第4章

StrangeinourownBaptismalServiceandjustbeforetheactualchristeningwereadthesewords，“ThenshallthePriestsay:OmercifulGod，grantthatoldAdaminthischildmaybesoBURIEDthatthenewmanmayberaisedupinhim:grantthatallcarnalaffectionsmaydieinhim，andthatallthingsbelongingtotheSpiritmayliveandgrowinhim！“CanwedoubtthattheAustralianmedicine-man，standingatthegravesideofthere-arisenoldblack-fellow，pointedthesamemoraltotheyounginitiatesasthepriestdoesto-daytothoseassembledbeforehiminchurch——forindeedweknowthatamongsavagetribesinitiationshavealwaysbeenbeforeallthingstheoccasionsofmoralandsocialteaching?Canwedoubtthathesaid，insubstanceifnotinactualwords:“Asthismanhasarisenfromthegrave，soyoumustalsoarisefromyouroldchildishlifeofamusementandself-gratificationand，ENTERINTOthelifeofthetribe，thelifeoftheSpiritofthetribe。”“Intotemisticsocieties，“toquoteMissHarrisonagain，“andintheanimalsecretsocietiesthatseemtogrowoutofthem，thenoviceisbornagainaSTHESACREDANIMAL。ThusamongtheCarrierIndians[1]

whenamanwantstobecomeaLulemor"Bear，"howevercoldtheseasonhetearsoffhisclothes，putsonabear-skinanddashesintothewoods，wherehewillstayforthreeorfourdays。Everynighthisfellow-villagerswillgooutinsearchpartiestofindhim。TheycryoutYi！

Kelulem(comeon，Bear)，andheanswerswithangrygrowls。

Usuallytheyfailtofindhim，buthecomesbackatlasthimself。

Heismet，andconductedtotheceremoniallodge，andthereincompanywiththerestoftheBearsdancessolemnlyhisfirstappearance。Disappearanceandreappearanceisascommonariteininitiationasstimulatedkillingandresurrection，andhasthesameobject。Bothareritesoftransition，ofpassingfromonetoanother。”IntheChristianceremoniestheboyorgirlputsawaychildishthingsandputsonthenewman，butinsteadofputtingonabear-skinheputsonChrist。Thereisnotsomuchdifferenceasmayappearonthesurface。TobeidentifiedwithyourTotemistobeidentifiedwiththesacredbeingwhowatchesoveryourtribe，whohasgivenhislifeforyourtribe；itistobebornagain，tobewashednotonlywithwaterbutwiththeHolySpiritofallyourfellows。TobebaptizedintoChristoughttomeantoberegeneratedintheHolySpiritofallhumanity；andnodoubtincasesitdoesmeanthis，buttoooftenunfortunatelyithasonlyamountedtoapretenceofreligioussanctiongiventothemeanestandbitterestquarrelsoftheChurchesandtheStates。

[1]GoldenBough，Section2，III，p。438。

ThisideaofaNewBirthatinitiationexplainstheprevalentpagancustomofsubjectingtheinitiatestoseriousordeals，oftenpainfulandevendangerous。Ifoneistobebornagain，obviouslyonemustbereadytofacedeath；theonethingcannotbewithouttheother。Onemustbeabletoendurepain，liketheRedIndianbraves；

togolongperiodsfastingandwithoutfoodordrink，likethechoupanamongtheWesternInoits——who，wandersforwholenightsovertheice-fieldsunderthemoon，scantilyclothedandbravingtheintensecold；toovercometheveryfearofdeathanddanger，liketheAustraliannoviceswho，atfirstterrifiedbythesoundofthebull-

roarerandthreatsoffireandtheknife，learnfinallytocasttheirfearsaway。[1]Bysodoingoneputsofftheoldchildishthings，andqualifiesoneselfbyfirmnessandcouragetobecomeaworthymemberofthesocietyintowhichoneiscalled。[2]Therulesofsociallifearetaught——thedutytoone"stribe，andtooneself，truth-

speaking，defenceofwomenandchildren，thecareofcattle，themeaningofsexandmarriage，andeventhemysteriesofsuchreligiousideasandrudimentaryscienceasthetribepossesses。Andbysodoingonereallyentersintoanewlife。Thingsofthespiritualworldbegintodawn。JuliusFirmicus，indescribingthemysteriesoftheresurrectionofOsiris，[3]saysthatwhentheworshipershadsatiatedthemselveswithlamentationsoverthedeathofthegodthenthepriestwouldgoroundanointingthemwithoilandwhispering，“Beofgoodcheer，ONeophytesofthenew-

arisenGod，fortoustoofromourpainsshallcomesalvation。”[4]

