheriskoftheirliveshadbravedtheCreekwarriors——alreadypaintedforwarandonthemarch——andsohadsavedthesettlementsoftheBackCountryfromextermination。HelookeduponthemenofGeorgiaasanIndianregardsthosewhoforgeteitherabloodgiftorabloodvengeance。AndheembracedthewholeAmericannationinhishatredfortheirsakes。

In1776AlexanderMcGillivraywasinhisearlythirties-theexactdateofhisbirthisuncertain。*Hehad，wearetold，thetall，sturdy，butsparephysiqueoftheGael，withacountenanceofIndiancolorthoughnotofIndiancast。Hisoverhangingbrowsmademorestrikinghisverylargeandluminousdarkeyes。Heborehimselfwithgreatdignity；hisvoicewassoft，hismannergentle。HemighthavebeensupposedtobesomeLatincourtierbutforthebarbaricdisplayofhisdressandhisornaments。Hepossessedextraordinarypersonalmagnetism，andhispowerextendedbeyondtheCreeknationtotheChoctawsandChickasawsandtheSouthernCherokees。HehadlongbeenwooedbytheLouisianaauthorities，butthereisnoevidencethathehadmadealliancewiththempriortotheRevolution。

*Probablyabout1741or1742。Somewritersgive1739andothers1746。HisfatherlandedinCharleston，Pickett（"HistoryofAlabama"）says，in1735，andwasthenonlysixteen。

EarlyinthewarhejoinedtheBritish，receivedacolonel’scommission，andledhisformidableCreeksagainstthepeopleofGeorgia。WhentheBritishweredrivenfromtheBackCountries，McGillivray，inhisBritishuniform，wentonwiththewar。WhentheBritishmadepeace，McGillivrayexchangedhisBritishuniformforaSpanishoneandwentonwiththewar。Inlaterdays，whenhehadforcedCongresstopayhimforhisfather’sconfiscatedpropertyandhadmadepeace，heworetheuniformofanAmericanBrigadierGeneral；buthedidnotkeepthepeace，neverhavingintendedtokeepit。ItwasnotuntilhehadseentheSpanishplotscollapseandhadrealizedthattheAmericansweretodominatetheland，thattheWhiteLeaderceasedfromwarandurgedtheyouthsofhistribetoadoptAmericancivilization。

Spentfromhateandwastedwithdissipation，heretiredatlasttothespotwhereLachlanhadsetuphisfirstCreekhome。Herehelivedhisfewremainingdaysinahousewhichhebuiltonthesiteoftheoldruinedcabinaboutwhichstillstoodthelittlegroveofappletreeshisfatherhadplanted。HediedattheageoffiftyofafevercontractedwhilehewasonabusinesserrandinPensacola。Amongthosewhovisitedhiminhislastyears，onehasleftthisdescriptionofhim："Dissipationhassappedaconstitutionoriginallydelicateandfeeble。Hepossessesanatticismofdictionaidedbyaliberaleducation，agreatfundofwitandhumormelioratedbyaperfectgoodnatureandpoliteness。"SetbesidethatkindlypicturethisroughetchingbyJamesRobertson："Thebiggestdevilamongthem[theSpaniards]isthehalfSpaniard，halfFrenchman，halfScotchmanandaltogetherCreekscoundrel，McGillivray。"

HowindefatigablyMcGillivraydidhisworkweknowfromthebloodyannalsoftheyearswhichfollowedtheBritish-Americanpeace，whenthemenoftheCumberlandandofFranklinwereonthedefensivecontinually。HowcleverlyMireplayedhispersonalrolewediscoverinthelettersaddressedtohimbySevierandRobertson。Theselettersshowthat，asfaraswordsgoatanyrate，thefoundersofTennesseewerewillingtonegotiatewithSpain。InaletterdatedSeptember12，1788，SevierofferedhimselfandhistotteringStateofFranklintotheSpanishKing。

Thisoffermayhavebeenmadetogainarespite，oritmayhavebeengenuine。ThesituationintheTennesseesettlementswastrulydesperate，forneitherNorthCarolinanorCongressapparentlycaredintheleastwhatbefellthemorhowsoon。NorthCarolinaindeedwasinananomalousposition，asshehadnotyetratifiedtheFederalConstitution。IfFranklinwentoutofexistenceandtheterritorywhichitincludedbecameagainpartofNorthCarolina，Sevierknewthatalargepartofthenewlysettledcountrywould，underNorthCarolina’streaties，reverttotheIndians。Thatmeantruintolargenumbersofthosewhohadputtheirfaithinhisstar，orelseitmeantrenewedconflicteitherwiththeIndiansorwiththeparentState。TheprobabilitiesariathatSevierhopedtoplaytheSpaniardsagainsttheEasternerswho，evenwhiledenyingtheWesterners’

contentionthatthemountainswerea"natural"barrierbetweenthem，weremakingofthemabarrierofindifference。Itwouldseemso，because，althoughthiswastheveryaimofallMiro’sactivitiessothat，hadhebeenassuredofthesincerityoftheoffer，hemusthavegraspedatit，yetnothingdefinitewasdone。

AndSevierwaspresentlyinformingShelby，nowinKentucky，thattherewasaSpanishplotafoottoseizethewesterncountry。

MirohadotheragentsbesidesMcGillivray——who，bytheway，wascostingSpain，forhisownservicesandthoseoffourtribesaggregatingoversixthousandwarriors，asumoffifty-fivethousanddollarsayear。McGillivraydidverywellassuperintendentofmassacres；buttheSpaniardrequiredadifferenttypeofman，anAmericanwhoenjoyedhiscountry’strust，tobringthelargerplantofruition。MirofoundthatmaninGeneralJamesWilkinson，latelyoftheContinentalArmyandnowaresidentofKentucky，whichterritoryWilkinsonundertooktodelivertoSpain，foraprice。In1787WilkinsonsecretlytooktheoathofallegiancetoSpainandislistedinthefilesoftheSpanishsecretservice，appropriately，as"NumberThirteen。"Hewasindeedthethirteenthattable，theJudasatthefeast。

