第6章

INSCRIPTIONONBARONSTEIN’STOMB。

DUTYisathingthatisdue，andmustbepaidbyeverymanwhowouldavoidpresentdiscreditandeventualmoralinsolvency。Itisanobligation——adebt——whichcanonlybedischargedbyvoluntaryeffortandresoluteactionintheaffairsoflife。

Dutyembracesman’swholeexistence。Itbeginsinthehome，wherethereisthedutywhichchildrenowetotheirparentsontheonehand，andthedutywhichparentsowetotheirchildrenontheother。Thereare，inlikemanner，therespectivedutiesofhusbandsandwives，ofmastersandservants；whileoutsidethehometherearethedutieswhichmenandwomenowetoeachotherasfriendsandneighbours，asemployersandemployed，asgovernorsandgoverned。”Render，therefore，”saysSt。Paul，”toalltheirdues:tributetowhomtributeisdue；customtowhomcustom；feartowhomfear；

honourtowhomhonour。Owenomananything，buttoloveoneanother；forhethatlovethanotherhathfulfilledthelaw，”

Thusdutyroundsthewholeoflife，fromourentranceintoituntilourexitfromit——dutytosuperiors，dutytoinferiors，anddutytoequals——dutytoman，anddutytoGod。Whereverthereispowertouseortodirect，thereisduty。Forwearebutasstewards，appointedtoemploythemeansentrustedtousforourownandforothers’good。

Theabidingsenseofdutyistheverycrownofcharacter。Itistheupholdinglawofmaninhishighestattitudes。Withoutit，theindividualtottersandfallsbeforethefirstpuffofadversityortemptation；whereas，inspiredbyit，theweakestbecomesstrongandfullofcourage。”Duty，”saysMrs。Jameson，”isthecementwhichbindsthewholemoraledificetogether；

withoutwhich，allpower，goodness，intellect，truth，happiness，loveitself，canhavenopermanence；butallthefabricofexistencecrumblesawayfromunderus，andleavesusatlastsittinginthemidstofaruin，astonishedatourowndesolation。”

Dutyisbaseduponasenseofjustice——justiceinspiredbylove，whichisthemostperfectformofgoodness。Dutyisnotasentiment，butaprinciplepervadingthelife:anditexhibitsitselfinconductandinacts，whicharemainlydeterminedbyman’sconscienceandfreewill。

Thevoiceofconsciencespeaksindutydone；andwithoutitsregulatingandcontrollinginfluence，thebrightestandgreatestintellectmaybemerelyasalightthatleadsastray。Consciencesetsamanuponhisfeet，whilehiswillholdshimupright。

Conscienceisthemoralgovernoroftheheart——thegovernorofrightaction，ofrightthought，ofrightfaith，ofrightlife——

andonlythroughitsdominatinginfluencecanthenobleanduprightcharacterbefullydeveloped。

Theconscience，however，mayspeakneversoloudly，butwithoutenergeticwillitmayspeakinvain。Thewillisfreetochoosebetweentherightcourseandthewrongone，butthechoiceisnothingunlessfollowedbyimmediateanddecisiveaction。Ifthesenseofdutybestrong，andthecourseofactionclear，thecourageouswill，upheldbytheconscience，enablesamantoproceedonhiscoursebravely，andtoaccomplishhispurposesinthefaceofalloppositionanddifficulty。Andshouldfailurebetheissue，therewillremainatleastthissatisfaction，thatithasbeeninthecauseofduty。”Beandcontinuepoor，youngman，”saidHeinzelmann，”whileothersaroundyougrowrichbyfraudanddisloyalty；bewithoutplaceorpowerwhileothersbegtheirwayupwards；bearthepainofdisappointedhopes，whileothersgaintheaccomplishmentoftheirsbyflattery；foregothegraciouspressureofthehand，forwhichotherscringeandcrawl。Wrapyourselfinyourownvirtue，andseekafriendandyourdailybread。Ifyouhaveinyourowncausegrowngraywithunbleachedhonour，blessGodanddie！”

Meninspiredbyhighprinciplesareoftenrequiredtosacrificeallthattheyesteemandloveratherthanfailintheirduty。

TheoldEnglishideaofthissublimedevotiontodutywasexpressedbytheloyalistpoettohissweetheart，ontakinguparmsforhissovereign:-”Icouldlovethee，dear，somuch，LovedInothonourmore。’(1)

AndSertoriushassaid:”Themanwhohasanydignityofcharacter，shouldconquerwithhonour，andnotuseanybasemeanseventosavehislife。”SoSt。Paul，inspiredbydutyandfaith，declaredhimselfasnotonly”readytobebound，buttodieatJerusalem。”

WhentheMarquisofPescarawasentreatedbytheprincesofItalytodeserttheSpanishcause，towhichhewasinhonourbound，hisnoblewife，VittoriaColonna，remindedhimofhisduty。Shewrotetohim:”Rememberyourhonour，whichraisesyouabovefortuneandabovekings；bythatalone，andnotbythesplendouroftitles，isgloryacquired——thatglorywhichitwillbeyourhappinessandpridetotransmitunspottedtoyourposterity。”Suchwasthedignifiedviewwhichshetookofherhusband’shonour；andwhenhefellatPavia，thoughyoungandbeautiful，andbesoughtbymanyadmirers，shebetookherselftosolitude，thatshemightlamentoverherhusband’slossandcelebratehisexploits。(2)

Tolivereally，istoactenergetically。Lifeisabattletobefoughtvaliantly。Inspiredbyhighandhonourableresolve，amanmuststandtohispost，anddiethere，ifneedbe。LiketheoldDanishhero，hisdeterminationshouldbe，”todarenobly，towillstrongly，andnevertofalterinthepathofduty。”Thepowerofwill，beitgreatorsmall，whichGodhasgivenus，isaDivinegift；andweoughtneithertoletitperishforwantofusingontheonehand，norprofaneitbyemployingitforignoblepurposesontheother。Robertson，ofBrighton，hastrulysaid，thatman’srealgreatnessconsistsnotinseekinghisownpleasure，orfame，oradvancement——”notthateveryoneshallsavehisownlife，notthateverymanshallseekhisownglory——butthateverymanshalldohisownduty。”

Whatmoststandsinthewayoftheperformanceofduty，isirresolution，weaknessofpurpose，andindecision。Ontheonesideareconscienceandtheknowledgeofgoodandevil；ontheotherareindolence，selfishness，loveofpleasure，orpassion。

Theweakandill-disciplinedwillmayremainsuspendedforatimebetweentheseinfluences；butatlengththebalanceinclinesonewayortheother，accordingasthewilliscalledintoactionorotherwise。Ifitbeallowedtoremainpassive，thelowerinfluenceofselfishnessorpassionwillprevail；andthusmanhoodsuffersabdication，individualityisrenounced，characterisdegraded，andthemanpermitshimselftobecomethemerepassiveslaveofhissenses。

Thus，thepowerofexercisingthewillpromptly，inobediencetothedictatesofconscience，andtherebyresistingtheimpulsesofthelowernature，isofessentialimportanceinmoraldiscipline，andabsolutelynecessaryforthedevelopmentofcharacterinitsbestforms。Toacquirethehabitofwell-doing，toresistevilpropensities，tofightagainstsensualdesires，toovercomeinbornselfishness，mayrequirealongandperseveringdiscipline；butwhenoncethepracticeofdutyislearnt，itbecomesconsolidatedinhabit，andthence-forwardiscomparativelyeasy。

Thevaliantgoodmanishewho，bytheresoluteexerciseofhisfreewill，hassodisciplinedhimselfastohaveacquiredthehabitofvirtue；asthebadmanishewho，byallowinghisfreewilltoremaininactive，andgivingthebridletohisdesiresandpassions，hasacquiredthehabitofvice，bywhichhebecomes，atlast，boundasbychainsofiron。

Amancanonlyachievestrengthofpurposebytheactionofhisownfreewill。Ifheistostanderect，itmustbebyhisownefforts；forhecannotbekeptproppedupbythehelpofothers。

Heismasterofhimselfandofhisactions。Hecanavoidfalsehood，andbetruthful；hecanshunsensualism，andbecontinent；hecanturnasidefromdoingacruelthing，andbebenevolentandforgiving。Alltheseliewithinthesphereofindividualefforts，andcomewithintherangeofself-discipline。

Anditdependsuponmenthemselveswhetherintheserespectstheywillbefree，pure，andgoodontheonehand；orenslaved，impure，andmiserableontheother。

AmongthewisesayingsofEpictetuswefindthefollowing:”Wedonotchooseourownpartsinlife，andhavenothingtodowiththoseparts:oursimpledutyisconfinedtoplayingthemwell。

Theslavemaybeasfreeastheconsul；andfreedomisthechiefofblessings；itdwarfsallothers；besideitallothersareinsignificant；withitallothersareneedless；withoutitnoothersarepossible……Youmustteachmenthathappinessisnotwhere，intheirblindnessandmisery，theyseekit。Itisnotinstrength，forMyroandOfelliuswerenothappy；notinwealth，forCroesuswasnothappy；notinpower，fortheConsulswerenothappy；notinallthesetogether，forNeroandSardanapulusandAgamemnonsighedandweptandtoretheirhair，andweretheslavesofcircumstancesandthedupesofsemblances。Itliesinyourselves；intruefreedom，intheabsenceorconquestofeveryignoblefear；inperfectself-government；andinapowerofcontentmentandpeace，andtheevenflowoflifeamidpoverty，exile，disease，andtheveryvalleyoftheshadowofdeath。”(3)

Thesenseofdutyisasustainingpowereventoacourageousman。

Itholdshimupright，andmakeshimstrong。ItwasanoblesayingofPompey，whenhisfriendstriedtodissuadehimfromembarkingforRomeinastorm，tellinghimthathedidsoatthegreatperilofhislife:”Itisnecessaryformetogo，”hesaid；”itisnotnecessaryformetolive。”Whatitwasrightthatheshoulddo，hewoulddo，inthefaceofdangerandindefianceofstorms。

AsmightbeexpectedofthegreatWashington，thechiefmotivepowerinhislifewasthespiritofduty。Itwastheregalandcommandingelementinhischaracterwhichgaveitunity，compactness，andvigour。Whenheclearlysawhisdutybeforehim，hediditatallhazards，andwithinflexibleintegrity。Hedidnotdoitforeffect；nordidhethinkofglory，oroffameanditsrewards；butoftherightthingtobedone，andthebestwayofdoingit。

YetWashingtonhadamostmodestopinionofhimself；andwhenofferedthechiefcommandoftheAmericanpatriotarmy，hehesitatedtoacceptituntilitwaspresseduponhim。WhenacknowledginginCongressthehonourwhichhadbeendonehiminselectinghimtosoimportantatrust，ontheexecutionofwhichthefutureofhiscountryinagreatmeasuredepended，Washingtonsaid:”Ibegitmayberemembered，lestsomeunluckyeventshouldhappenunfavourabletomyreputation，thatIthisdaydeclare，withtheutmostsincerity，IdonotthinkmyselfequaltothecommandIamhonouredwith。”