[1]AccordingtoaccountsoftheWiradthuritribeofWesternAustralia，intheirinitiations，theladswerefrightenedbyalargefirebeinglightednearthem，andhearingtheawfulsoundofthebull-roarers，whiletheyweretoldthatDhuramoolanwasabouttoburnthem；thelegendbeingthatDhuramoolan，apowerfulbeing，whosevoicesoundedlikethunder，wouldtaketheboysintothebushandinstructtheminallthelaws，traditionsandcustomsofthecommunity。Sohepretendedthathealwayskilledtheboys，cutthemup，andburntthemtoashes，afterwhichhemouldedtheashesintohumanshape，andrestoredthemtolifeasnewbeings。(SeeR。H。Matthews，“TheWiradthuritribes，“JournalAnthrop。Inst。，vol。xxv，1896，pp。297sq。)

[2]SeeCatlin"sNorth-AmericanIndians，vol。i，forinitiationsandordealsamongtheMandans。

[3]DeErrore，c。22。

[4]

Itwouldseemthatatsomeveryearlytimeinthehistoryoftribalandpriestlyinitiationsanattemptwasmadetoimpressupontheneophytestheexistenceandover-

shadowingpresenceofspiritualandghostlybeings。Perhapsthepainsenduredinthevariousordeals，thelongfastings，thesilencesinthedepthoftheforestsoronthemountainsoramongtheice-floes，helpedtorousethevisionaryfaculty。

Thedevelopmentsofthisfacultyamongtheblackandcoloredpeoples——East-Indian，Burmese，African，American-

Indian，etc——arewellknown。MissAliceFletcher，wholivedamongtheOmahaIndiansforthirtyyears，givesamostinterestingaccount[1]ofthegeneralphilosophyofthatpeopleandtheirritesofinitiation。“TheOmahasregardallanimateandinanimateforms，allphenomena，aspervadedbyacommonlife，whichwascontinuouswithandsimilartothewill-powertheywereconsciousofinthemselves。ThismysteriouspowerinallthingstheycalledWakonda，andthroughitallthingswererelatedtomanandtoeachother。Intheideaofthecontinuityoflifearelationwasmaintainedbetweentheseenandtheunseen，thedeadandtheliving，andalsobetweenthefragmentofanythinganditsentirety。”[2]ThusanOmahanovicemightatanytimeseektoobtainWakondabywhatwascalledTHERITEOFTHEVISION。Hewouldgooutalone，fast，chantincantations，andfinallyfallintoatrance(muchresemblingwhatinmoderntimeshasbeencalledCOSMICCONSCIOUSNESS)inwhichhewouldperceivetheinnerrelationsofallthingsandthesolidarityoftheleastobjectwiththerestoftheuniverse。

[1]SummarizedinThemis，pp。68-71。

[2]A。C。Fletcher，TheSignificanceoftheScalp-lock，JournalofAnthropologicalStudies，xxvii(1897-8)，p。436。

Anotherriteinconnectionwithinitiation，andcommonalloverthepaganworld——inGreece，America，Africa，Australia，NewMexico，etc——wasthedaubingofthenovicealloverwithclayorchalkorevendung，andthenafterawhileremovingthesame。[1]Thenovicemusthavelookedasufficientlyuglyanduncomfortableobjectinthisstate；

butlater，whenhewasthoroughlyWASHED，theceremonymusthaveaffordedathrillingillustrationoftheideaofanewbirth，andonewhichwoulddwellinthemindsofthespectators。Whenthedaubingwasdoneasnotinfrequentlyhappenedwithwhiteclayorgypsum，andtheritualtookplaceatnight，itcaneasilybeimaginedthatthefiguresofyoungmenandboysmovingaboutinthedarknesswouldlendsupporttotheideathattheywerespiritsbelongingtosomeintermediateworld——whohadalreadypassedthroughdeathandwerenowwaitingfortheirsecondbirthonearth(orintothetribe)whichwouldbesignalizedbytheirthoroughandceremonialwashing。ItwillberememberedthatHerodotus(viii)

givesacircumstantialaccountofhowthePhociansinabattlewiththeThessalianssmearedsixhundredoftheirbravestwarriorswithwhiteclaysothat，lookinglikesupernaturalbeings，andfallingupontheThessaliansbynight，theyterrifiedthelatterandputthemtoinstantflight。