Somewhatundermiddleheight，Wilkinsonwashandsome，graceful，andremarkablymagnetic。Ofagood，ifratherimpoverished，Marylandfamily，hewaswelleducatedandwidelyreadforthetimes。Withabrilliantandversatileintellectualityandreadygiftsasaspeaker，heswayedmeneasily。Hewasaboldsoldierandwasendowedwithphysicalcourage，thoughwhenengagedinpersonalcontestsheseldomexertedit——preferringtheredtongueofslanderorthehiredassassin’sshotfrombehindcover。Hisrecordfailstodiscloseonecommendabletrait。Hewasinordinatelyavaricious，butloveofmoneywasnothiswholemotiveforce：hehadaspiritsojealousandmalignantthathehatedtothedeathanotherman’sgood。Heseemedtodivineinstantlywhereinothermenwereweakandtounderstandthespeediestandbestmeansofsuborningthemtohisowninterests——orofdestroyingthem。

WilkinsonwasabletolureanumberofKentuckiansintotheseparatistmovement。GeorgeRogersClarkseriouslydisturbedthearchplotterbyseizingaSpanishtrader’sstorewherewithtopayhissoldiers，whomVirginiahadomittedtorecompense。ThisactarousedthesuspicionsoftheSpanish，eitherastoNumberThirteen’sperfectloyaltyorastohisabilitytodeliverthewesterncountry。In1786，whenClarkledtwothousandmenagainsttheOhioIndiansinhislastandhisonlyunsuccessfulcampaign，WilkinsonhadalreadysettledhimselfneartheFalls（Louisville）

andhadlookedaboutformischiefwhichhemightdoforprofit。

WhetherhisinfluencehadanythingtodowithwhatamountedvirtuallytoamutinyamongClark’sforcesisnotascertainable；

but，foradisinterestedonlooker，hewasoverswifttospreadthenewsofClark’sdebacleandtodeclaregleefullythatClark’ssunofmilitarygloryhadnowforeverset。ItisalsoknownthathelaterservedothergeneralstreacherouslyinIndianexpeditionsandthatheintriguedwithMadAnthonyWayne’sKentuckytroopsagainsttheircommander。

SpaindidnotwishtoseetheIndianscrushed；andWilkinsonhimselfbothhatedandfearedanyotherofficer’sprestige。Howlonghehadbeeninforeignpaywecanonlyconjecture，for，severalyearsbeforehetransplantedhisactivitiestoKentucky，hehadbeenoneofacabalagainstWashington。Notonlyhisambitionsbuthisnaturemustinevitablyhavebroughthimtothedeath-battlewithGeorgeRogersClark。Asamilitaryleader，Clarkhadgenius，andsoldieringwashispassion。Innature，hewasopen，frank，andboldtomakefoesifhescornedaman’swayasignobleordishonest。WilkinsonsuavelysetaboutschemingforClark’sruin。HiscommunicationormemorialtotheVirginiaAssembly——signedbyhimselfandanumberofhisfriends——villifyingClark，endedClark’schancesforthecommissionintheContinentalArmywhichhecraved。ItwasWilkinsonwhomadepublicanincriminatingletterwhichhadClark’ssignatureattachedandwhichClarksaidhehadneverseen。ItistobesupposedthatNumberThirteenwasresponsiblealsoforthemalevolentanonymousletteraccusingClarkofdrunkennessandschemingwhich，sostrangely，founditswayintotheCalendarofStatePapersofVirginia。*Asaresult，ClarkwascensuredbyVirginia。ThereuponhepetitionedforaCourtofInquiry，butthiswasnotgranted。WilkinsonhadtogetridofClark；forifClark，withhismilitarygiftsandhispowerovermen，hadbeenelevatedtoapositionofcommandunderthesmileoftheGovernment，therewouldhavebeensmallopportunityforJamesW

WilkinsontoleadtheKentuckiansandtogatherinSpanishgold。

Sothemachinationsofoneofthevilesttraitorswhoeversoldhiscountrywereemployedtobringaboutthestultificationandhencethedownfallofagreatservant。

*SeeThomasM。Greene’s"TheSpanishConspiracy，"p。78，footnote。ItispossiblethatWilkinson’sintriguesprovidedataforanewbiographyofClarkwhichmayrecastinsomemeasuretheacceptedviewofClarkatthisperiod。

Wilkinson’schiefaidsweretheIrishmen，O’Fallon，Nolan，andPowers。ThroughNolan，healsovendedSpanishsecrets。Hesold，indeed，whateverandwhomeverhecouldgethispricefor。Socleverwashethatheescapeddetection，thoughhewasobligedtoremovesomesuspicions。HesucceededWayneascommanderoftheregulararmyin1796。HewasoneofthecommissionerstoreceiveLouisianawhenthePurchasewasarrangedin1803。HewasstillontheSpanishpayrollatthattime。Wilkinson’struerecordcametolightonlywhentheSpanisharchiveswereopenedtoinvestigators。

TherewereBritishagentsalsointheOldSouthwest，forthedissatisfactionoftheWesternmeninspiredinEnglishmenthehopeofrecoveringtheMississippiBasin。LordDorchester，GovernorofCanada，wrotetotheBritishGovernmentthathehadbeenapproachedbyimportantWesterners；buthereceivedadvicefromEnglandtomoveslowly。ForcomplicityintheBritishschemes，WilliamBlount，whowasfirstterritorialGovernorofTennesseeandlaterasenatorfromthatState，wasexpelledfromtheSenate。