Andinhislettertohiswife，communicatingtoherhisappointmentasCommander-in-Chief，hesaid:”Ihaveusedeveryendeavourinmypowertoavoidit，notonlyfrommyunwillingnesstopartwithyouandthefamily，butfromaconsciousnessofitsbeingatrusttoogreatformycapacity；andthatIshouldenjoymorerealhappinessinonemonthwithyouathome，thanIhavethemostdistantprospectoffindingabroad，ifmystayweretobeseventimessevenyears。But，asithasbeenakindofdestinythathasthrownmeuponthisservice，Ishallhopethatmyundertakingitisdesignedforsomegoodpurpose。Itwasutterlyoutofmypowertorefusetheappointment，withoutexposingmycharactertosuchcensuresaswouldhavereflecteddishonouruponmyself，andgivenpaintomyfriends。This，Iamsure，couldnot，andoughtnot，tobepleasingtoyou，andmusthavelessenedmeconsiderablyinmyownesteem。”(4)

Washingtonpursuedhisuprightcoursethroughlife，firstasCommander-in-Chief，andafterwardsasPresident，neverfalteringinthepathofduty。Hehadnoregardforpopularity，butheldtohispurpose，throughgoodandthroughevilreport，oftenattheriskofhispowerandinfluence。Thus，ononeoccasion，whentheratificationofatreaty，arrangedbyMr。JaywithGreatBritain，wasinquestion，Washingtonwasurgedtorejectit。Buthishonour，andthehonourofhiscountry，wascommitted，andherefusedtodoso。Agreatoutcrywasraisedagainstthetreaty，andforatimeWashingtonwassounpopularthatheissaidtohavebeenactuallystonedbythemob。Buthe，nevertheless，heldittobehisdutytoratifythetreaty；anditwascarriedout，indespiteofpetitionsandremonstrancesfromallquarters。”WhileIfeel，”hesaid，inanswertotheremonstrants，”themostlivelygratitudeforthemanyinstancesofapprobationfrommycountry，Icannootherwisedeserveitthanbyobeyingthedictatesofmyconscience。”

Wellington’swatchword，likeWashington’s，wasduty；andnomancouldbemoreloyaltoitthanhewas。(5)”Thereislittleornothing，”heoncesaid，”inthislifeworthlivingfor；butwecanallofusgostraightforwardanddoourduty。”Nonerecognisedmorecheerfullythanhedidthedutyofobedienceandwillingservice；forunlessmencanservefaithfully，theywillnotruleotherswisely。ThereisnomottothatbecomesthewisemanbetterthanICHDIEN，”Iserve；”and”Theyalsoservewhoonlystandandwait。”

Whenthemortificationofanofficer，becauseofhisbeingappointedtoacommandinferiortowhatheconsideredtobehismerits，wascommunicatedtotheDuke，hesaid:”Inthecourseofmymilitarycareer，Ihavegonefromthecommandofabrigadetothatofmyregiment，andfromthecommandofanarmytothatofabrigadeoradivision，asIwasordered，andwithoutanyfeelingofmortification。”

WhilstcommandingthealliedarmyinPortugal，theconductofthenativepopulationdidnotseemtoWellingtontobeeitherbecomingordutiful。”Wehaveenthusiasminplenty，”hesaid，”andplentyofcriesof’VIVA！’Wehaveilluminations，patrioticsongs，andFETESeverywhere。Butwhatwewantis，thateachinhisownstationshoulddohisdutyfaithfully，andpayimplicitobediencetolegalauthority。”

ThisabidingidealofdutyseemedtobethegoverningprincipleofWellington’scharacter。Itwasalwaysuppermostinhismind，anddirectedallthepublicactionsofhislife。Nordiditfailtocommunicateitselftothoseunderhim，whoservedhiminthelikespirit。WhenherodeintooneofhisinfantrysquaresatWaterloo，asitsdiminishednumberscloseduptoreceiveachargeofFrenchcavalry，hesaidtothemen，”Standsteady，lads；thinkofwhattheywillsayofusinEngland；”towhichthemenreplied，”Neverfear，sir——weknowourduty。”

DutywasalsothedominantideainNelson’smind。Thespiritinwhichheservedhiscountrywasexpressedinthefamouswatchword，”Englandexpectseverymantodohisduty，”signalledbyhimtothefleetbeforegoingintoactionatTrafalgar，aswellasinthelastwordsthatpassedhislips，——”Ihavedonemyduty；

IpraiseGodforit！”

AndNelson’scompanionandfriend——thebrave，sensible，homely-

mindedCollingwood——hewho，ashisshipboredownintothegreatsea-fight，saidtohisflag-captain，”JustaboutthistimeourwivesaregoingtochurchinEngland，”——Collingwoodtoowas，likehiscommander，anardentdevoteeofduty。”Doyourdutytothebestofyourability，”wasthemaximwhichheurgeduponmanyyoungmenstartingonthevoyageoflife。Toamidshipmanheoncegavethefollowingmanlyandsensibleadvice:-”Youmaydependuponit，thatitismoreinyourownpowerthaninanybodyelse’stopromotebothyourcomfortandadvancement。Astrictandunweariedattentiontoyourduty，andacomplacentandrespectfulbehaviour，notonlytoyoursuperiorsbuttoeverybody，willensureyoutheirregard，andtherewardwillsurelycome；butifitshouldnot，Iamconvincedyouhavetoomuchgoodsensetoletdisappointmentsouryou。Guardcarefullyagainstlettingdiscontentappearinyou。Itwillbesorrowtoyourfriends，atriumphtoyourcompetitors，andcannotbeproductiveofanygood。

Conductyourselfsoastodeservethebestthatcancometoyou，andtheconsciousnessofyourownproperbehaviourwillkeepyouinspiritsifitshouldnotcome。Letitbeyourambitiontobeforemostinallduty。Donotbeaniceobserverofturns，buteverpresentyourselfreadyforeverything，and，unlessyourofficersareveryinattentivemen，theywillnotallowotherstoimposemoredutyonyouthantheyshould。”

ThisdevotiontodutyissaidtobepeculiartotheEnglishnation；andithascertainlymoreorlesscharacterisedourgreatestpublicmen。ProbablynocommanderofanyothernationeverwentintoactionwithsuchasignalflyingasNelsonatTrafalgar——not”Glory，”or”Victory，”or”Honour，”or”Country”——

butsimply”Duty！”Howfewarethenationswillingtorallytosuchabattle-cry！

ShortlyafterthewreckoftheBIRKENHEADoffthecoastofAfrica，inwhichtheofficersandmenwentdownfiringaFEU-DE-JOIEafterseeingthewomenandchildrensafelyembarkedintheboats，——

RobertsonofBrighton，referringtothecircumstanceinoneofhisletters，said:”Yes！Goodness，Duty，Sacrifice，——thesearethequalitiesthatEnglandhonours。Shegapesandwonderseverynowandthen，likeanawkwardpeasant，atsomeotherthings——railwaykings，electro-biology，andothertrumperies；butnothingstirshergrandoldheartdowntoitscentraldeepsuniversallyandlong，excepttheRight。Sheputsonhershawlverybadly，andsheisawkwardenoughinaconcert-room，scarceknowingaSwedishnightingalefromajackdaw；but——blessingslargeandlonguponher！——sheknowshowtoteachhersonstosinklikemenamidstsharksandbillows，withoutparade，withoutdisplay，asifDutywerethemostnaturalthingintheworld；andshenevermistakeslonganactorforahero，oraheroforanactor。”(6)

Itisagrandthing，afterall，thispervadingspiritofDutyinanation；andsolongasitsurvives，nooneneeddespairofitsfuture。Butwhenithasdeparted，orbecomedeadened，andbeensupplantedbythirstforpleasure，orselfishaggrandisement，or”glory”——thenwoetothatnation，foritsdissolutionisnearathand！

IftherebeonepointonwhichintelligentobserversareagreedmorethananotherastothecauseofthelatedeplorablecollapseofFranceasanation，itwastheutterabsenceofthisfeelingofduty，aswellasoftruthfulness，fromthemind，notonlyofthemen，butoftheleadersoftheFrenchpeople。TheunprejudicedtestimonyofBaronStoffel，FrenchmilitaryattacheatBerlin，beforethewar，isconclusiveonthispoint。InhisprivatereporttotheEmperor，foundattheTuileries，whichwaswritteninAugust，1869，aboutayearbeforetheoutbreakofthewar，BaronStoffelpointedoutthatthehighly-educatedanddisciplinedGermanpeoplewerepervadedbyanardentsenseofduty，anddidnotthinkitbeneaththemtoreverencesincerelywhatwasnobleandlofty；whereas，inallrespects，Francepresentedamelancholycontrast。Therethepeople，havingsneeredateverything，hadlostthefacultyofrespectinganything，andvirtue，familylife，patriotism，honour，andreligion，wererepresentedtoafrivolousgenerationasonlyfittingsubjectsforridicule。(7)

Alas！howterriblyhasFrancebeenpunishedforhersinsagainsttruthandduty！

Yetthetimewas，whenFrancepossessedmanygreatmeninspiredbyduty；buttheywereallmenofacomparativelyremotepast。TheraceofBayard，Duguesclin，Coligny，Duquesne，Turenne，Colbert，andSully，seemstohavediedoutandleftnolineage。TherehasbeenanoccasionalgreatFrenchmanofmoderntimeswhohasraisedthecryofDuty；buthisvoicehasbeenasthatofonecryinginthewilderness。DeTocquevillewasoneofsuch；but，likeallmenofhisstamp，hewasproscribed，imprisoned，anddrivenfrompubliclife。WritingononeoccasiontohisfriendKergorlay，hesaid:”Likeyou，IbecomemoreandmorealivetothehappinesswhichconsistsinthefulfilmentofDuty。Ibelievethereisnoothersodeepandsoreal。Thereisonlyonegreatobjectintheworldwhichdeservesourefforts，andthatisthegoodofmankind。”(8)

AlthoughFrancehasbeentheunquietspiritamongthenationsofEuropesincethereignofLouisXIV。，therehavefromtimetotimebeenhonestandfaithfulmenwhohavelifteduptheirvoicesagainsttheturbulentwarliketendenciesofthepeople，andnotonlypreached，butendeavouredtocarryintopractice，agospelofpeace。Ofthese，theAbbedeSt-Pierrewasoneofthemostcourageous。HehadeventheboldnesstodenouncethewarsofLouisXIV。，andtodenythatmonarch’srighttotheepithetof’Great，’forwhichhewaspunishedbyexpulsionfromtheAcademy。

TheAbbewasasenthusiasticanagitatorforasystemofinternationalpeaceasanymemberofthemodernSocietyofFriends。AsJosephSturgewenttoSt。PetersburgtoconverttheEmperorofRussiatohisviews，sotheAbbewenttoUtrechttoconverttheConferencesittingthere，tohisprojectforaDiet；

tosecureperpetualpeace。Ofcoursehewasregardedasanenthusiast，CardinalDuboischaracterisinghisschemeas”thedreamofanhonestman。”YettheAbbehadfoundhisdreamintheGospel；andinwhatbetterwaycouldheexemplifythespiritoftheMasterheservedthanbyendeavouringtoabatethehorrorsandabominationsofwar？TheConferencewasanassemblageofmenrepresentingChristianStates:andtheAbbemerelycalleduponthemtoputinpracticethedoctrinestheyprofessedtobelieve。