[1]SeeA。Lang"sMyth，RitualandReligion，i，274sq。

Suchthen——thoughonlyveryscantilydescribed——weresomeoftheritesofInitiationandSecondBirthcelebratedintheoldPaganworld。Thesubjectisfartoolargeforadequatetreatmentwithinthepresentlimits；butevensowecannotbutbestruckbytheappropriatenessinmanycasesoftheteachingthusgiventotheyoung，theconcretenessoftheillustrations，theeffectivenessofthesymbolsused，thedramaticcharacteroftherites，thestrongenforcementoflessonsonthenatureanddutiesofthelifeintowhichthecandidateswereabouttoenter。Christianityfollowedon，andinheritedthesetraditions，butonefeelsthatinitsceremoniesofBaptismandConfirmation，whichofcoursecorrespondtothePaganInitiations，itfallsshortofthelatter。Itsceremonies(certainlyaswehavethemto-dayinProtestantcountries)

areofaverymilk-and-waterycharacter；allallusiontoandteachingontheimmenselyimportantsubjectofSexisomitted，thedetailsofsocialandindustrialmoralityarepassedby，andinstructionislimitedtoafewrathercommonplacelessonsingeneralmoralityandreligion。

Itmaybeappropriatehere，beforeleavingthesubjectoftheSecondBirth，toinquirehowithascomeaboutthatthisdoctrine——soremoteandmetaphysicalasitmightappear——hasbeentakenupandembodiedintheircreedsandritualsbyquitePRIMITIVEpeopleallovertheworld，tosuchadegreeindeedthatithasultimatelybeenadoptedandbuiltintothefoundationsofthelatterandmoreintellectualreligions，likeHinduism，Mithraism，andtheEgyptianandChristiancults。Ithinktheanswertothisquestionmustbefoundinthenow-familiarfactthattheearliestpeoplesfeltthemselvessomuchapartofNatureandtheanimalandvegetableworldaroundthemthat(whenevertheythoughtaboutthesemattersatall)

theyneverforamomentdoubtedthatthethingswhichwerehappeningallroundthemintheexternalworldwerealsohappeningwithinthemselves。TheysawtheSun，overcloudedandnightodeathinwinter，cometoitsbirthagaineachyear；theysawtheVegetationshootforthanewinspring——therevivalofthespiritoftheEarth；

theendlessbreedingoftheAnimals，thestrangetransformationsofWormsandInsects；theobviouslynewlifetakenonbyboysandgirlsatpuberty；thesameatalateragewhenthenovicewastransformedintothemedicine-

man——thechoupanintotheangakokamongtheEsquimaux，theDacotahyouthintothewakanamongtheRedIndians；andtheyfeltintheirsub-consciouswaythesameeverlastingforcesofrebirthandtransformationworkingwithinthemselves。InsomeoftheGreekMysteriesthenewlyadmittedInitiateswerefedforsometimeafteronmilkonly“asthoughwewerebeingbornagain。”(SeeSallustius，quotedbyGilbertMurray。)Whensub-consciousknowledgebegantoglimmerintodirectconsciousnessoneofthefirstaspects(andnodoubtoneofthetruest)underwhichpeoplesawlifewasjustthus:asaseriesofrebirthsandtransformations。[1]Themostmodernscience，Ineedhardlysay，inbiologyaswellasinchemistryandthefieldofinorganicNature，supportsthatview。ThesavageinearliesttimesFELTthetruthofsomethingswhichweto-dayareonlybeginningintellectuallytoperceiveandanalyze。

[1]Theferventandwidespreadbeliefinanimalmetamorphosesamongearlypeoplesiswellknown。

Christianityadoptedandabsorbed——asitwasboundtodo——thisworld-widedoctrineofthesecondbirth。Passingoveritsphysiologicalandbiologicalapplications，itgavetoitafinespiritualsignificance——orratheritinsistedespeciallyonitsspiritualsignificance，which(aswehaveseen)hadbeenwidelyrecognizedbefore。Only——asI

supposemusthappenwithalllocalreligions——itnarrowedtheapplicationandoutlookofthedoctrinedowntoaspecialcase——“AsinAdamalldie，soinCHRISTshallallbemadealive。”TheUniversalSpiritwhichcangiverebirthandsalvationtoEVERYchildofmantowhomitcomes，wasofferedonlyunderaveryspecialform——thatofJesusChrist。[1]Inthisrespectitwasnobetterthanthereligionswhichprecededit。Insomerespects——thatis，whereitwasespeciallyfanatical，blinkered，andhostiletoothersects——itwasWORSE。ButtothosewhoperceivethattheGreatSpiritmaybringnewbirthandsalvationtosomeundertheformofOsiris，equallywellastoothersundertheformofJesus，oragaintosomeundertheformofaSiberiantotem-BearequallyastoothersundertheformofOsiris，thesequestioningsandnarrowingsfallawayasofnoimportance。Weinthislatterdaycanseethemainthing，namelythatChristianitywasandisjustonephaseofaworld-oldreligion，slowlyperhapsexpandingitsscope，butwhosechiefattitudesandorientationshavebeenthesamethroughthecenturies。