Surelytherewasneveramoreelaboratenetworkofplotsthatcametonothing！TheconcessiontoAmericansin1796oftherightofnavigationontheMississippibroughtanendtothescheming。

InthesameyearTennesseewasadmittedtotheUnion，andJohnSevierwaselectedGovernorSevier’spopularitywasundiminished，thoughtherewereatthistimesomesixtythousandsoulsinTennessee，manyofwhomwerelatecomerswhohadnotknownhiminhisheyday。Hisoldpowertowinmentohimmusthavebeenasstrongasever，foritisrecordedthathehadonlytoenterapoliticalmeeting——nomatterwhose——forthecrowdtocheerhimandshoutforhimto"givethematalk。"

ThisadulationofSevierstillannoyedafewmenwhohadambitionsoftheirown。AmongthesewasAndrewJackson，whohadcometoJonesboroughin1788，justafterthecollapseoftheStateofFranklin。Hewastwenty-oneatthattime，andheissaidtohaveenteredJonesboroughridingafineracerandleadinganother，withapackofhuntingdogsbayingornosingalongafterhim。AcourtrecorddatedMay12，1788，aversthat"AndrewJackson，Esq。cameintoCourtandproducedalicenceasanAttorneyWithACertificatesufficientlyAttestedofhisTakingtheOathNecessarytosaidofficeandWasadmittedtoPractissasanAttorneyintheCountyCourts。"JacksonmadenohistoryinoldWataugaduringthatyear。NextyearhemovedtoNashville，andoneyearlater，whentheSuperiorCourtwasestablished（1790），hebecameprosecutingattorney。

ThefeudbetweenJacksonandSevierbeganaboutthetimethatTennesseeenteredtheUnion。Jackson，thentwenty-nine，wasdefeatedforthepostofMajorGeneraloftheMilitiathroughtheinfluencewhichSevierexercisedagainsthim，anditseemsthatJacksonneverforgavethisoppositiontohisambitions。BythecloseofSevier’sthirdterm，however，in1802，whenArchibaldRoanebecameGovernor，thepostofMajorGeneralwasagainvacant。

BothSevierandJacksonofferedthemselvesforit，andJacksonwaselectedbythedecidingvoteoftheGovernor，themilitaryvotehavingresultedinatie。AstrongcurrentofinfluencehadnowsetinagainstSevierandinvolvedchargesagainsthishonor。

HisoldenemyTiptonwasstillactive。Thebasisofthechargeswasafileofpapersfromtheentry-taker’sofficewhichafriendofTipton’shadlaidbeforetheGovernor；withanaffidavittotheeffectthatthepaperswerefraudulent。BoththeGovernorandJacksonbelievedthecharges。WhenweconsiderwhatsystemorlackofsystemoflandlawsandlandentriesobtainedinWataugaandsuch：primitivecommunities——whenapatchofcornsealedarightandclaimsweremadebynotchingtreeswithtomahawks——wemayimaginethatafilefromthelandofficemightappeareasilyenoughtosmirchalandholder’sintegrity。Thescandalwas，ofcourse，usedinanattempttoruinSevier’scandidacyforafourthtermasGovernorandtomakecertainRoane’sreflection。

TothisendJacksonbentallhisenergiesbutwithoutsuccess。

NolichuckyJackwaselected，forthefourthtime，asGovernorofTennessee。

Notlongafterhisinauguration，SeviermetJacksoninKnoxville，whereJacksonwasholdingcourt。ThechargesagainstSevierwerethenbeingmadethesubjectoflegislativeinvestigationinstitutedbyTipton，andJacksonhadpublishedaletterintheKnoxville"Gazette"supportingthem。AtthesightofJackson，Sevierflewintoarage，andafieryaltercationensued。Thetwomenwereonlyrestrainedfromleapingoneachotherbytheinterventionoffriends。ThenextdayJacksonsentSevierachallengewhichSevieraccepted，butwiththestipulationthatthedueltakeplaceoutsidetheState。JacksoninsistedonfightinginKnoxville，wheretheinsulthadbeenoffered。Sevierrefused。"Ihavesomerespect，"hewrote，"forthelawsoftheStateoverwhichIhavethehonortopreside，althoughyou，ajudge，appeartohavenone。"Noduelfollowed；but，aftersomefurtherbillets-doux，JacksonpublishedSevieras"abasecowardandpoltroon。Hewillbaselyinsultbuthasnotthecouragetorepairthewound。"Againtheymet，byaccident，andJacksonrusheduponSevierwithhiscane。Sevierdismountedanddrewhispistolbutmadenomovetofire。Jackson，thereupon，alsodrewhisweapon。Oncemorefriendsinterfered。Itispresumablethatneitherreallydesiredtheduel。BykillingNolichuckyJack，JacksonwouldhaveendedhisowncareerinTennessee——ifSevier’stribeofsonshadnot，byaswiftermeans，endeditforhim。AtthisdateJacksonwasthirty-six。Sevierwasfifty-eight；andhehadseventeenchildren。

ThechargesagainstSevier，thoughpressedwithalltheforcethathisenemiescouldbringtobear，cametonothing。HeremainedtheGovernorofTennesseeforanothersixyears——thethreetermsineightyearsallowedbytheconstitution。In1811

hewassenttoCongressforthesecondtime，ashehadrepresentedtheTerritorytheretwentyyearsearlier。Hewasreturnedagainin1813。Attheconclusionofhistermin1815hewentintotheCreekcountryascommissionertodeterminetheCreekboundaries，andhere，farfromhisBonnieKateandhistribe，hediedoffeverattheageofseventy。HisbodywasburiedwithfullmilitaryhonorsatTuckabatchee，oneoftheCreektowns。In1889，Sevier’sremainswereremovedtoKnoxvilleandahighmarblespirewasraisedabovethem。