Itwasofnouse:thepotentatesandtheirrepresentativesturnedtohimadeafear。

TheAbbedeSt-Pierrelivedseveralhundredyearstoosoon。Buthedeterminedthathisideashouldnotbelost，andin1713hepublishedhis’ProjectofPerpetualPeace。’HethereproposedtheformationofaEuropeanDiet，orSenate，tobecomposedofrepresentativesofallnations，beforewhichprincesshouldbebound，beforeresortingtoarms，tostatetheirgrievancesandrequireredress。Writingabouteightyyearsafterthepublicationofthisproject，Volneyasked:”Whatisapeople？——anindividualofthesocietyatlarge。Whatawar？——aduelbetweentwoindividualpeople。Inwhatmanneroughtasocietytoactwhentwoofitsmembersfight？——Interfere，andreconcileorrepressthem。

InthedaysoftheAbbedeSt-Pierre，thiswastreatedasadream；but，happilyforthehumanrace，itbeginstoberealised。”

AlasforthepredictionofVolney！Thetwenty-fiveyearsthatfollowedthedateatwhichthispassagewaswritten，weredistinguishedbymoredevastatingandfuriouswarsonthepartofFrancethanhadeverbeenknownintheworldbefore。

TheAbbewasnot，however，ameredreamer。Hewasanactivepracticalphilanthropistandanticipatedmanysocialimprovementswhichhavesincebecomegenerallyadopted。Hewastheoriginalfounderofindustrialschoolsforpoorchildren，wheretheynotonlyreceivedagoodeducation，butlearnedsomeusefultrade，bywhichtheymightearnanhonestlivingwhentheygrewuptomanhood。Headvocatedtherevisionandsimplificationofthewholecodeoflaws——anideaafterwardscarriedoutbytheFirstNapoleon。Hewroteagainstduelling，againstluxury，againstgambling，againstmonasticism，quotingtheremarkofSegrais，that”themaniaforamonasticlifeisthesmallpoxofthemind。”Hespenthiswholeincomeinactsofcharity——notinalmsgiving，butinhelpingpoorchildren，andpoormenandwomen，tohelpthemselves。Hisobjectalwayswastobenefitpermanentlythosewhomheassisted。Hecontinuedhisloveoftruthandhisfreedomofspeechtothelast。Attheageofeightyhesaid:”Iflifeisalotteryforhappiness，mylothasbeenoneofthebest。”Whenonhisdeathbed，Voltaireaskedhimhowhefelt，towhichheanswered，”Asabouttomakeajourneyintothecountry。”Andinthispeacefulframeofmindhedied。ButsooutspokenhadSt-

Pierrebeenagainstcorruptioninhighplaces，thatMaupertius，hisSuccessorattheAcademy，wasnotpermittedtopronouncehisELOGE；norwasituntilthirty-twoyearsafterhisdeaththatthishonourwasdonetohismemorybyD’Alembert。Thetrueandemphaticepitaphofthegood，truth-loving，truth-speakingAbbewasthis——”HELOVEDMUCH！”

Dutyiscloselyalliedtotruthfulnessofcharacter；andthedutifulmanis，aboveallthings，truthfulinhiswordsasinhisactions。Hesaysandhedoestherightthing，intherightway，andattherighttime。

ThereisprobablynosayingofLordChesterfieldthatcommendsitselfmorestronglytotheapprovalofmanly-mindedmen，thanthatitistruththatmakesthesuccessofthegentleman。

Clarendon，speakingofoneofthenoblestandpurestgentlemenofhisage，saysofFalkland，thathe”wassosevereanadoreroftruththathecouldaseasilyhavegivenhimselfleavetostealastodissemble。”

ItwasoneofthefinestthingsthatMrs。Hutchinsoncouldsayofherhusband，thathewasathoroughlytruthfulandreliableman:”Heneverprofessedthethingheintendednot，norpromisedwhathebelievedoutofhispower，norfailedintheperformanceofanythingthatwasinhispowertofulfil。”

Wellingtonwasasevereadmireroftruth。Anillustrationmaybegiven。Whenafflictedbydeafnessheconsultedacelebratedaurist，who，aftertryingallremediesinvain，determined，asalastresource，toinjectintotheearastrongsolutionofcaustic。Itcausedthemostintensepain，butthepatientboreitwithhisusualequanimity。Thefamilyphysicianaccidentallycallingoneday，foundtheDukewithflushedcheeksandbloodshoteyes，andwhenherosehestaggeredaboutlikeadrunkenman。Thedoctoraskedtobepermittedtolookathisear，andthenhefoundthatafuriousinflammationwasgoingon，which，ifnotimmediatelychecked，mustshortlyreachthebrainandkillhim。

Vigorousremedieswereatonceapplied，andtheinflammationwaschecked。Butthehearingofthatearwascompletelydestroyed。

Whentheauristheardofthedangerhispatienthadrun，throughtheviolenceoftheremedyhehademployed，hehastenedtoApsleyHousetoexpresshisgriefandmortification；buttheDukemerelysaid:”Donotsayawordmoreaboutit——youdidallforthebest。”TheauristsaiditwouldbehisruinwhenitbecameknownthathehadbeenthecauseofsomuchsufferinganddangertohisGrace。”Butnobodyneedknowanythingaboutit:keepyourowncounsel，and，dependuponit，Iwon’tsayawordtoanyone。””ThenyourGracewillallowmetoattendyouasusual，whichwillshowthepublicthatyouhavenotwithdrawnyourconfidencefromme？””No，”repliedtheDuke，kindlybutfirmly；”Ican’tdothat，forthatwouldbealie。”Hewouldnotactafalsehoodanymorethanhewouldspeakone。(9)

Anotherillustrationofdutyandtruthfulness，asexhibitedinthefulfilmentofapromise，maybeaddedfromthelifeofBlucher。

WhenhewashasteningwithhisarmyoverbadroadstothehelpofWellington，onthe18thofJune，1815，heencouragedhistroopsbywordsandgestures。”Forwards，children——forwards！””Itisimpossible；itcan’tbedone，”wastheanswer。Againandagainheurgedthem。”Children，wemustgeton；youmaysayitcan’tbedone，butitMUSTbedone！IhavepromisedmybrotherWellington——PROMISED，doyouhear？Youwouldn’thavemeBREAKMYWORD！”

Anditwasdone。

Truthistheverybondofsociety，withoutwhichitmustceasetoexist，anddissolveintoanarchyandchaos。Ahouseholdcannotbegovernedbylying；norcananation。SirThomasBrowneonceasked，”Dothedevilslie？””No，”washisanswer；”forthenevenhellcouldnotsubsist。”Noconsiderationscanjustifythesacrificeoftruth，whichoughttobesovereigninalltherelationsoflife。

Ofallmeanvices，perhapslyingisthemeanest。Itisinsomecasestheoffspringofperversityandvice，andinmanyothersofsheermoralcowardice。Yetmanypersonsthinksolightlyofitthattheywillordertheirservantstolieforthem；norcantheyfeelsurprisedif，aftersuchignobleinstruction，theyfindtheirservantslyingforthemselves。

SirHarryWotton’sdescriptionofanambassadoras”anhonestmansenttolieabroadforthebenefitofhiscountry，”thoughmeantasasatire，broughthimintodisfavourwithJamesI。whenitbecamepublished；foranadversaryquoteditasaprincipleoftheking’sreligion。ThatitwasnotWotton’srealviewofthedutyofanhonestman，isobviousfromthelinesquotedattheheadofthischapter，on’TheCharacterofaHappyLife，’inwhichheeulogisestheman”Whosearmourishishonestthought，Andsimpletruthhisutmostskill。”

Butlyingassumesmanyforms——suchasdiplomacy，expediency，andmoralreservation；and，underoneguiseoranother，itisfoundmoreorlesspervadingallclassesofsociety。Sometimesitassumestheformofequivocationormoraldodging——twistingandsostatingthethingssaidastoconveyafalseimpression——akindoflyingwhichaFrenchmanoncedescribedas”walkingroundaboutthetruth。”

Thereareevenmenofnarrowmindsanddishonestnatures，whopridethemselvesupontheirjesuiticalclevernessinequivocation，intheirserpent-wiseshirkingofthetruthandgettingoutofmoralback-doors，inordertohidetheirrealopinionsandevadetheconsequencesofholdingandopenlyprofessingthem。

Institutionsorsystemsbaseduponanysuchexpedientsmustnecessarilyprovefalseandhollow。”Thoughaliebeeversowelldressed，”saysGeorgeHerbert，”itiseverovercome。”Downrightlying，thoughbolderandmorevicious，isevenlesscontemptiblethansuchkindofshufflingandequivocation。

Untruthfulnessexhibitsitselfinmanyotherforms:inreticencyontheonehand，orexaggerationontheother；indisguiseorconcealment；inpretendedconcurrenceinothersopinions；inassuminganattitudeofconformitywhichisdeceptive；inmakingpromises，orallowingthemtobeimplied，whichareneverintendedtobeperformed；oreveninrefrainingfromspeakingthetruthwhentodosoisaduty。Therearealsothosewhoareallthingstoallmen，whosayonethinganddoanother，likeBunyan’sMr。

Facing-both-ways；onlydeceivingthemselveswhentheythinktheyaredeceivingothers——andwho，beingessentiallyinsincere，failtoevokeconfidence，andinvariablyintheendturnoutfailures，ifnotimpostors。

Othersareuntruthfulintheirpretentiousness，andinassumingmeritswhichtheydonotreallypossess。Thetruthfulmanis，onthecontrary，modest，andmakesnoparadeofhimselfandhisdeeds。WhenPittwasinhislastillness，thenewsreachedEnglandofthegreatdeedsofWellingtoninIndia。”ThemoreI

hearofhisexploits，”saidPitt，”themoreIadmirethemodestywithwhichhereceivesthepraiseshemeritsforthem。HeistheonlymanIeverknewthatwasnotvainofwhathehaddone，andyethadsomuchreasontobeso。”

SoitissaidofFaradaybyProfessorTyndall，that”pretenceofallkinds，whetherinlifeorinphilosophy，washatefultohim。”

Dr。MarshallHallwasamanoflikespirit——courageouslytruthful，dutiful，andmanly。Oneofhismostintimatefriendshassaidofhimthat，whereverhemetwithuntruthfulnessorsinistermotive，hewouldexposeit，saying——”Ineitherwill，norcan，givemyconsenttoalie。”Thequestion，”rightorwrong，”

oncedecidedinhisownmind，therightwasfollowed，nomatterwhatthesacrificeorthedifficulty——neitherexpediencynorinclinationweighingonejotinthebalance。

TherewasnovirtuethatDr。Arnoldlabouredmoresedulouslytoinstilintoyoungmenthanthevirtueoftruthfulness，asbeingthemanliestofvirtues，asindeedtheverybasisofalltruemanliness。Hedesignatedtruthfulnessas”moraltransparency，”

andhevalueditmorehighlythananyotherquality。Whenlyingwasdetected，hetreateditasagreatmoraloffence；butwhenapupilmadeanassertion，heaccepteditwithconfidence。”Ifyousayso，thatisquiteenough；OFCOURSEIbelieveyourword。”Bythustrustingandbelievingthem，heeducatedtheyoungintruthfulness；theboysatlengthcomingtosaytooneanother:”It’sashametotellArnoldalie——healwaysbelievesone。”(10)