[1]ThesamehappenedwithregardtoanothergreatPagandoctrine(towhichIhavejustalluded)，thedoctrineoftransformationsandmetamorphoses；andwhereasthepagansbelievedinthesethings，asthecommonandpossibleheritageofEVERYman，theChristiansonlyallowedthemselvestoentertaintheideainthespecialanduniqueinstanceoftheTransfigurationofChrist。

Manyotherillustrationsmightbetakenofthetruthofthisview，butIwillconfinemyselftotwoorthreemore。

ThereistheinstanceoftheEucharistanditsexceedinglywidespreadcelebration(underveryvariousforms)amongthepagansallovertheworld——aswellasamongChristians。

Ihavealreadysaidenoughonthissubject，andneednotdelayoverit。Bypartakingofthesacramentalmeal，eveninitswildestandcrudestshapes，asinthemysteriesofDionysus，onewasidentifiedwithandunitedtothegod；initsmilderandmorespiritualaspectsasintheMithraic，Egyptian，HinduandChristiancults，onepassedbehindtheveilofmayaandthisever-changingworld，andenteredintotheregionofdivinepeaceandpower。[1]

[1]BaringGouldinhisOrig。Relig。Belief，I。401，says:——“AmongtheancientHindusSomawasachiefdeity；heiscalledtheGiverofLifeandHealth……Hebecameincarnateamongmen，wastakenbythemandslain，andbrayedinamortar[agodofcornandwineapparently]。Butheroseinflametoheaventobe"theBenefactoroftheWorld"andthe"MediatorbetweenGodandMan！"Throughcommunionwithhiminhissacrifice，man(whopartookofthisgod)hasanassuranceofimmortality，forbythatsacramentheobtainsunionwithhisdivinity。”

OragainthedoctrineoftheSaviour。ThatalsoisoneonwhichIneednotaddmuchtowhathasbeensaidalready。

Thenumberofpagandeities(mostlyvirgin-bornanddonetodeathinsomewayorotherintheireffortstosavemankind)issogreat[1]astobedifficulttokeepaccountof。ThegodKrishnainIndia，thegodIndrainNepaulandThibet，spilttheirbloodforthesalvationofmen；Buddhasaid，accordingtoMaxMuller，[2]“Letallthesinsthatwereintheworldfallonme，thattheworldmaybedelivered“；theChineseTien，theHolyOne——“onewithGodandexistingwithhimfromalleternity“——diedtosavetheworld；theEgyptianOsiriswascalledSaviour，sowasHorus；sowasthePersianMithras；sowastheGreekHerculeswhoovercameDeaththoughhisbodywasconsumedintheburninggarmentofmortality，outofwhichheroseintoheaven。SoalsowasthePhrygianAttiscalledSaviour，andtheSyrianTammuzorAdonislikewise——bothofwhom，aswehaveseen，werenailedortiedtoatree，andafterwardsroseagainfromtheirbiers，orcoffins。Prometheus，thegreatestandearliestbenefactorofthehumanrace，wasNAILEDBYTHEHANDSandfeet，andwitharmsextended，totherocksofMountCaucasus。BacchusorDionysus，bornofthevirginSemeletobetheLiberatorofmankind(DionysusEleutheriosashewascalled)，wastorntopieces，notunlikeOsiris。EveninfarMexicoQuetzalcoatl，theSaviour，wasbornofavirgin，wastempted，andfastedfortydays，wasdonetodeath，andhissecondcominglookedforsoeagerlythat(asiswellknown)

whenCortesappeared，theMexicans，poorthings，greetedHIMasthereturninggod！[3]InPeruandamongtheAmericanIndians，NorthandSouthoftheEquator，similarlegendsare，orwere，tobefound。

[1]SeeforaconsiderablelistDoane"sBibleMyths，ch。xx。

[2]Hist。SanskritLiterature，p。80。

[3]SeeKingsborough，MexicanAntiquities，vol。vi。

Brieflysketchedasallthisis，itisenoughtoprovequiteabundantlythatthedoctrineoftheSaviourisworld-wideandworld-old，andthatChristianitymerelyappropriatedthesameand(astheothercultsdid)gaveitaspecialcolor。Probablythewiderangeofthisdoctrinewouldhavebeenfarbetterandmoregenerallyknown，hadnottheChristianChurch，allthrough，madethegreatestofeffortsandtakenthegreatestprecautionstoextinguishandsnuffoutallevidenceofpaganclaimsonthesubject。

ThereismuchtoshowthattheearlyChurchtookthislinewithregardtopre-Christiansaviours；[1]andinlatertimesthesamepolicyisremarkablyillustratedbythetreatmentinthesixteenthcenturyofthewritingsofSahaguntheSpanishmissionary——towhoseworkIhavealreadyreferred。