HisIndianenemiesforgavethechastisementhehadinflictedonthemandhonoredhim。Intimesofpeacetheywouldcometohimfrequentlyforadvice。Andinhislatterdays，thechiefswouldmakestatevisitstohishomeontheNolichuckyRiver。"JohnSevierisagoodman"——sodeclaredtheCherokee，OldTassel，makinghimselfthespokesmanofhistory。Sevierhadsurvivedhisoldfriend，co-founderwithhimofWatauga，byoneyear。JamesRobertsonhaddiedin1814attheageofseventy-two，amongtheChickasaws，andhisbody，likethatofhisfellowpioneer，wasburiedinanIndiantownandlaythereuntil1825，whenitwasremovedtoNashville。

WhatoftheredtribeswhohadfoughtthesegreatpioneersforthewidelandoftheOldSouthwestandwhointheendhadreceivedtheirdustandtreasureditwithhonorinthelittlesoilremainingtothem？Alwaysthenewboundarylinesdrewcloserin，andtheredmen’sfootholdnarrowedbeforethepushingtreadofthewhites。Thedaycamesoonwhentherewasnolongerroomfortheminthelandoftheirfathers。Butfaroffacrossthegreatrivertherewasalandthewhitemendidnotcovetyet。

Thitheratlastthetribes——Cherokee，Choctaw，Chickasaw，andCreek——tooktheirway。Withwivesandchildren，maidsandyouths，theoldandtheyoung，withalltheirgoods，theircattleandhorses，inthecompanyofaregimentofAmericantroops，they——likethewhitemenwhohadsupersededthem——turnedwestward。Intheirfacesalsowastheredcolorofthewest，butnotnewlythere。Fromthebeginningoftheirrace，Destinyhadpaintedthemwiththehueofthebriefhourofthedyingsun。

ChapterXI。Boone’sLastDaysOnespringdayin1799，theremighthavebeenobservedagreatstirthroughthevalleyoftheKanawha。Withthedawn，menwereahorse，andwomen，too。Wagonscrowdedwithhumanfreightwheeledovertheroughcountry，andboats，largeandsmall，wereafloatonthestreamswhichpourintotheGreatKanawhaandatlengthminglewiththeOhioatPointPleasant，wherethebattlewasfoughtwhichopenedthegatesofKentucky。

SomeofthetravelerspouredintothelittlesettlementatthejunctionoftheElkandtheKanawha，whereCharlestonnowlies。

Others，whohadbeenlaterinstartingorhadcomefromagreaterdistance，gatheredalongthebanksoftheKanawha。Atlastshoutsfromthosestationedfarthestupthestreamechoeddownthevalleyandtoldtherestthatwhattheyhadcomeouttoseewasathand。

Severalpiroguesdriftedintoviewontheriver，nowbrighteninginthesunshine。Inthevesselsweremenandtheirfamilies；

balesandbundlesandpiecesofhouseholdfurnishings，heapedtothegunwale；afewcattleandhorsesstandingpatiently。Butitwasforonemanaboveallthattheeagereyesofthesettlerswerewatching，andhimtheysawclearlyashisboatswungby——atallfigure，erectandpowerful，hiskeenfriendlyblueeyesundimmedandhisruddyfaceunlinedbytime，thoughsixty-fivewintershadfrostedhisblackhair。

ForadecadethesesettlershadknownDanielBoone，asstorekeeper，assurveyor，asguideandsoldier。Theyhadeatenofthegamehekilledandlavishlydistributed。Andtheytoo——likethefolkofClinchValleyintheyearofDunmore’sWar——hadpetitionedVirginiatobestowmilitaryrankupontheirprotector。

"LieutenantColonel"hadbeenhistitleamongthem，bytheirdemand。OnceindeedhehadrepresentedthemintheVirginiaAssemblyand，forthatpurpose，trudgedtoRichmondwithrifleandhuntingdog。NotinterestedintheLegislature’sproceedings，heleftearlyinthesessionandtrampedhomeagain。

Butnoteventheesteemoffriendsandneighborscouldholdthegreathunterwhenthedeerhadfled。SoDanielBoonewasnowonhiswaywestwardtoMissouri，toanewlandoffabledherdsandwidespaces，wherethehunter’sgunmightspeakitsonewordwithauthorityandwherethesoulofasilentandfearlessmanmightfinditstrueabodeinNature’ssolitude。Wavinghislastfarewells，hefloatedpastthelittlegroups——tilltheirshoutsofgoodwillwerelongsilenced，andhisfleetswungoutupontheOhio。

AsBoonesailedondowntheBeautifulRiverwhichformsthenorthernboundaryofKentucky，oldfriendsandnewcomerswhohadonlyheardhisfamerodefromfarandneartogreetandgodspeedhimonhisway。Sometimeshepausedforadaywiththem。Onceatleast——this，wasinCincinnatiwherehewastakingonsupplies——someoneaskedhimwhy，athisage，hewasleavingthesettledcountrytodarethefrontieroncemore。

"Toocrowded，"heanswered；"Iwantmoreelbow-room！"

BoonesettledattheFemmeOsageCreekontheMissouriRiver，twenty-fivemilesaboveSt。Charles，wheretheMissouriflowsintotheMississippi。TherewerefourotherKentuckyfamiliesatLaCharette，astheFrenchinhabitantscalledthepost，buttheseweretheonlyAmericans。TheSpanishauthoritiesgrantedBoone840acresofland，andhereDanielbuiltthelastcabinhomehewastoerectforhimselfandhisRebecca。

Theregionpleasedhimimmensely。Thegovernmentalsystem，forinstance，waswhollytohismind。Taxeswereinfinitesimal。Therewerenoelections，assemblies，orthelike。Asinglemagistrate，orSyndic，decidedalldisputesandmadethefewregulationsandenforcedthem。Therewerenolandspeculators，nodry-mouthedsonsofthecommercialTantalus，athirstforprofits。BooneusedtosaythathisfirstyearsinMissouriwerethehappiestofhislife，withtheexceptionofhisfirstlonghuntinKentucky。