Oneofthemoststrikinginstancesthatcouldbegivenofthecharacterofthedutiful，truthful，laboriousman，ispresentedinthelifeofthelateGeorgeWilson，ProfessorofTechnologyintheUniversityofEdinburgh。(11)ThoughwebringthisillustrationundertheheadofDuty，itmightequallyhavestoodunderthatofCourage，Cheerfulness，orIndustry，foritisalikeillustrativeoftheseseveralqualities。

Wilson’slifewas，indeed，amarvelofcheerfullaboriousness；

exhibitingthepowerofthesoultotriumphoverthebody，andalmosttosetitatdefiance。Itmightbetakenasanillustrationofthesayingofthewhaling-captaintoDr。Kane，astothepowerofmoralforceoverphysical:”Blessyou，sir，thesoulwillanydayliftthebodyoutofitsboots！”

Afragilebutbrightandlivelyboy，hehadscarcelyenteredmanhooderehisconstitutionbegantoexhibitsignsofdisease。

Asearly，indeed，ashisseventeenthyear，hebegantocomplainofmelancholyandsleeplessness，supposedtobetheeffectsofbile。”Idon’tthinkIshalllivelong，”hethensaidtoafriend；”mymindwill——mustworkitselfout，andthebodywillsoonfollowit。”Astrangeconfessionforaboytomake！Buthegavehisphysicalhealthnofairchance。Hislifewasallbrain-work，study，andcompetition。Whenhetookexerciseitwasinsuddenbursts，whichdidhimmoreharmthangood。LongwalksintheHighlandsjadedandexhaustedhim；andhereturnedtohisbrain-

workunrestedandunrefreshed。

Itwasduringoneofhisforcedwalksofsometwenty-fourmilesintheneighbourhoodofStirling，thatheinjuredoneofhisfeet，andhereturnedhomeseriouslyill。Theresultwasanabscess，diseaseoftheankle-joint，andlongagony，whichendedintheamputationoftherightfoot。Butheneverrelaxedinhislabours。Hewasnowwriting，lecturing，andteachingchemistry。

Rheumatismandacuteinflammationoftheeyenextattackedhim；

andweretreatedbycupping，blisetring，andcolchicum。Unablehimselftowrite，hewentonpreparinghislectures，whichhedictatedtohissister。Painhauntedhimdayandnight，andsleepwasonlyforcedbymorphia。Whileinthisstateofgeneralprostration，symptomsofpulmonarydiseasebegantoshowthemselves。YethecontinuedtogivetheweeklylecturestowhichhestoodcommittedtotheEdinburghSchoolofArts。Notonewasshirked，thoughtheirdelivery，beforealargeaudience，wasamostexhaustingduty。”Well，there’sanothernailputintomycoffin，”wastheremarkmadeonthrowingoffhistop-coatonreturninghome；andasleeplessnightalmostinvariablyfollowed。

Attwenty-seven，Wilsonwaslecturingten，eleven，ormorehoursweekly，usuallywithsetonsoropenblister-woundsuponhim——his”bosomfriends，”heusedtocallthem。Hefelttheshadowofdeathuponhim；andheworkedasifhisdayswerenumbered。”Don’tbesurprised，”hewrotetoafriend，”ifanymorningatbreakfastyouhearthatIamgone。”Butwhilehesaidso，hedidnotintheleastdegreeindulgeinthefeelingofsicklysentimentality。Heworkedonascheerfullyandhopefullyasifintheveryfulnessofhisstrength。”Tonone，”saidhe，”islifesosweetastothosewhohavelostallfeartodie。”

Sometimeshewascompelledtodesistfromhislaboursbysheerdebility，occasionedbylossofbloodfromthelungs；butafterafewweeks’restandchangeofair，hewouldreturntohiswork，saying，”Thewaterisrisinginthewellagain！”Thoughdiseasehadfastenedonhislungs，andwasspreadingthere，andthoughsufferingfromadistressingcough，hewentonlecturingasusual。

Toaddtohistroubles，whenonedayendeavouringtorecoverhimselffromastumbleoccasionedbyhislameness，heoverstrainedhisarm，andbroketheboneneartheshoulder。Butherecoveredfromhissuccessiveaccidentsandillnessesinthemostextraordinaryway。Thereedbent，butdidnotbreak:thestormpassed，anditstooderectasbefore。

Therewasnoworry，norfever，norfretabouthim；butinstead，cheerfulness，patience，andunfailingperseverance。Hismind，amidstallhissufferings，remainedperfectlycalmandserene。Hewentabouthisdailyworkwithanapparentlycharmedlife，asifhehadthestrengthofmanymeninhim。Yetallthewhileheknewhewasdying，hischiefanxietybeingtoconcealhisstatefromthoseabouthimathome，towhomtheknowledgeofhisactualconditionwouldhavebeeninexpressiblydistressing。”Iamcheerfulamongstrangers，”hesaid，”andtrytolivedaybydayasadyingman。”(12)

Hewentonteachingasbefore——lecturingtotheArchitecturalInstituteandtotheSchoolofArts。Oneday，afteralecturebeforethelatterinstitute，helaydowntorest，andwasshortlyawakenedbytheruptureofabloodvessel，whichoccasionedhimthelossofaconsiderablequantityofblood。HedidnotexperiencethedespairandagonythatKeatsdidonalikeoccasion；(13)

thoughheequallyknewthatthemessengerofdeathhadcome，andwaswaitingforhim。Heappearedatthefamilymealsasusual，andnextdayhelecturedtwice，punctuallyfulfillinghisengagements；buttheexertionofspeakingwasfollowedbyasecondattackofhaemorrhage。Henowbecameseriouslyill，anditwasdoubtedwhetherhewouldsurvivethenight。Buthedidsurvive；

andduringhisconvalescencehewasappointedtoanimportantpublicoffice——thatofDirectoroftheScottishIndustrialMuseum，whichinvolvedagreatamountoflabour，aswellaslecturing，inhiscapacityofProfessorofTechnology，whichheheldinconnectionwiththeoffice。

Fromthistimeforward，his”dearmuseum，”ashecalledit，absorbedallhissurplusenergies。Whilebusilyoccupiedincollectingmodelsandspecimensforthemuseum，hefilleduphisodds-and-endsoftimeinlecturingtoRaggedSchools，RaggedKirks，andMedicalMissionarySocieties。Hegavehimselfnorest，eitherofmindorbody；and”todieworking”wasthefateheenvied。Hismindwouldnotgivein，buthispoorbodywasforcedtoyield，andasevereattackofhaemorrhage——bleedingfrombothlungsandstomach(14)——compelledhimtorelaxinhislabours。”Foramonth，orsomefortydays，”hewrote——”adreadfulLent——themindhasblowngeographicallyfrom’Arabytheblest，’butthermometricallyfromIcelandtheaccursed。Ihavebeenmadeaprisonerofwar，hitbyanicicleinthelungs，andhaveshiveredandburnedalternatelyforalargeportionofthelastmonth，andspatbloodtillIgrewpalewithcoughing。NowIambetter，andto-morrowIgivemyconcludinglecture(onTechnology)，thankfulthatIhavecontrived，notwithstandingallmytroubles，tocarryonwithoutmissingalecturetothelastdayoftheFacultyofArts，towhichIbelong。”(15)

Howlongwasittolast？Hehimselfbegantowonder，forhehadlongfelthislifeasifebbingaway。Atlengthhebecamelanguid，weary，andunfitforwork；eventhewritingofalettercosthimapainfuleffort，and。hefelt”asiftoliedownandsleepweretheonlythingsworthdoing。”Yetshortlyafter，tohelpaSunday-school，hewrotehis’FiveGatewaysofKnowledge，’

asalecture，andafterwardsexpandeditintoabook。Healsorecoveredstrengthsufficienttoenablehimtoproceedwithhislecturestotheinstitutionstowhichhebelonged，besidesonvariousoccasionsundertakingtodootherpeople’swork。”Iamlookeduponasgoodasmad，”hewrotetohisbrother，”because，onahastynotice，Itookadefaultinglecturer’splaceatthePhilosophicalInstitution，anddiscoursedonthePolarizationofLight……ButIlikework:itisafamilyweakness。”

Thenfollowedchronicmalaise——sleeplessnights，daysofpain，andmorespittingofblood。”Myonlypainlessmoments，”hesays，”werewhenlecturing。”Inthisstateofprostrationanddisease，theindefatigablemanundertooktowritethe’LifeofEdwardForbes’；andhedidit，likeeverythingheundertook，withadmirableability。Heproceededwithhislecturesasusual。Toanassociationofteachershedeliveredadiscourseontheeducationalvalueofindustrialscience。Afterhehadspokentohisaudienceforanhour，heleftthemtosaywhetherheshouldgoonornot，andtheycheeredhimontoanotherhalf-hour’saddress。”Itiscurious，”hewrote，”thefeelingofhavinganaudience，likeclayinyourhands，tomouldforaseasonasyouplease。Itisaterriblyresponsiblepower……IdonotmeanforamomenttoimplythatIamindifferenttothegoodopinionofothers——farotherwise；buttogainthisismuchlessaconcernwithmethantodeserveit。Itwasnotsoonce。Ihadnowishforunmeritedpraise，butIwastooreadytosettlethatIdidmeritit。Now，thewordDUTYseemstomethebiggestwordintheworld，andisuppermostinallmyseriousdoings。”

Thiswaswrittenonlyaboutfourmonthsbeforehisdeath。A

littlelaterhewrote，”Ispinmythreadoflifefromweektoweek，ratherthanfromyeartoyear。”Constantattacksofbleedingfromthelungssappedhislittleremainingstrength，butdidnotaltogetherdisablehimfromlecturing。Hewasamusedbyoneofhisfriendsproposingtoputhimundertrusteesforthepurposeoflookingafterhishealth。

Buthewouldnotberestrainedfromworking，solongasavestigeofstrengthremained。

Oneday，intheautumnof1859，hereturnedfromhiscustomarylectureintheUniversityofEdinburghwithaseverepaininhisside。Hewasscarcelyabletocrawlupstairs。Medicalaidwassentfor，andhewaspronouncedtobesufferingfrompleurisyandinflammationofthelungs。Hisenfeebledframewasillabletoresistsosevereadisease，andhesankpeacefullytotheresthesolongedfor，afterafewdays’illness:”Wrongnotthedeadwithtears！

Agloriousbrightto-morrowEndethawearylifeofpainandsorrow。”

ThelifeofGeorgeWilson——soadmirablyandaffectionatelyrelatedbyhissister——isprobablyoneofthemostmarvellousrecordsofpainandlongsuffering，andyetofpersistent，noble，andusefulwork，thatistobefoundinthewholehistoryofliterature。Hisentirecareerwasindeedbutaprolongedillustrationofthelineswhichhehimselfaddressedtohisdeceasedfriend，Dr。JohnReid，alikemindedman，whosememoirhewrote:-”ThouwertadailylessonOfcourage，hope，andfaith；

Wewonderedattheeliving，Weenvytheethydeath。

Thouwertsomeekandreverent，Soresoluteofwill，Soboldtobeartheuttermost，Andyetsocalmandstill。”