Sahagunwasawonderfullybroad-mindedandfinemanwho，whilehedidnotconcealthebarbaritiesoftheAztecreligion，wastruthfulenoughtopointoutredeemingtraitsinthemannersandcustomsofthepeopleandsomeresemblancestoChristiandoctrineandpractice。ThisinfuriatedthebigotedCatholicsofthenewlyformedMexicanChurch。TheypurloinedthemanuscriptsofSahagun"sHistoriaandscatteredandhidthemaboutthecountry，anditwasonlyafterinfinitelaborandanappealtotheSpanishCourtthathegotthemtogetheragain。Finally，attheageofeighty，havingtranslatedthemintoSpanish(fromtheoriginalMexican)hesentthemintwobigvolumeshometoSpainforsafety；

buttherealmostimmediatelyTHEYDISAPPEARED，andcouldnotbefound！ItwasonlyafterTWOCENTURIESthattheyultimatelyturnedup(1790)inaConventatTolosainNavarre。LordKingsboroughpublishedtheminEnglandin1830。

[1]SeeTertullian"sApologia，c。16；AdNationes，c。xii。

IhavethusdweltuponseveralofthemaindoctrinesofChristianity——namely，thoseofSinandSacrifice，theEucharist，theSaviour，theSecondBirth，andTransfiguration——asshowingthattheyarebynomeansuniqueinourreligion，butwerecommontonearlyallthereligionsoftheancientworld。Thelistmightbemuchfurtherextended，butthereisnoneedtodelayoverasubjectwhichisnowverygenerallyunderstood。Iwill，however，devoteapageortwotooneinstance，whichIthinkisveryremarkable，andfullofdeepsuggestion。

ThereisnodoctrineinChristianitywhichismorereverencedbytheadherentsofthatreligion，orheldinhigherestimation，thanthatGodsacrificedhisonlySonforthesalvationoftheworld；alsothatsincetheSonwasnotonlyoflikenaturebutoftheSAMEnaturewiththeFather，andequaltohimasbeingthesecondPersonoftheDivineTrinity，thesacrificeamountedtoanimmolationofHimselfforthegoodofmankind。Thedoctrineissomystical，soremote，andinasensesoabsurdandimpossible，thatithasbeenafavoritemarkthroughthecenturiesfortheridiculeofthescoffersandenemiesoftheChurch；andhere，itmighteasilybethought，isabeliefwhich——whetheritbeconsideredgloriousorwhethercontemptible——isatanyrateunique，andpeculiartothatChurch。

Andyettheextraordinaryfactisthatasimilarbeliefrangesallthroughtheancientreligions，andcanbetracedbacktotheearliesttimes。ThewordhostwhichisusedintheCatholicMassforthebreadandwineontheAltar，supposedtobethetransubstantiatedbodyandbloodofChrist，isfromtheLatinHostiawhichthedictionaryinterpretsas“ananimalslaininsacrifice，asin-offering。”IttakesusfarfarbacktotheTotemstageoffolk-life，whenthetribe，asIhavealreadyexplained，crownedavictim-bullorbearorotheranimalwithflowers，andhonoringitwitheveryofferingoffoodandworship，sacrificedthevictimtotheTotemspiritofthetribe，andconsumeditinanEucharisticfeast——themedicine-manorpriestwhoconductedtheritualwearingaskinofthesamebeastasasignthatherepresentedtheTotem-

divinity，takingpartinthesacrificeof"himselftohimself。"

ItremindsusoftheKhondsofBengalsacrificingtheirmeriahscrownedanddecoratedasgodsandgoddesses；

oftheAztecsdoingthesame；ofQuetzalcoatlprickinghiselbowsandfingerssoastodrawblood，whichheofferedonhisownaltar；orofOdinhangingbyhisowndesireuponatree。“IknowIwashangeduponatreeshakenbythewindsforninelongnights。Iwastransfixedbyaspear；IwasmovedtoOdin，myselftomyself。”Andsoon。Theinstancesareendless。“Iamtheoblation，“

saystheLordKrishnaintheBhagavadGita，[1]“Iamthesacrifice，Itheancestraloffering。”“Inthetrulyorthodoxconceptionofsacrifice，“saysElieReclus，[2]“theconsecratedoffering，beitman，womanorvirgin，lamborheifer，cockordove，representstHEDEITYHIMSELF……