In1800hewasappointedSyndicofthedistrictofFemmeOsage，whichofficehefilledforfouryears，untilLouisianabecameAmericanterritory。Hewasheldinhighesteemasamagistratebecauseofhisjustandwisetreatmentofhisflock，whobroughthimalltheirsmallbickeringstosettle。Hehadnouseforlegalprocedure，wouldnotlistentoanynicesubtleties，sayingthathedidnotcareanythingatallabouttheEVIDENCE，whathewantedwastheTRUTH。Hisfavoritepenaltyforoffenderswasthehickoryrod"welllaidon。"Oftenhedecidedthatbothpartiesinasuitwereequallytoblameandchastisedthembothalike。WheninMarch，1804，theAmericanCommissionerreceivedLouisianafortheUnitedStates，Delassus，LieutenantGovernorofUpperLouisiana，reporting’onthevariousofficialsintheterritory，wroteoftheFemmeOsageSyndic："Mr。Boone，arespectableoldman，justandimpartial，hehasalready，sinceIappointedhim，offeredhisresignationowingtohisinfirmities。BelievingI

knowhisprobity，Ihaveinducedhimtoremain，inviewofmyconfidenceinhimforthepublicgood。"*

*Thwaites，"DanielBoone。"TothisandotherbiographiesofBoone，citedintheBibliographicalNoteattheendofthisvolume，theauthorisindebtedforthematerialcontainedinthischapter。

Daniel，nodoubtsupposingthataSyndic’srightswereinviolable，hadneglectedtoapplytotheGovernoratNewOrleansforaratificationofhisgrant。Hewasthereforedispossessed。

Notuntil1810，andafterhehadenlistedtheKentuckyLegislatureinhisbehalf，didhesucceedininducingCongresstorestorehisland。TheKentuckyLegislature’sresolutionwasadoptedbecauseof"themanyeminentservicesrenderedbyColonelBooneinexploringandsettlingthewesterncountry，fromwhichgreatadvantageshaveresultednotonlytotheStatebuttothecountryingeneral，andthatfromcircumstancesoverwhichhehadnocontrolheisnowreducedtopoverty；nothavingsofarasappearsanacreoflandoutofthevastterritoryhehasbeenagreatinstrumentinpeopling。"Danielwasseventy-sixthen；soitwaslateinthedayforhimtohavehisfirstexperienceofjusticeinthematterofland。Perhapsitpleasedhim，however，tohearthat，inconfirminghisgrant，Congresshaddesignatedhimas"themanwhohasopenedthewayformillionsofhisfellow-men。"

The"infirmities"whichhadcausedthegoodSyndictoseekrelieffrompoliticalcaresmusthavebeenpurelymagisterial。Thehuntercouldhavebeenverylittleaffectedbythem，forassoonashewasfreedfromhisdutiesBoonetookupagainthesilentchallengeoftheforest。Usuallyoneortwoofhissonsorhisson-in-law，FlandersCalloway，accompaniedhim，butsometimeshisonlycompanionswereanoldIndianandhishuntingdog。OnoneofhishuntingtripsheexploredapartofKansas；andin1814，whenhewaseighty，hehuntedbiggameintheYellowstonewhereagainhisheartrejoicedovergreatherdsasinthedaysofhisfirstlonewanderingsintheBlueGrasscountry。Atlast，withtheproceedsoftheseexpeditionshewasabletopaythedebtshehadleftbehindinKentuckythirtyyearsbefore。ThestoryrunsthatDanielhadonlyfiftycentsremainingwhenalltheclaimshadbeensettled，butsocontentedwashetobeabletolookanhonestmaninthefacethathewasinnodispositiontomurmuroverhispoverty。

Whenafteralongandhappylifehiswifediedin1813，Boonelivedwithoneorotherofhissons*andsometimeswithFlandersCalloway。NathanBoone，withwhomDanielchieflymadehishome，builtwhatissaidtohavebeenthefirststonehouseinMissouri。Evidentlytheoldpioneerdisapprovedofstonehousesandofthe"luxuries"infurnishingswhichwerethenbecomingpossibletothenewgeneration，foroneofhisbiographersspeaksofvisitinghiminalogadditiontohisson’shouse；andwhenChesterHarding，thepainter，visitedhimin1819forthepurposeofdoinghisportrait，hefoundBoonedwellinginasmalllogcabininNathan’syard。WhenHardingentered，Boonewasbroilingavenisonsteakontheendofhisramrod。Duringthesitting，oneday，HardingaskedBooneifhehadeverbeenlostinthewoodswhenonhislonghuntsinthewilderness。

*Boone’ssonNathanwondistinctionintheWarof1812andenteredtheregulararmy，risingtotherankofLieutenantColonel。DanielMorganBooneissaidtohavebeenthefirstsettlerinKansas（1827）。OneofDaniel’sgrandsons，bearingthenameofAlbertGallatinBoone，wasapioneerofColoradoandwastotheforefrontinRockyMountainexploration。Anothergrandsonwasthescout，KitCarson，wholedFremonttoCalifornia。

"No，Inevergotlost，"Boonerepliedreflectively，"butIwasBEWILDEREDonceforthreedays。"Thoughnowhavingreachedtheageofeighty-five，DanielwasintenselyinterestedinCaliforniaandwasenthusiastictomakethejourneythithernextspringandsotofleeoncemorefromthecivilizationwhichhadcreptwestwardalonghispath。Theresoluteoppositionofhissons，however，preventedtheattempt。