NOTES

(1)FromLovelace’slinestoLucusta(LucySacheverell)，’GoingtotheWars。’

(2)Amongstothergreatmenofgenius，AriostoandMichaelAngelodevotedtohertheirserviceandtheirmuse。

(3)SeetheRev。F。W。Farrar’sadmirablebook，entitled’SeekersafterGod’(SundayLibrary)。Theauthortheresays:”EpictetuswasnotaChristian。HehasonlyoncealludedtotheChristiansinhisworks，andthenitisundertheopprobrioustitleof’Galileans，’whopractisedakindofinsensibilityinpainfulcircumstances，andanindifferencetoworldlyinterests，whichEpictetusunjustlysetsdownto’merehabit。’Unhappily，itwasnotgrantedtotheseheathenphilosophersinanytruesensetoknowwhatChristianitywas。Theythoughtthatitwasanattempttoimitatetheresultsofphilosophy，withouthavingpassedthroughthenecessarydiscipline。Theyvieweditwithsuspicion，theytreateditwithinjustice。AndyetinChristianity，andinChristianityalone，theywouldhavefoundanidealwhichwouldhavesurpassedtheirloftiestanticipations。”

(4)Sparks’’LifeofWashington，’pp。141-2。

(5)Wellington，likeWashington，hadtopaythepenaltyofhisadherencetothecausehethoughtright，inhislossof”popularity。”HewasmobbedinthestreetsofLondon，andhadhiswindowssmashedbythemob，whilehiswifelaydeadinthehouse。

SirWalterScottalsowashootedandpeltedatHawickby”thepeople，”amidstcriesof”BurkeSirWalter！”

(6)Robertson’s’LifeandLetters，’ii。157。

(7)WeselectthefollowingpassagesfromthisremarkablereportofBaronStoffel，asbeingofmorethanmerelytemporaryinterest:-

Whothathaslivedhere(Berlin)willdenythatthePrussiansareenergetic，patriotic，andteemingwithyouthfulvigour；thattheyarenotcorruptedbysensualpleasures，butaremanly，haveearnestconvictions，donotthinkitbeneaththemtoreverencesincerelywhatisnobleandlofty？WhatamelancholycontrastdoesFranceofferinallthis？Havingsneeredateverything，shehaslostthefacultyofrespectinganything。Virtue，familylife，patriotism，honour，religion，arerepresentedtoafrivolousgenerationasfittingsubjectsofridicule。Thetheatreshavebecomeschoolsofshamelessnessandobscenity。Dropbydrop，poisonisinstilledintotheverycoreofanignorantandenervatedsociety，whichhasneithertheinsightnortheenergylefttoamenditsinstitutions，nor——whichwouldbethemostnecessarysteptotake——becomebetterinformedormoremoral。

Oneaftertheotherthefinequalitiesofthenationaredyingout。Whereisthegenerosity，theloyalty，thecharmofourESPRIT，andourformerelevationofsoul？Ifthisgoeson，thetimewillcomewhenthisnobleraceofFrancewillbeknownonlybyitsfaults。AndFrancehasnoideathatwhilesheissinking，moreearnestnationsarestealingthemarchuponher，aredistancingherontheroadtoprogress，andarepreparingforherasecondarypositionintheworld。”IamafraidthattheseopinionswillnotberelishedinFrance。

Howevercorrect，theydiffertoomuchfromwhatisusuallysaidandassertedathome。IshouldwishsomeenlightenedandunprejudicedFrenchmentocometoPrussiaandmakethiscountrytheirstudy。Theywouldsoondiscoverthattheywerelivinginthemidstofastrong，earnest，andintelligentnation，entirelydestitute，itistrue，ofnobleanddelicatefeelings，ofallfascinatingcharms，butendowedwitheverysolidvirtue，andalikedistinguishedforuntiringindustry，order，andeconomy，aswellasforpatriotism，astrongsenseofduty，andthatconsciousnessofpersonaldignitywhichintheircaseissohappilyblendedwithrespectforauthorityandobediencetothelaw。Theywouldseeacountrywithfirm，sound，andmoralinstitutions，whoseupperclassesareworthyoftheirrank，and，bypossessingthehighestdegreeofculture，devotingthemselvestotheserviceoftheState，settinganexampleofpatriotism，andknowinghowtopreservetheinfluencelegitimatelytheirown。TheywouldfindaStatewithanexcellentadministrationwhereeverythingisinitsrightplace，andwherethemostadmirableorderprevailsineverybranchofthesocialandpoliticalsystem。Prussiamaybewellcomparedtoamassivestructureofloftyproportionsandastoundingsolidity，which，thoughithasnothingtodelighttheeyeorspeaktotheheart，cannotbutimpressuswithitsgrandsymmetry，equallyobservableinitsbroadfoundationsasinitsstrongandshelteringroof。”AndwhatisFrance？WhatisFrenchsocietyintheselatterdays？

Ahurly-burlyofdisorderlyelements，allmixedandjumbledtogether；acountryinwhicheverybodyclaimstherighttooccupythehighestposts，yetfewrememberthatamantobeemployedinaresponsiblepositionoughttohaveawell-balancedmind，oughttobestrictlymoral，toknowsomethingoftheworld，andpossesscertainintellectualpowers；acountryinwhichthehighestofficesarefrequentlyheldbyignorantanduneducatedpersons，whoeitherboastsomespecialtalent，orwhoseonlyclaimissocialpositionandsomeversatilityandaddress。Whatabanefulanddegradingstateofthings！Andhownaturalthat，whileitlasts，Franceshouldbefullofapeoplewithoutaposition，withoutacalling，whodonotknowwhattodowiththemselves，butarenonethelesseagertoenvyandmaligneveryonewhodoes……”TheFrenchdonotpossessinanyverymarkeddegreethequalitiesrequiredtorendergeneralconscriptionacceptable，ortoturnittoaccount。Conceitedandegotisticastheyare，thepeoplewouldobjecttoaninnovationwhoseinvigoratingforcetheyareunabletocomprehend，andwhichcannotbecarriedoutwithoutvirtueswhichtheydonotpossess——self-abnegation，conscientiousrecognitionofduty，andawillingnesstosacrificepersonalintereststotheloftierdemandsofthecountry。Asthecharacterofindividualsisonlyimprovedbyexperience，mostnationsrequireachastisementbeforetheysetaboutreorganisingtheirpoliticalinstitutions。SoPrussiawantedaJenatomakeherthestrongandhealthycountrysheis。”

(8)YeteveninDeTocqueville’sbenevolentnature，therewasapervadingelementofimpatience。Intheveryletterinwhichtheabovepassageoccurs，hesays:”Somepersonstrytobeofusetomenwhiletheydespisethem，andothersbecausetheylovethem。

Intheservicesrenderedbythefirst，thereisalwayssomethingincomplete，rough，andcontemptuous，thatinspiresneitherconfidencenorgratitude。Ishouldliketobelongtothesecondclass，butoftenIcannot。Ilovemankindingeneral，butI

constantlymeetwithindividualswhosebasenessrevoltsme。I

struggledailyagainstauniversalcontemptformyfellow，creatures。”——MEMOIRSANDREMAINSOFDETOCQUEVILLE，vol。i。p。

813。(LettertoKergorlay，Nov。13th，1833)。

(9)Gleig’s’LifeofWellington，’pp。314，315。

(10)’LifeofArnold，’i。94。

(11)Seethe’MemoirofGeorgeWilson，M。D。，F。R。S。E。’Byhissister(Edinburgh，1860)。

(12)Suchcasesarenotunusual。Wepersonallyknewayounglady，acountrywomanofProfessorWilson，afflictedbycancerinthebreast，whoconcealedthediseasefromherparentslestitshouldoccasionthemdistress。Anoperationbecamenecessary；andwhenthesurgeonscalledforthepurposeofperformingit，sheherselfansweredthedoor，receivedthemwithacheerfulcountenance，ledthemupstairstoherroom，andsubmittedtotheknife；andherparentsknewnothingoftheoperationuntilitwasallover。

Butthediseasehadbecometoodeeplyseatedforrecovery，andthenobleself-denyinggirldied，cheerfulanduncomplainingtotheend。

(13)”Onenight，abouteleveno’clock，Keatsreturnedhomeinastateofstrangephysicalexcitement——itmighthaveappeared，tothosewhodidnotknowhim，oneoffierceintoxication。Hetoldhisfriendhehadbeenoutsidethestage-coach，hadreceivedaseverechill，wasalittlefevered，butadded，’Idon’tfeelitnow。’Hewaseasilypersuadedtogotobed，andasheleaptintothecoldsheets，beforehisheadwasonthepillow，heslightlycoughedandsaid，’Thatisbloodfrommymouth；bringmethecandle；letmeseethisblood’Hegazedsteadfastlyforsomemomentsattheruddystain，andthen，lookinginhisfriend’sfacewithanexpressionofsuddencalmnessnevertobeforgotten，said，’Iknowthecolourofthatblood——itisarterialblood。Icannotbedeceivedinthatcolour；thatdropismydeath-warrant。Imustdie！’”——

Houghton’sLIFEOFKEATS，Ed。1867，p。289。

InthecaseofGeorgeWilson，thebleedingwasinthefirstinstancefromthestomach，thoughheafterwardssufferedfromlunghaemorrhagelikeKeats。Wilsonafterwards，speakingoftheLivesofLambandKeats，whichhadjustappeared，saidhehadbeenreadingthemwithgreatsadness。”Thereis，”saidhe，”somethinginthenoblebrotherlyloveofCharlestobrighten，andhallow，andrelievethatsadness；butKeats’sdeathbedistheblacknessofmidnight，unmitigatedbyonerayoflight！”

(14)Onthedoctors，whoattendedhiminhisfirstattack，mistakingthehaemorrhagefromthestomachforhaemorrhagefromthelungs，hewrote:”Itwouldhavebeenbutpoorconsolationtohavehadasanepitaph:-”HereliesGeorgeWilson，OvertakenbyNemesis；

HediednotofHaemoptysis，ButofHaematemesis。”

(15)’Memoir，’p。427。

CHAPTERVIII——TEMPER。”Temperisnine-tenthsofChristianity。”——BISHOPWILSON。”Heavenisatemper，notaplace。”——DR。CHALMERS。”Andshouldmyyouth，asyouthisaptIknow，Someharshnessshow；

AllvainasperitiesIdaybydayWouldwearaway，TillthesmoothtemperofmyageshouldbeLikethehighleavesupontheHollyTree”——SOUTHEY。

EvenPoweritselfhathnotone-halfthemightofGentleness”——

LEIGHHUNT。

Ithasbeensaidthatmensucceedinlifequiteasmuchbytheirtemperasbytheirtalents。Howeverthismaybe，itiscertainthattheirhappinessinlifedependsmainlyupontheirequanimityofdisposition，theirpatienceandforbearance，andtheirkindnessandthoughtfulnessforthoseaboutthem。ItisreallytruewhatPlatosays，thatinseekingthegoodofotherswefindourown。