Brahmaisthe"imperishablesacrifice"；Indra，Soma，Hariandtheothergods，becameincarnateinanimalstothesoleendthattheymightbeimmolated。Perusha，theUniversalBeing，causedhimselftobeslainbytheImmortals，andfromhissubstancewerebornthebirdsoftheair，wildanddomesticanimals，theofferingsofbutterandcurds。Theworld，declaredtheRishis，isaseriesofsacrificesdisclosingothersacrifices。TostopthemwouldbetosuspendthelifeofNature。ThegodSiva，towhomtheTipperahsofBengalaresupposedtohavesacrificedasmanyasathousandhumanvictimsayear，saidtotheBrahamins:"ItisIthatamtheactualoffering；itisIthatyoubutcheruponmyaltars。"“

[1]Ch。ix，v。16。

[2]PrimitiveFolk，ch。vi。

ItwasinallusiontothisdoctrinethatR。W。Emerson，paraphrasingtheKatha-Upanishad，wrotethatimmortalverseofhis:-

Iftheredslayerthinksheslays，Ortheslainthinksheisslain，TheyknownotwellthesubtlewaysItake，andpass，andturnagain。

IsayitisanastonishingthingtothinkandrealizethatthisprofoundandmysticdoctrineoftheeternalsacrificeofHimself，ordainedbytheGreatSpiritforthecreationandsalvationoftheworld——adoctrinewhichhasattractedandfascinatedmanyofthegreatthinkersandnoblermindsofEurope，whichhasalsoinspiredthereligiousteachingsoftheIndiansagesandtoalessphilosophicaldegreethewritingsoftheChristianSaints——shouldhavebeenseizedinitsgeneraloutlineandessencebyrudeandprimitivepeoplebeforethedawnofhistory，andembodiedintheirritesandceremonials。Whatistheexplanationofthisfact?

Itisverypuzzling。Thewholesubjectispuzzling。Theworld-wideadoptionofsimilarcreedsandrituals(and，wemayadd，legendsandfairytales)amongearlypeoples，andinfar-sunderedplacesandtimesissoremarkablethatithasgiventhestudentsofthesesubjects"furiouslytothink"[1]——yetforthemostpartwithoutgreatsuccessinthewayoffindingasolution。Thesuppositionthat(1)thecreed，riteorlegendinquestionhassprungup，sotospeak，accidentally，inoneplace，andthenhastravelled(owingtosomeinherentplausibility)

overtherestoftheworld，isofcourseonethatcommendsitselfreadilyatfirst；butoncloserexaminationthepracticaldifficultiesitpresentsarecertainlyverygreat。

Theseincludethemigrationsofcustomsandmythsinquiteearlyagesoftheearthacrosstracklessoceansandcontinents，andbetweenracesandpeoplesabsolutelyincapableofunderstandingeachother。Andiftoavoidthesedifficultiesitisassumedthatthepresenthumanraceallproceedsfromoneoriginalstockwhichradiatingfromonecentre——sayinSouth-EasternAsia[2]——overspreadtheworld，carryingitsritesandcustomswithit，why，thenwearecompelledtofacethedifficultyofsupposingthisradiationtohavetakenplaceatanenormoustimeago(thecontinentsbeingthenallmoreorlessconjoined)andataperiodwhenitisdoubtfulifanyreligiousritesandcustomsatallexisted；nottomentionthefurtherdifficultyofsupposingallthefourorfivehundredlanguagesnowexistingtobedescendedfromonecommonsource。ThefartraditionoftheIslandofAtlantisseemstoaffordapossibleexplanationofthecommunityofritesandcustomsbetweentheOldandNewWorld，andthiswithoutassuminginanywaythatAtlantis(ifitexisted)wastheoriginalandSOLEcradleofthehumanrace。[3]Anyhowitisclearthattheseoriginsofhumanculturemustbeofextremeantiquity，andthatitwouldnotbewisetobeputoffthetrackoftheinvestigationofapossiblecommonsourcemerelybythatfactofantiquity。

[1]SeeA。Lang"sMyth，RitualandReligion，vol。ii。

[2]SeeHastings，Encycl。ReligionandEthics，art。“Ethnology。”

[3]E。J。Payne，HistoryoftheNewWorldcalledAmerica(vol。i，p。93)says:“ItiscertainthatEuropeandAmericaonceformedasinglecontinent，“butinroadsofthesea“leftavastislandorpeninsulastretchingfromIcelandtotheAzores——whichgraduallydisappeared。”Alsohespeaks(i。93)ofthe“MioceneBridge“

betweenSiberiaandtheNewWorld。

Asecondsupposition，however，is(2)thatthenaturalpsychologicalevolutionofthehumanmindhasinthevarioustimesandclimesledfolkofthemostdiversesurroundingsandheredity——andperhapsevensprungfromseparateanthropoidstocks——todeveloptheirsocialandreligiousideasalongthesamegenerallines——andthateventotheextentofexhibitingattimesaremarkablesimilarityinminutedetails。Thisisatheorywhichcommendsitselfgreatlytoadeeperandmorephilosophicalconsideration；