AfewmenwhosoughtoutBooneinhisoldagehaveleftusbriefaccountsoftheirimpressions。AmongthesewasAudubon。"Thestatureandgeneralappearanceofthiswandererofthewesternforests，"thenaturalistwrote，"approachedthegigantic。Hischestwasbroad，andprominent；hismuscularpowersdisplayedthemselvesineverylimb；hiscountenancegaveindicationofhisgreatcourage，enterpriseandperseverance；and，whenhespoke，theverymotionofhislipsbroughttheimpressionthatwhateverheutteredcouldnotbeotherwisethanstrictlytrue。"

AudubonspentanightunderBoone’sroof。Herelatedafterwardsthattheoldhunter，havingremovedhishuntingshirt，spreadhisblanketsonthefloorandlaydowntheretosleep，sayingthathefounditmorecomfortablethanabed。AstrikingsketchofBooneiscontainedinafewlinespennedbyoneofhisearliestbiographers："Hehadwhatphrenologistswouldhaveconsideredamodelhead——withaforeheadpeculiarlyhigh，nobleandbold，thincompressedlips，amildclearblueeye，alargeandprominentchinandageneralexpressionofcountenanceinwhichfearlessnessandcouragesatenthronedandwhichtoldthebeholderataglancewhathehadbeenandwasformedtobe。"IncriticizingthevariousportraitsofDaniel，thesamewritersays："Theywantthehighportandnobledaringofhiscountenance……Neverwasoldagemoregreen，orgrayhairsmoregraceful。Hishigh，calm，boldforeheadseemedconvertedbyyearsintoiron。"

AlthoughweareindebtedtotheseandotherearlychroniclersformanydetailsofBoone’slife，therewasoneeventwhichnoneofhisbiographershasrelated；yetweknowthatitmusthavetakenplace。Eventhebareindicationofitisfoundonlyinthenarrativeoftheadventuresoftwootherexplorers。

Itwasinthewinterof1803thatthesetwomencametoBoone’sSettlement，asLaCharettewasnowgenerallycalled。Theyhadplannedtomaketheirwintercampthere，forinthespring，whentheMissourirosetotheflood，theyandtheircompanyoffrontiersmenweretotaketheirwayupthatunchartedstreamandoverplainsandmountainsinquestofthePacificOcean。TheywererefusedpermissionbytheSpanishauthoritiestocampatBoone’sSettlement；sotheylaythroughthewintersomefortymilesdistantontheIllinoissideoftheMississippi，acrossfromthemouthoftheMissouri。Sincetherecordsaresilent，wearefreetopictureaswechoosetheircomingtothesettlementduringthewinterandagaininthespring，forweknowthattheycame。

Wecanimagine，forinstance，thestirtheymadeinLaCharetteonsomesparklingdaywhenthefrostbitandthecrustysnowsentupadancinghazeofdiamondpoints。WecanseethefriendlyFrenchhabitantsstaringafterthetwoyoungleadersandtheirmen——allmereboys，thoughtheywerealsohusky，seasonedfrontiersmen——withtheirbronzedfacesofEnglishcast，asintheirgaylyfringeddeerskinstheyswaggeredthroughthehamlettopaytheirrespectstotheSyndic。Wemaythinkofthatdignitaryassmokinghispipebeforehisfireplace，perhaps；ormakingout，inhisfantasticspelling，arecordofhisprimitivecourt——forinstance，thathehadonthatdaygivenPierreadozenhickorythwacks，"welllaidon，"forstartingabrawlwithAntoine，andhadbestowedthesameuponAntoineforcontinuingthebrawlwithPierre。Aknockatthedoorwouldbringtheamiableinvitationtoenter，andthetwoyoungmenwouldstepacrosshisthreshold，whiletheirfollowerscrowdedabouttheopendoorandhailedtheoldpathfinder。

Oneofthetwoleaders——thedarkslendermanwithasubtletouchofthedreamerinhisresoluteface——wasastranger；buttheother，withthemorepracticalmienandtheshockofhairthatgavehimthenameofRedHeadamongthetribes，BoonehadknownasaladinKentucky。ToDanielandthisyoungvisitortheencounterwouldbeasimplemeetingoffriends，heightenedinpleasureandinterestsomewhat，naturally，bytheadventureinprospect。ButtousthereissomethingvastinthethoughtofDanielBoone，onhislastfrontier，graspingthehandsofWilliamClarkandMeriwetherLewis。

Asfortheroughandheartymobatthedoor，Danielmusthaveknownnotafewofthemwell；thoughtheyhadbeenchildreninthedayswhenheandWilliamClark’sbrotherstroveforKentucky。

ItseemsfittingthatthesoldierswiththisexpeditionshouldhavecomefromthegarrisonatKaskaskia；sincethetakingofthatfortin1778byGeorgeRogersClarkhadopenedthewesternwayfromtheboundariesofKentuckytotheMississippi。AndamongtheyoungKentuckiansenlistedbyWilliamClarkweresonsofthesturdyfightersofstillanearlierborderline，ClinchandHolstonValleymenwhohadadventuredunderanotherLewisatPointPleasant。Danielwouldrecognizeinthese——suchasCharlesFloyd——theyoungkinsmenofhisold-timecomradeswhomhehadpreservedfromstarvationintheKentuckywildernessbythekillfromhisrifleastheymadetheirlongmarchhomeafterDunmore’sWar。

InMay，LewisandClark’spiroguesascendedtheMissouriandtheleadersandmenoftheexpeditionspentanotherdayinLaCharette。Onceagain，atleast，Danielwastowatchthewestwarddepartureofpioneers。In1811，whentheAstorianspassed，oneoftheirnumberpointedtotheimmobilefigureof"anoldmanonthebank，who，hesaid，wasDanielBoone。"