Therearesomenaturessohappilyconstitutedthattheycanfindgoodineverything。Thereisnocalamitysogreatbuttheycaneducecomfortorconsolationfromit——noskysoblackbuttheycandiscoveragleamofsunshineissuingthroughitfromsomequarteroranother；andifthesunbenotvisibletotheireyes，theyatleastcomfortthemselveswiththethoughtthatitIS

there，thoughveiledfromthemforsomegoodandwisepurpose。

Suchhappynaturesaretobeenvied。Theyhaveabeamintheeye——abeamofpleasure，gladness，religiouscheerfulness，philosophy，callitwhatyouwill。Sunshineisabouttheirhearts，andtheirmindgildswithitsownhuesallthatitlooksupon。Whentheyhaveburdenstobear，theybearthemcheerfully——

notrepining，norfretting，norwastingtheirenergiesinuselesslamentation，butstrugglingonwardmanfully，gatheringupsuchflowersasliealongtheirpath。

Letitnotforamomentbesupposedthatmensuchasthosewespeakofareweakandunreflective。Thelargestandmostcomprehensivenaturesaregenerallyalsothemostcheerful，themostloving，themosthopeful，themosttrustful。Itisthewiseman，oflargevision，whoisthequickesttodiscernthemoralsunshinegleamingthroughthedarkestcloud。Inpresentevilheseesprospectivegood；inpain，herecognisestheeffortofnaturetorestorehealth；intrials，hefindscorrectionanddiscipline；

andinsorrowandsuffering，hegatherscourage，knowledge，andthebestpracticalwisdom。

WhenJeremyTaylorhadlostall——whenhishousehadbeenplundered，andhisfamilydrivenout-of-doors，andallhisworldlyestatehadbeensequestrated——hecouldstillwritethus:”Iamfallenintothehandsofpublicansandsequestrators，andtheyhavetakenallfromme；whatnow？Letmelookaboutme。Theyhaveleftmethesunandmoon，alovingwife，andmanyfriendstopityme，andsometorelieveme；andIcanstilldiscourse，and，unlessIlist，theyhavenottakenawaymymerrycountenanceandmycheerfulspirit，andagoodconscience；theyhavestillleftmetheprovidenceofGod，andallthepromisesoftheGospel，andmyreligion，andmyhopesofheaven，andmycharitytothem，too；andstillIsleepanddigest，Ieatanddrink，Ireadandmeditate……

Andhethathathsomanycausesofjoy，andsogreat，isverymuchinlovewithsorrowandpeevishness，wholovesallthesepleasures，andchoosestositdownuponhislittlehandfulofthorns。”(1)

Althoughcheerfulnessofdispositionisverymuchamatterofinborntemperament，itisalsocapableofbeingtrainedandcultivatedlikeanyotherhabit。Wemaymakethebestoflife，orwemaymaketheworstofit；anditdependsverymuchuponourselveswhetherweextractjoyormiseryfromit。Therearealwaystwosidesoflifeonwhichwecanlook，accordingaswechoose——thebrightsideorthegloomy。Wecanbringthepowerofthewilltobearinmakingthechoice，andthuscultivatethehabitofbeinghappyorthereverse。Wecanencouragethedispositionoflookingatthebrightestsideofthings，insteadofthedarkest。Andwhileweseethecloud，letusnotshutoureyestothesilverlining。

Thebeamintheeyeshedsbrightness，beauty，andjoyuponlifeinallitsphases。Itshinesuponcoldness，andwarmsit；uponsuffering，andcomfortsit；uponignorance，andenlightensit；

uponsorrow，andcheersit。Thebeamintheeyegiveslustretointellect，andbrightensbeautyitself。Withoutitthesunshineoflifeisnotfelt，flowersbloominvain，themarvelsofheavenandeartharenotseenoracknowledged，andcreationisbutadreary，lifeless，soullessblank。

Whilecheerfulnessofdispositionisagreatsourceofenjoymentinlife，itisalsoagreatsafeguardofcharacter。Adevotionalwriterofthepresentday，inanswertothequestion，Howarewetoovercometemptations？says:”Cheerfulnessisthefirstthing，cheerfulnessisthesecond，andcheerfulnessisthethird。”Itfurnishesthebestsoilforthegrowthofgoodnessandvirtue。Itgivesbrightnessofheartandelasticityofspirit。Itisthecompanionofcharity，thenurseofpatiencethemotherofwisdom。

Itisalsothebestofmoralandmentaltonics。”Thebestcordialofall，”saidDr。MarshallHalltooneofhispatients，”ischeerfulness。”AndSolomonhassaidthat”amerryheartdoethgoodlikeamedicine。”WhenLutherwasonceappliedtoforaremedyagainstmelancholy，hisadvicewas:”Gaietyandcourage——

innocentgaiety，andrationalhonourablecourage——arethebestmedicineforyoungmen，andforoldmen，too；forallmenagainstsadthoughts。”(2)Nexttomusic，ifnotbeforeit，Lutherlovedchildrenandflowers。Thegreatgnarledmanhadaheartastenderasawoman’s。

Cheerfulnessisalsoanexcellentwearingquality。Ithasbeencalledthebrightweatheroftheheart。Itgivesharmonyofsoul，andisaperpetualsongwithoutwords。Itistantamounttorepose。Itenablesnaturetorecruititsstrength；whereasworryanddiscontentdebilitateit，involvingconstantwear-and-tear。

HowisitthatweseesuchmenasLordPalmerstongrowingoldinharness，workingonvigorouslytotheend？Mainlythroughequanimityoftemperandhabitualcheerfulness。Theyhaveeducatedthemselvesinthehabitofendurance，ofnotbeingeasilyprovoked，ofbearingandforbearing，ofhearingharshandevenunjustthingssaidofthemwithoutindulginginundueresentment，andavoidingworreting，petty，andself-tormentingcares。AnintimatefriendofLordPalmerston，whoobservedhimcloselyfortwentyyears，hassaidthatheneversawhimangry，withperhapsoneexception；andthatwaswhentheministryresponsibleforthecalamityinAffghanistan，ofwhichhewasone，wereunjustlyaccusedbytheiropponentsoffalsehood，perjury，andwilfulmutilationofpublicdocuments。

Sofarascanbelearntfrombiography，menofthegreatestgeniushavebeenforthemostpartcheerful，contentedmen——noteagerforreputation，money，orpower——butrelishinglife，andkeenlysusceptibleofenjoyment，aswefindreflectedintheirworks。

SuchseemtohavebeenHomer，Horace，Virgil，Montaigne，Shakspeare，Cervantes。Healthyserenecheerfulnessisapparentintheirgreatcreations。Amongthesameclassofcheerful-mindedmenmayalsobementionedLuther，More，Bacon，LeonardodaVinci，Raphael，andMichaelAngelo。Perhapstheywerehappybecauseconstantlyoccupied，andinthepleasantestofallwork——thatofcreatingoutofthefulnessandrichnessoftheirgreatminds。

Milton，too，thoughamanofmanytrialsandsufferings，musthavebeenamanofgreatcheerfulnessandelasticityofnature。

Thoughovertakenbyblindness，desertedbyfriends，andfallenuponevildays——”darknessbeforeanddanger’svoicebehind”——

yetdidhenotbateheartorhope，but”stillboreupandsteeredrightonward。”

HenryFieldingwasamanbornedownthroughlifebydebt，anddifficulty，andbodilysuffering；andyetLadyMaryWortleyMontaguehassaidofhimthat，byvirtueofhischeerfuldisposition，shewaspersuadedhe”hadknownmorehappymomentsthananypersononearth。”

Dr。Johnson，throughallhistrialsandsufferingsandhardfightswithfortune，wasacourageousandcheerful-naturedman。Hemanfullymadethebestoflife，andtriedtobegladinit。Once，whenaclergymanwascomplainingofthedulnessofsocietyinthecountry，saying”theyonlytalkofrunts”(youngcows)，JohnsonfeltflatteredbytheobservationofMrs。Thrale’smother，whosaid，”Sir，Dr。Johnsonwouldlearntotalkofrunts”——meaningthathewasamanwhowouldmakethemostofhissituation，whateveritwas。

Johnsonwasofopinionthatamangrewbetterashegrewolder，andthathisnaturemellowedwithage。ThisiscertainlyamuchmorecheerfulviewofhumannaturethanthatofLordChesterfield，whosawlifethroughtheeyesofacynic，andheldthat”theheartnevergrowsbetterbyage:itonlygrowsharder。”Butbothsayingsmaybetrueaccordingtothepointfromwhichlifeisviewed，andthetemperbywhichamanisgoverned；forwhilethegood，profitingbyexperience，anddiscipliningthemselvesbyself-control，willgrowbetter，theill-conditioned，uninfluencedbyexperience，willonlygrowworse。

SirWalterScottwasamanfullofthemilkofhumankindness。

Everybodylovedhim。Hewasneverfiveminutesinaroomerethelittlepetsofthefamily，whetherdumborlisping，hadfoundouthiskindnessforalltheirgeneration。ScottrelatedtoCaptainBasilHallanincidentofhisboyhoodwhichshowedthetendernessofhisnature。Oneday，adogcomingtowardshim，hetookupabigstone，threwit，andhitthedog。Thepoorcreaturehadstrengthenoughlefttocrawluptohimandlickhisfeet，althoughhesawitslegwasbroken。Theincident，hesaid，hadgivenhimthebitterestremorseinhisafter-life；butheadded，”Anearlycircumstanceofthatkind，properlyreflectedon，iscalculatedtohavethebesteffectonone’scharacterthroughoutlife。””Givemeanhonestlaugher，”Scottwouldsay；andhehimselflaughedtheheart’slaugh。Hehadakindwordforeverybody，andhiskindnessactedallroundhimlikeacontagion，dispellingthereserveandawewhichhisgreatnamewascalculatedtoinspire。”He’llcomehere，”saidthekeeperoftheruinsofMelroseAbbeytoWashingtonIrving——”he’llcomeheresome-times，wi’greatfolksinhiscompany，andthefirstI’llknowofitishearinghisvoicecallingout，’Johnny！JohnnyBower！’AndwhenIgooutI’msuretobegreetedwi’ajokeorapleasantword。He’llstandandcrackandlaughwi’me，justlikeanauldwife；andtothinkthatofamanthathasSUCHANAWFU’KNOWLEDGEO’HISTORY！”

Dr。Arnoldwasamanofthesameheartycordialityofmanner——

fullofhumansympathy。Therewasnotaparticleofaffectationorpretenceofcondescensionabouthim。”Ineverknewsuchahumblemanasthedoctor，”saidtheparishclerkatLaleham；”hecomesandshakesusbythehandasifhewasoneofus。””Heusedtocomeintomyhouse，”saidanoldwomannearFoxHow，”andtalktomeasifIwerealady。”

SydneySmithwasanotherillustrationofthepowerofcheerfulness。Hewaseverreadytolookonthebrightsideofthings；thedarkestcloudhadtohimitssilverlining。Whetherworkingascountrycurate，orasparishrector，hewasalwayskind，laborious，patient，andexemplary；exhibitingineverysphereoflifethespiritofaChristian，thekindnessofapastor，andthehonourofagentleman。Inhisleisureheemployedhispenonthesideofjustice，freedom，education，toleration，emancipation；andhiswritings，thoughfullofcommon-senseandbrighthumour，arenevervulgar；nordidheeverpandertopopularityorprejudice。Hisgoodspirits，thankstohisnaturalvivacityandstaminaofconstitution，neverforsookhim；andinhisoldage，whenbornedownbydisease，hewrotetoafriend:”I

havegout，asthma，andsevenothermaladies，butamotherwiseverywell。”InoneofthelastlettershewrotetoLadyCarlisle，hesaid:”Ifyouhearofsixteenoreighteenpoundsoffleshwantinganowner，theybelongtome。Ilookasifacuratehadbeentakenoutofme。”