butitbringsusuppoint-blankagainstanothermostdifficultquestion(whichwehavealreadyraised)，namely，howtoaccountforextremelyrudeandprimitivepeoplesinthefarpast，andontheveryborderlandoftheanimallife，havingbeenSUSCEPTIBLEtothegermsofgreatreligiousideas(suchaswehavementioned)andhavingbeeninstinctively——thoughnotofcoursebyanyprocessofconsciousreasoning——movedtoexpresstheminsymbolsandritesandceremonials，and(laternodoubt)

inmythsandlegends，whichsatisfiedtheirFEELINGSandsenseoffitness——thoughtheymaynothaveknownWHY——

andafterwardswerecapableofbeingtakenupandembodiedinthegreatphilosophicalreligions。

Thisdifficultyalmostcompelsustoaviewofhumanknowledgewhichhasfoundsupportersamongsomeablethinkers——theview，namely，thatavaststoreofknowledgeisalreadycontainedinthesubconsciousmindofman(andtheanimals)andonlyneedstheprovocationofouterexperiencetobringittothesurface；andthatinthesecondstageofhumanpsychologythisprocessofcrudeandpiecemealexternalizationistakingplace，inpreparationforthefinalorthirdstageinwhichtheknowledgewillbere-absorbedandbecomedirectandintuitionalonahighandharmoniousplane——somethinglikethepresentintuitionoftheanimalsasweperceiveitontheanimalplane。HoweverthisgeneralsubjectisoneonwhichIshalltouchagain，andIdonotproposetodwellonitatanylengthnow。

Thereisathirdalternativetheory(3)——acombinationof(1)and(2)——namely，thatifoneaccepts(2)andtheideathatatanygivenstageofhumandevelopmentthereisaPREDISPOSITIONtocertainsymbolsandritesbelongingtothatstage，thenitismuchmoreeasytoaccepttheory(1)

asanimportantfactorinthespreadofsuchsymbolsandrites；forclearly，then，thesmallestgermofacustomorpractice，transportedfromonecountryorpeopletoanotherattherighttime，wouldbesufficienttowakethedevelopmentorgrowthinquestionandstimulateitintoactivity。Itwillbeseen，therefore，thattheimportantpointtowardsthesolutionofthiswholepuzzlingquestionisthediscussion，oftheory(2)——andtothistheory，asillustratedbytheworld-widemythoftheGoldenAge，Iwillnowturn。

IX。MYTHOFTHEGOLDENAGE

Thetraditionofa“GoldenAge“iswidespreadovertheworld，anditisnotnecessarytogoatanylengthintothestoryoftheGardenofEdenandtheotherlegendswhichinalmosteverycountryillustratethistradition。Withoutindulginginsentimentonthesubjectwemayholditnotunlikelythatthetraditionisjustifiedbytheremembrance，amongthepeopleofeveryrace，ofapre-civilizationperiodofcomparativeharmonyandhappinesswhentwothings，whichto-dayweperceivetobetheprolificcausesofdiscordandmisery，wereabsentoronlyweaklydeveloped——namely，PROPERTYandSELF-CONSCIOUSNESS。[1]

[1]Forafullerworkingoutofthis，seeCivilisation:itsCauseandCure，byE。Carpenter，ch。i。

DuringthefirstcenturyB。C。therewasagreatspreadofMessianicIdeasovertheRomanworld，andVirgil"s4thEclogue，commonlycalledtheMessianicEclogue，reflectsveryclearlythisstateofthepublicmind。TheexpectedbabeinthepoemwastobethesonofOctavian(Augustus)

thefirstRomanemperor，andamessianichalosurroundeditinVirgil"sverse。UnfortunatelyitturnedouttobeaGIRL！HoweverthereislittledoubtthatVirgildid——

inthatverysadageoftheworld，anageof“miseryandmassacre，“andincommonwiththousandsofothers——lookforthecomingofagreat"redeemer。"Itwasonlyafewyearsearlier——aboutB。C。70——thatthegreatrevoltoftheshamefullymaltreatedRomanslavesoccurred，andthatinrevengesixthousandprisonersfromSpartacus"

armywerenailedoncrossesallthewayfromRometoCapua(150miles)。ButlongbeforethisHesiodhadrecordedapastGoldenAgewhenlifehadbeengraciousincommunalfraternityandjoyfulinpeace，whenhumanbeingsandanimalsspokethesamelanguage，whendeathhadfollowedonsleep，withoutoldageordisease，andafterdeathmenhadmovedasgooddaimonesorgeniioverthelands。Pindar，threehundredyearsafterHesiod，hadconfirmedtheexistenceoftheIslandsoftheBlest，wherethegoodledablameless，tearless，life。Platothesame，[1]

withfurtherreferencestothefabledislandofAtlantis；

theEgyptiansbelievedinaformergoldenageunderthegodRtowhichtheylookedbackwithregretandenvy；thePersianshadagardenofEdensimilartothatoftheHebrews；theGreeksagardenoftheHesperides，inwhichdwelttheserpentwhoseheadwasultimatelycrushedbeneaththeheelofHercules；andsoon。