Sometimestheagedpioneer’smindcastforwardtohislastjourney，forwhichhisadvancingyearswerepreparinghim。Hewroteonthesubjecttoasister，in1816，revealinginafewsimplelinesthatthefaithwherebyhehadcrossed，ifnotmoreliterallyremoved，mountainswasafixedstar，andthathelookedaheadfearlesslytothedarktrailhemusttreadbyitssinglegleam。Autumnwastintingtheforestandthetanghelovedwasintheairwhenthegreathunterpassed。ThedateofBoone’sdeathisgivenasSeptember26，1820。Hewasinhiseighty-sixthyear。

Unburdenedbythepangsofdiseasehewentoutserenely，bythegentlemarchesofsleep，intothenewcountry。

TheconventionfordraftingtheconstitutionofMissouri，insessionatSt。Louis，adjournedfortheday，andfortwentydaysthereafterthemembersworecrapeontheirarmsasafurthermarkofrespectforthegreatpioneer。DanielwaslaidbyRebecca’sside，onthebankofTeugueCreek，aboutamilefromtheMissouriRiver。In1845，theMissourilegislatorshearkenedtooft-repeatedpleasfromKentuckyandsurrenderedtheremainsofthepioneercouple。TheirboneslienowinFrankfort，thecapitaloftheonceDarkandBloodyGround，andin1880amonumentwasraisedoverthem。

TousitseemsratherthatKentuckyitselfisBoone’smonument；

evenasthoseothergreatcornStates，IllinoisandIndiana，areClark’s。There，thesetwoservantsunafraid，whosacrificedwithoutmeasureinthewintrywindsofman’singratitude，areeachyearmemorializedanew；whentheearthinsummer——theseasonwhentheredmanslaughtered——liftsupthefullgrainintheear，thelifegivingcorn；andwhenautumnsmilesingoldenpeaceoverthestubblefields，wherethereapingandbindingmachineshavehummedanation’sharvestsong。

BibliographicalNoteTheRacesAndTheirMigrationC。A。Hanna，"TheScotch-Irish，"2vols。NewYork，1902。Averyfullifsomewhatover-enthusiasticstudy。

H。J。Ford，"TheScotch-IrishinAmerica。"Princeton，1915。

Excellent。

A。G。Spangenberg，ExtractsfromhisJournaloftravelsinNorthCarolina，1752。PublicationoftheSouthernHistoryAssociation。

Vol。I，1897。

A。B。Faust，"TheGermanElementintheUnitedStates，"2vols。

（1909）。

J。P。MacLean，"AnHistoricalAccountoftheSettlementsofScotchHighlandersinAmerica"（1900）。

S。H。Cobb，"TheStoryofthePalatines"（1897）。

N。D。Mereness（editor），"TravelsintheAmericanColonies。"NewYork，1916。ThiscollectioncontainsthediaryoftheMoravianBrethrencitedinthefirstchapterofthepresentvolume。

LifeInTheBackCountryJosephDoddridge，"NotesontheSettlementsandIndianWarsoftheWesternPartsofVirginiaandPennsylvania，"from1763to1783。Albany，1876。AnintimatedescriptionofthedailylifeoftheearlysettlersintheBackCountrybyoneofthemselves。J。

F。D。Smyth，"TourintheUnitedStatesofAmerica，"2vols。

London，1784。MinutedescriptionsoftheBackCountryandinterestingpicturesofthelifeofthesettlers；biasedastopoliticalviewsbyRoyalistsympathies。

WilliamH。Foote，"SketchesofNorthCarolina，"NewYork，1846。

SeeFootealsoforhistoryofthefirstPresbyterianministersintheBackCountry。Astopoliticalhistory，inaccurate。

EarlyHistoryAndExplorationJ。S。Bassett（editor），"TheWritingsofColonelWilliamByrdofWestover。"NewYork，1901。AcontemporaryrecordofearlyVirginia。

ThomasWalker，"JournalofanExplorationintheSpringoftheYear1750。"Boston，1888。TherecordofhistravelsbythediscovererofCumberlandGap。

WilliamM。Darlington（editor），"ChristopherGist’sJournals。"

Pittsburgh，1893。ContainsGist’saccountofhissurveysfortheOhioCompany，1750。

C。A。Hanna，"TheWildernessTrail，"2vols。NewYork，1911。Anexhaustiveworkofresearch，withfullaccountsofCroghanandFindlay。SeealsoCroghan’sandJohnson’scorrespondenceinvol。

VII，NewYorkColonialRecords。

JamesAdair，"TheHistoryoftheAmericanIndians，"etc。London，1775。ThepersonalrecordofatraderwhowasoneoftheearliestexplorersoftheAlleghaniesandoftheMississippiregioneastoftheriver；amany-sidedwork，intenselyinteresting。

C。W。Alvord，"TheGenesisoftheProclamationof1763。"

ReprintedfromCanadianArchivesReport，1906。Anewandauthoritativeinterpretation。InthisconnectionseealsothecorrespondencebetweenSirWilliamJohnsonandtheLordsofTradeinvol。VIIofNewYorkColonialRecords。

JustinWinsor，"TheMississippiBasin。TheStruggleinAmericabetweenEnglandandFrance。"Cambridge，1895。Presentstheresultsofexhaustiveresearchandthecoordinationoffactsbyanhistorianofbroadintellectandvision。

"ColonialandStateRecordsofNorthCarolina。30vols。ThechieffountainsourceoftheearlyhistoryofNorthCarolinaandTennessee。

W。H。Hoyt，"TheMecklenburgDeclarationofIndependence。"NewYork，1907。Thisbookpresentstheviewgenerallyadoptedbyhistorians，thattheallegedDeclarationofMay20，1775，isspurious。

JustinWinsor（editor），"NarrativeandCriticalHistoryofAmerica。"8vols。（1884-1889）。Also"TheWestwardMovement。