Greatmenofsciencehaveforthemostpartbeenpatient，laborious，cheerful-mindedmen。SuchwereGalileo，Descartes，Newton，andLaplace。Eulerthemathematician，oneofthegreatestofnaturalphilosophers，wasadistinguishedinstance。Towardsthecloseofhislifehebecamecompletelyblind；buthewentonwritingascheerfullyasbefore，supplyingthewantofsightbyvariousingeniousmechanicaldevices，andbytheincreasedcultivationofhismemory，whichbecameexceedinglytenacious。

Hischiefpleasurewasinthesocietyofhisgrandchildren，towhomhetaughttheirlittlelessonsintheintervalsofhissevererstudies。

Inlikemanner，ProfessorRobisonofEdinburgh，thefirsteditorofthe’EncyclopaediaBritannica，’whendisabledfromworkbyalingeringandpainfuldisorder，foundhischiefpleasureinthesocietyofhisgrandchild。”Iaminfinitelydelighted，”hewrotetoJamesWatt，”withobservingthegrowthofitslittlesoul，andparticularlywithitsnumberlessinstincts，whichformerlypassedunheeded。IthanktheFrenchtheoristsformoreforciblydirectingmyattentiontothefingerofGod，whichIdiscernineveryawkwardmovementandeverywaywardwhim。Theyareallguardiansofhislifeandgrowthandpower。IregretindeedthatIhavenottimetomakeinfancyandthedevelopmentofitspowersmysolestudy。”

Oneofthesoresttrialsofaman’stemperandpatiencewasthatwhichbefellAbauzit，thenaturalphilosopher，whileresidingatGeneva；resemblinginmanyrespectsasimilarcalamitywhichoccurredtoNewton，andwhichheborewithequalresignation。

Amongstotherthings，Abauzitdevotedmuchstudytothebarometeranditsvariations，withtheobjectofdeducingthegenerallawswhichregulatedatmosphericpressure。Duringtwenty-sevenyearshemadenumerousobservationsdaily，recordingthemonsheetspreparedforthepurpose。Oneday，whenanewservantwasinstalledinthehouse，sheimmediatelyproceededtodisplayherzealby”puttingthingsto-rights。”Abauzit’sstudy，amongstotherrooms，wasmadetidyandsetinorder。Whenheenteredit，heaskedoftheservant，”Whathaveyoudonewiththepaperthatwasroundthebarometer？””Oh，sir，”wasthereply，”itwassodirtythatIburntit，andputinitsplacethispaper，whichyouwillseeisquitenew。”Abauzitcrossedhisarms，andaftersomemomentsofinternalstruggle，hesaid，inatoneofcalmnessandresignation:”Youhavedestroyedtheresultsoftwenty-sevenyearslabour；infuturetouchnothingwhateverinthisroom。”

Thestudyofnaturalhistorymorethanthatofanyotherbranchofscience，seemstobeaccompaniedbyunusualcheerfulnessandequanimityoftemperonthepartofitsvotaries；theresultofwhichis，thatthelifeofnaturalistsisonthewholemoreprolongedthanthatofanyotherclassofmenofscience。A

memberoftheLinnaeanSocietyhasinformedusthatoffourteenmemberswhodiedin1870，twowereoverninety，fivewereovereighty，andtwowereoverseventy。Theaverageageofallthememberswhodiedinthatyearwasseventy-five。

Adanson，theFrenchbotanist，wasaboutseventyyearsoldwhentheRevolutionbrokeout，andamidsttheshockhelosteverything——

hisfortune，hisplaces，andhisgardens。Buthispatience，courage，andresignationneverforsookhim。Hebecamereducedtothegreateststraits，andevenwantedfoodandclothing；yethisardourofinvestigationremainedthesame。Once，whentheInstituteinvitedhim，asbeingoneofitsoldestmembers，toassistataSEANCE，hisanswerwasthatheregrettedhecouldnotattendforwantofshoes。”Itwasatouchingsight，”saysCuvier，”toseethepooroldman，bentovertheembersofadecayingfire，tryingtotracecharacterswithafeeblehandonthelittlebitofpaperwhichheheld，forgettingallthepainsoflifeinsomenewideainnaturalhistory，whichcametohimlikesomebeneficentfairytocheerhiminhisloneliness。”TheDirectoryeventuallygavehimasmallpension，whichNapoleondoubled；andatlength，easefuldeathcametohisreliefinhisseventy-ninthyear。A

clauseinhiswill，astothemannerofhisfuneral，illustratesthecharacteroftheman。Hedirectedthatagarlandofflowers，providedbyfifty-eightfamilieswhomhehadestablishedinlife，shouldbetheonlydecorationofhiscoffin——aslightbuttouchingimageofthemoredurablemonumentwhichhehaderectedforhimselfinhisworks。

Suchareonlyafewinstances，ofthecheerful-working-nessofgreatmen，whichmight，indeed，bemultipliedtoanyextent。Alllargehealthynaturesarecheerfulaswellashopeful。Theirexampleisalsocontagiousanddiffusive，brighteningandcheeringallwhocomewithinreachoftheirinfluence。ItwassaidofSirJohnMalcolm，whenheappearedinasaddenedcampinIndia，that”itwaslikeagleamofsunlight，……nomanlefthimwithoutasmileonhisface。Hewas’boyMalcolm’still。Itwasimpossibletoresistthefascinationofhisgenialpresence。”(3)

TherewasthesamejoyousnessofnatureaboutEdmundBurke。OnceatadinneratSirJoshuaReynolds’s，whentheconversationturneduponthesuitabilityofliquorsforparticulartemperaments，Johnsonsaid，”Claretisforboys，portformen，andbrandyforheroes。””Then，”saidBurke，”letmehaveclaret:Ilovetobeaboy，andtohavethecarelessgaietyofboyishdays。”Andsoitis，thatthereareoldyoungmen，andyoungoldmen——somewhoareasjoyousandcheerfulasboysintheiroldage，andotherswhoareasmoroseandcheerlessassaddenedoldmenwhilestillintheirboyhood。

Inthepresenceofsomepriggishyouths，wehaveheardacheerfuloldmandeclarethat，apparently，therewouldsoonbenothingbut”oldboys”left。Cheerfulness，beinggenerousandgenial，joyousandhearty，isneverthecharacteristicofprigs。Goetheusedtoexclaimofgoody-goodypersons，”Oh！iftheyhadbutthehearttocommitanabsurdity！”Thiswaswhenhethoughttheywantedheartinessandnature。”Prettydolls！”washisexpressionwhenspeakingofthem，andturningaway。

Thetruebasisofcheerfulnessislove，hope，andpatience。Loveevokeslove，andbegetslovingkindness。Lovecherisheshopefulandgenerousthoughtsofothers。Itischaritable，gentle，andtruthful。Itisadiscernerofgood。Itturnstothebrightestsideofthings，anditsfaceiseverdirectedtowardshappiness。

Itsees”thegloryinthegrass，thesunshineontheflower。”Itencourageshappythoughts，andlivesinanatmosphereofcheerfulness。Itcostsnothing，andyetisinvaluable；foritblessesitspossessor，andgrowsupinabundanthappinessinthebosomsofothers。Evenitssorrowsarelinkedwithpleasures，anditsverytearsaresweet。

Benthamlaysitdownasaprinciple，thatamanbecomesrichinhisownstockofpleasuresinproportiontotheamounthedistributestoothers。Hiskindnesswillevokekindness，andhishappinessbeincreasedbyhisownbenevolence。”Kindwords，”hesays，”costnomorethanunkindones。Kindwordsproducekindactions，notonlyonthepartofhimtowhomtheyareaddressed，butonthepartofhimbywhomtheyareemployed；andthisnotincidentallyonly，buthabitually，invirtueoftheprincipleofassociation。”……”Itmayindeedhappen，thattheeffortofbeneficencemaynotbenefitthoseforwhomitwasintended；butwhenwiselydirected，itMUSTbenefitthepersonfromwhomitemanates。Goodandfriendlyconductmaymeetwithanunworthyandungratefulreturn；buttheabsenceofgratitudeonthepartofthereceivercannotdestroytheself-approbationwhichrecompensesthegiver，andwemayscattertheseedsofcourtesyandkindlinessaroundusatsolittleexpense。Someofthemwillinevitablyfallongoodground，andgrowupintobenevolenceinthemindsofothers；andallofthemwillbearfruitofhappinessinthebosomwhencetheyspring。Onceblestareallthevirtuesalways；twiceblestsometimes。”(4)

ThepoetRogersusedtotellastoryofalittlegirl，agreatfavouritewitheveryonewhoknewher。Someonesaidtoher，”Whydoeseverybodyloveyousomuch？”Sheanswered，”IthinkitisbecauseIloveeverybodysomuch。”Thislittlestoryiscapableofaverywideapplication；forourhappinessashumanbeings，generallyspeaking，willbefoundtobeverymuchinproportiontothenumberofthingswelove，andthenumberofthingsthatloveus。Andthegreatestworldlysuccess，howeverhonestlyachieved，willcontributecomparativelylittletohappiness，unlessitbeaccompaniedbyalivelybenevolencetowardseveryhumanbeing。

Kindnessisindeedagreatpowerintheworld。LeighHunthastrulysaidthat”Poweritselfhathnotonehalfthemightofgentleness。”Menarealwaysbestgovernedthroughtheiraffections。ThereisaFrenchproverbwhichsaysthat，”LES

HOMMESSEPRENNENTPARLADOUCEUR，”andacoarserEnglishone，totheeffectthat”Morewaspsarecaughtbyhoneythanbyvinegar。””Everyactofkindness，”saysBentham，”isinfactanexerciseofpower，andastockoffriendshiplaidup；andwhyshouldnotpowerexerciseitselfintheproductionofpleasureasofpain？”

Kindnessdoesnotconsistingifts，butingentlenessandgenerosityofspirit。Menmaygivetheirmoneywhichcomesfromthepurse，andwithholdtheirkindnesswhichcomesfromtheheart。

Thekindnessthatdisplaysitselfingivingmoney，doesnotamounttomuch，andoftendoesquiteasmuchharmasgood；butthekindnessoftruesympathy，ofthoughtfulhelp，isneverwithoutbeneficentresults。

Thegoodtemperthatdisplaysitselfinkindnessmustnotbeconfoundedwithsoftnessorsilliness。Initsbestform，itisnotamerelypassivebutanactiveconditionofbeing。Itisnotbyanymeansindifferent，butlargelysympathetic。Itdoesnotcharacterisethelowestandmostgelatinousformsofhumanlife，butthosethatarethemosthighlyorganized。Truekindnesscherishesandactivelypromotesallreasonableinstrumentalitiesfordoingpracticalgoodinitsowntime；and，lookingintofuturity，seesthesamespiritworkingonfortheeventualelevationandhappinessoftherace。