"Cambridge，1897。Bothworksofincalculablevaluetothestudent。

C。W。Alvord，"TheMississippi。ValleyinBritishPolitics。"2

vols。Cleveland，1917。Aprofoundworkofgreatvaluetostudents。

KentuckyR。G。ThwaitesandL。P。Kellogg（editors），"DocumentaryHistoryofDunmore’sWar，"1774。CompiledfromtheDraperManuscriptsinthelibraryoftheWisconsinHistoricalSociety。Madison，1905。A

collectionofinterestingandvaluabledocumentswithasuggestive，introduction。

R。G。Thwaites，"DanielBoone。"NewYork，1902。AshortandaccuratenarrativeofBoone’slifeandadventurescompiledfromtheDraperManuscriptsandfromearlierprintedbiographies。

JohnP。Hale，"DanielBoone，SomeFactsandIncidentsnotHithertoPublished。"ApamphletgivinganaccountofBooneinWestVirginia。PrintedatWheeling，WestVirginia。Undated。

TimothyFlint，"TheFirstWhiteManoftheWestortheLifeandExploitsofColonelDan’lBoone。"Cincinnati，1854。ValuableonlyasregardsBoone’slateryears。

JohnS。C。Abbott，"DanielBoone，thePioneerofKentucky。"NewYork，1872。Fairlyaccuratethroughout。

J。M。Peck，"DanielBoone"（inSparks，"LibraryofAmericanBiography。"Boston，1847）。

WilliamHenryBogart。"DanielBooneandtheHuntersofKentucky。"

NewYork，1856。

WilliamHaydenEnglish，"ConquestoftheCountryNorthwestoftheRiverOhio，1778-1783，"and"LifeofGeneralGeorgeRogersClark，"2vols。Indianapolis，1896。Anaccurateandvaluableworkforwhichtheauthorhasmadepainstakingresearchamongprintedandunprinteddocuments。ContainsClark’sownaccountofhiscampaigns，lettershewroteonpublicandpersonalmatters，andalsolettersfromcontemporariesindefenseofhisreputation。

TheodoreRoosevelt，"TheWinningoftheWest，"4vols。NewYork，1889-1896。Avigorousandspiritednarrative。

TennesseeJ。G。M。Ramsey，"TheAnnalsofTennessee。"Charleston，1853。

JohnHaywood，"TheCivilandPoliticalHistoryoftheStateofTennessee。"Nashville，1891。

（Reprintfrom1828。）Theseworks，withtheNorthCarolina"ColonialRecords，"arethesourcebooksofearlyTennessee。Instatistics，suchasnumbersofIndiansandotherfoesdefeatedbyTennesseeheroes，notreliable。IncorrectastocausesofIndianwarsduringtheRevolution。OnthissubjectseelettersandreportsbyJohnandHenryStuartinNorthCarolina"ColonialRecords，"vol。X；andlettersbyGeneralGageandlettersandproclamationbyGeneralEthanAlleninAmericanArchives，FourthSeries，vol。II，andbyPresidentRutledgeofSouthCarolinainNorthCarolina"ColonialRecords，"vol。X。SeealsoJustinWinsor，"TheWestwardMovement。"

J。Allison，"DroppedStitchesinTennesseeHistory。"Nashville，1897。ContainsinterestingmatterrelativetoAndrewJacksoninhisyoungerdaysaswellasaboutotherstrikingfiguresofthetime。

F。M。Turner，"TheLifeofGeneralJohnSevier。"NewYork，1910。

AfairlyaccuratenarrativeofeventsinwhichSevierparticipated，compiledfromthe"DraperManuscripts。"

A。W。Putnam，"HistoryofMiddleTennessee，orLifeandTimesofGeneralJamesRobertson。"Nashville，1859。Aramblinglengthynarrativecontainingsomeinterestingmaterialandmuchthatisunreliable。Itsworstfaultisdistortionthroughsentimentality，andindulgenceinthehabitofputtingtheauthor’srodomontadesintothemouthsofRobertsonandothercharacters。

J。S。Bassett，"RegulatorsofNorthCarolina，"inReportoftheAmericanHistoricalAssociation，1894。

L。C。Draper，"King’sMountainanditsHeroes。"Cincinnati，1881。

Thesourcebookonthisevent。Containsinterestingbiographicalmaterialaboutthemenengagedinthebattle。

FrenchAndSpanishIntriguesHenryDoniol，"HistoiredelaparticipationdelaFrancedl’etablissementdesEtats-Unisd’Amerique，"5vols。Paris，1886-1892。AcompleteexpositionoftheFrenchandSpanishpolicytowardsAmerica。duringtheRevolutionaryPeriod。

ManuelSerranoySanz，"ElbrigadierJaimeWilkinsonysustratosconEspanaparalaindependenciadelKentucky，anos1787a1797。"

Madrid，1915。ASpanishviewofWilkinson’sintrigueswithSpain，basedonlettersandreportsintheSpanishArchives。

ThomasMarshallGreen，"TheSpanishConspiracy。"Cincinnati，1891。Agoodlocalaccount，fromAmericansources。ThebestmaterialonthissubjectisfoundinJustinWinsor’s"TheWestwardMovementandNarrativeandCriticalHistory"becausethereviewedagainstabroadhistoricalbackground。SeeWinsoralsofortheLatinintriguesinTennessee。FormaterialonAlexanderMcGillivrayseetheAmericanArchivesandtheColonialRecordsofGeorgia。

EdwardS。Corwin，"FrenchPolicyandtheAmericanAllianceof1778。"Princeton，1916。DealschieflywiththecommercialaspectsofFrenchpolicyandshouldbereadinconjunctionwithWinsor，Jay，andFitzmaurice’s"LifeofWilliam，EarlofShelburne。"3

vols。London，1875。

JohnJay，"OnthePeaceNegotiationsof1782-83asIllustratedbytheSecretCorrespondenceofFranceandEngland。"NewYork，1888。

ApaperreadbeforetheAmericanHistoricalAssociation，May23，1887。