Itisthekindly-dispositionedmenwhoaretheactivemenoftheworld，whiletheselfishandthesceptical，whohavenolovebutforthemselves，areitsidlers。Buffonusedtosay，thathewouldgivenothingforayoungmanwhodidnotbeginlifewithanenthusiasmofsomesort。Itshowedthatatleasthehadfaithinsomethinggood，lofty，andgenerous，evenifunattainable。

Egotism，scepticism，andselfishnessarealwaysmiserablecompanionsinlife，andtheyareespeciallyunnaturalinyouth。

Theegotistisnext-doortoafanatic。Constantlyoccupiedwithself，hehasnothoughttospareforothers。Hereferstohimselfinallthings，thinksofhimself，andstudieshimself，untilhisownlittleselfbecomeshisownlittlegod。

Worstofallarethegrumblersandgrowlersatfortune——whofindthat”whateverisiswrong，”andwilldonothingtosetmattersright——whodeclarealltobebarren”fromDaneventoBeersheba。”

Thesegrumblersareinvariablyfoundtheleastefficienthelpersintheschooloflife。Astheworstworkmenareusuallythereadiestto”strike，”sotheleastindustriousmembersofsocietyarethereadiesttocomplain。Theworstwheelofallistheonethatcreaks。

Thereissuchathingasthecherishingofdiscontentuntilthefeelingbecomesmorbid。Thejaundicedseeeverythingaboutthemyellow。Theill-conditionedthinkallthingsawry，andthewholeworldout-of-joint。Allisvanityandvexationofspirit。ThelittlegirlinPUNCH，whofoundherdollstuffedwithbran，andforthwithdeclaredeverythingtobehollowandwantedto”gointoanunnery，”hadhercounterpartinreallife。Manyfull-grownpeoplearequiteasmorbidlyunreasonable。Therearethosewhomaybesaidto”enjoybadhealth；”theyregarditasasortofproperty。Theycanspeakof”MYheadache”——”MYbackache，”andsoforth，untilincourseoftimeitbecomestheirmostcherishedpossession。Butperhapsitisthesourcetothemofmuchcovetedsympathy，withoutwhichtheymightfindthemselvesofcomparativelylittleimportanceintheworld。

Wehavetobeonourguardagainstsmalltroubles，which，byencouraging，weareapttomagnifyintogreatones。Indeed，thechiefsourceofworryintheworldisnotrealbutimaginaryevil——smallvexationsandtrivialafflictions。Inthepresenceofagreatsorrow，allpettytroublesdisappear；butwearetooreadytotakesomecherishedmiserytoourbosom，andtopetitthere。

Veryoftenitisthechildofourfancy；and，forgetfulofthemanymeansofhappinesswhichliewithinourreach，weindulgethisspoiltchildofoursuntilitmastersus。Weshutthedooragainstcheerfulness，andsurroundourselveswithgloom。Thehabitgivesacolouringtoourlife。Wegrowquerulous，moody，andunsympathetic。Ourconversationbecomesfullofregrets。Weareharshinourjudgmentofothers。Weareunsociable，andthinkeverybodyelseisso。Wemakeourbreastastorehouseofpain，whichweinflictuponourselvesaswellasuponothers。

Thisdispositionisencouragedbyselfishness:indeed，itisforthemostpartselfishnessunmingled，withoutanyadmixtureofsympathyorconsiderationforthefeelingsofthoseaboutus。Itissimplywilfulnessinthewrongdirection。Itiswilful，becauseitmightbeavoided。Letthenecessitariansargueastheymay，freedomofwillandactionisthepossessionofeverymanandwoman。Itissometimesourglory，andveryoftenitisourshame:

alldependsuponthemannerinwhichitisused。Wecanchoosetolookatthebrightsideofthings，oratthedark。Wecanfollowgoodandeschewevilthoughts。Wecanbewrongheadedandwronghearted，orthereverse，asweourselvesdetermine。Theworldwillbetoeachoneofusverymuchwhatwemakeit。

Thecheerfulareitsrealpossessors，fortheworldbelongstothosewhoenjoyit。

Itmust，however，beadmittedthattherearecasesbeyondthereachofthemoralist。Once，whenamiserable-lookingdyspepticcalleduponaleadingphysicianandlaidhiscasebeforehim，”Oh！”saidthedoctor，”youonlywantagoodheartylaugh:

goandseeGrimaldi。””Alas！”saidthemiserablepatient，”IamGrimaldi！”So，whenSmollett，oppressedbydisease，travelledoverEuropeinthehopeoffindinghealth，hesaweverythingthroughhisownjaundicedeyes。”I’lltellit，”

saidSmellfungus，”totheworld。””Youhadbettertellit，”

saidSterne，”toyourphysician。”

Therestless，anxious，dissatisfiedtemper，thatiseverreadytorunandmeetcarehalf-way，isfataltoallhappinessandpeaceofmind。Howoftendoweseemenandwomensetthemselvesaboutasifwithstiffbristles，sothatonedarescarcelyapproachthemwithoutfearofbeingpricked！Forwantofalittleoccasionalcommandoverone’stemper，anamountofmiseryisoccasionedinsocietywhichispositivelyfrightful。Thusenjoymentisturnedintobitterness，andlifebecomeslikeajourneybarefootedamongstthornsandbriersandprickles。”Thoughsometimessmallevils，”saysRichardSharp，”likeinvisibleinsects，inflictgreatpain，andasinglehairmaystopavastmachine，yetthechiefsecretofcomfortliesinnotsufferingtriflestovexus；andinprudentlycultivatinganundergrowthofsmallpleasures，sinceveryfewgreatones，alas！areletonlongleases。”(5)

St。FrancisdeSalestreatsthesametopicfromtheChristian’spointofview。”Howcarefully，”hesays，”weshouldcherishthelittlevirtueswhichspringupatthefootoftheCross！”Whenthesaintwasasked，”Whatvirtuesdoyoumean？”hereplied:”Humility，patience，meekness，benignity，bearingoneanother’sburden，condescension，softnessofheart，cheerfulness，cordiality，compassion，forgivinginjuries，simplicity，candour——

all，inshortofthatsortoflittlevirtues。They，likeunobtrusiveviolets，lovetheshade；likethemaresustainedbydew；andthough，likethem，theymakelittleshow，theyshedasweetodouronallaround。”(6)

Andagainhesaid:”Ifyouwouldfallintoanyextreme，letitbeonthesideofgentleness。Thehumanmindissoconstructedthatitresistsrigour，andyieldstosoftness。Amildwordquenchesanger，aswaterquenchestherageoffire；andbybenignityanysoilmayberenderedfruitful。Truth，utteredwithcourtesy，isheapingcoalsoffireonthehead——orrather，throwingrosesintheface。Howcanweresistafoewhoseweaponsarepearlsanddiamonds？”(7)

Meetingevilsbyanticipationisnotthewaytoovercomethem。Ifweperpetuallycarryourburdensaboutwithus，theywillsoonbearusdownundertheirload。Whenevilcomes，wemustdealwithitbravelyandhopefully。WhatPertheswrotetoayoungman，whoseemedtohiminclinedtotaketriflesaswellassorrowstoomuchtoheart，wasdoubtlessgoodadvice:”Goforwardwithhopeandconfidence。Thisistheadvicegiventheebyanoldman，whohashadafullshareoftheburdenandheatoflife’sday。Wemusteverstandupright，happenwhatmay，andforthisendwemustcheerfullyresignourselvestothevariedinfluencesofthismany-

colouredlife。Youmaycallthislevity，andyouarepartlyright；forflowersandcoloursarebuttrifleslightasair，butsuchlevityisaconstituentportionofourhumannature，withoutwhichitwouldsinkundertheweightoftime。Whileonearthwemuststillplaywithearth，andwiththatwhichbloomsandfadesuponitsbreast。Theconsciousnessofthismortallifebeingbutthewaytoahighergoal，bynomeansprecludesourplayingwithitcheerfully；and，indeed，wemustdoso，otherwiseourenergyinactionwillentirelyfail。”(8)

Cheerfulnessalsoaccompaniespatience，whichisoneofthemainconditionsofhappinessandsuccessinlife。”Hethatwillbeserved，”saysGeorgeHerbert，”mustbepatient。”ItwassaidofthecheerfulandpatientKingAlfred，that”goodfortuneaccompaniedhimlikeagiftofGod。”Marlborough’sexpectantcalmnesswasgreat，andaprincipalsecretofhissuccessasageneral。”Patiencewillovercomeallthings，”hewrotetoGodolphin，in1702。Inthemidstofagreatemergency，whilebaffledandopposedbyhisallies，hesaid，”Havingdoneallthatispossible，weshouldsubmitwithpatience。”

LastandchiefestofblessingsisHope，themostcommonofpossessions；for，asThalesthephilosophersaid，”Eventhosewhohavenothingelsehavehope。”Hopeisthegreathelperofthepoor。Ithasevenbeenstyled”thepoorman’sbread。”Itisalsothesustainerandinspirerofgreatdeeds。ItisrecordedofAlexandertheGreat，thatwhenhesucceededtothethroneofMacedon，hegaveawayamongsthisfriendsthegreaterpartoftheestateswhichhisfatherhadlefthim；andwhenPerdiccasaskedhimwhathereservedforhimself，Alexanderanswered，”Thegreatestpossessionofall，——Hope！”

Thepleasuresofmemory，howevergreat，arestalecomparedwiththoseofhope；forhopeistheparentofalleffortandendeavour；

and”everygiftofnobleoriginisbreatheduponbyHope’sperpetualbreath。”Itmaybesaidtobethemoralenginethatmovestheworld，andkeepsitinaction；andattheendofalltherestandsbeforeuswhatRobertsonofEllonstyled”TheGreatHope。””IfitwerenotforHope，”saidByron，”wherewouldtheFuturebe？——inhell！ItisuselesstosaywherethePresentis，formostofusknow；andasforthePast，WHATpredominatesinmemory？——Hopebaffled。ERGO，inallhumanaffairsitisHope，Hope，Hope！”(9)

NOTES

(1)JeremyTaylor’s’HolyLiving。’

(2)’Michelet’s’LifeofLuther，’pp。411-12。

(3)SirJohnKaye’s’LivesofIndianOfficers。’

(4)’Deontology，’pp。130-1，144。

(5)’LettersandEssays，’p。67。

(6)’BeautiesofSt。FrancisdeSales。’

(7)Ibid。

(8)’LifeofPerthes，’ii。449。

(9)Moore’s’LifeofByron，’8vo。Ed。，p。483。

CHAPTERIX——MANNER——ART。”Wemustbegentle，nowwearegentlemen。”——SHAKSPEARE。”Mannersarenotidle，butthefruitOfnoblenatureandofloyalmind。”——TENNYSON。”Abeautifulbehaviourisbetterthanabeautifulform；itgivesahigherpleasurethanstatuesandpictures；itisthefinestofthefinearts。”——EMERSON。”Mannersareoftentoomuchneglected；theyaremostimportanttomen，nolessthantowomen……Lifeistooshorttogetoverabadmanner；besides，mannersaretheshadowsofvirtues。”——THE

REV。SIDNEYSMITH。