Thereferencestoasupposedfar-backstateofpeaceandhappinessareindeednumerous。

[1]Seearts。byMargaretScholes，SocialistReview，Nov。andDec。1912。

Somuchsothatlatterly，andpartlytoexplaintheirprevalence，atheoryhasbeenadvancedwhichmaybeworthwhilementioning。Itiscalledthe“Theoryofintra-uterineBlessedness，“and，remoteasitmayatfirstappear，itcertainlyhassomeclaimforattention。Thetheoryisthatinthemindsofmaturepeopletherestillremaincertainvaguememoriesoftheirpre-nataldaysinthematernalwomb——memoriesofalifewhich，thoughfullofgrowingvigorandvitality，wasyetatthattimeoneofabsoluteharmonywiththesurroundings，andofperfectpeaceandcontentment，spentwithinthebodyofthemother——theembryoindeedstandinginthesamerelationtothemotherasSt。PaulsaysWEstandtoGod，“INwhomweliveandmoveandhaveourbeing“；andthatthesevaguememoriesoftheintra-uterinelifeintheindividualarereferredbackbythematuremindtoapastageinthelifeoftheRACE。Thoughitwouldnotbeeasyatpresenttopositivelyconfirmthistheory，yetonemaysaythatitisneitherimprobablenorunworthyofconsideration；

alsothatitbearsacertainlikenesstotheformeronesabouttheEden-gardens，etc。Thewell-knownparallelismoftheIndividualhistorywiththeRace-history，the“recapitulation“bytheembryoofthedevelopmentoftherace，doesinfactaffordanadditionalargumentforitsfavorablereception。

Theseconsiderations，andwhatwehavesaidsooftenintheforegoingchaptersabouttheunityoftheAnimals(andEarlyMan)withNature，andtheirinstinctiveandage-longadjustmenttotheconditionsoftheworldaroundthem，bringusuphardandfastagainstthefollowingconclusions，whichIthinkweshallfinddifficulttoavoid。

Weallrecognizetheextraordinarygraceandbeauty，intheirdifferentways，ofthe(wild)animals；andnotonlytheirbeautybuttheextremefitnessoftheiractionsandhabitstotheirsurroundings——theirsubtleandpenetratingIntelligenceinfact。Onlywedonotgenerallyusetheword“Intelligence。”Weuseanotherword(Instinct)——

andrightlyperhaps，becausetheiractionsareplainlynottheresultofdefiniteself-consciousreasoning，suchasweuse，carriedoutbyeachindividual；butare(ashasbeenabundantlyprovedbySamuelButlerandothers)thesystematicexpressionofexperiencesgatheredupandsortedoutandhandeddownfromgenerationtogenerationinthebosomoftherace——anIntelligenceinfact，orInsight，oflargersubtlerscopethantheother，andbelongingtothetribalorracialBeingratherthantotheisolatedindividual——asuper-consciousnessinfact，ramifyingafarinspaceandtime。

Butifweallow(aswemust)thisunityandperfectionofnature，andthissomewhatcosmiccharacterofthemind，toexistamongtheAnimals，wecanhardlyrefusetobelievethattheremusthavebeenaperiodwhenMan，too，hardlyasyetdifferentiatedfromthem，didhimselfpossessthesesamequalities——perhapseveningreaterdegreethantheanimals——ofgraceandbeautyofbody，perfectionofmovementandaction，instinctiveperceptionandknowledge(ofcourseinlimitedspheres)；andaperiodwhenhepossessedaboveallasenseofunitywithhisfellowsandwithsurroundingNaturewhichbecamethegroundofacommonconsciousnessbetweenhimselfandhistribe，similartothatwhichMaeterlinck，inthecaseoftheBees，callstheSpiritoftheHive。[1]Itwouldbedifficult，nayimpossible，tosupposethathumanbeingsontheirfirstappearanceformedanentireexceptionintheprocessofevolution，orthattheywerecompletelylackingintheverygracesandfacultieswhichwesoadmireintheanimals——onlyofcourseweseethat(LIKEtheanimals)

theywouldnotbeSELF-consciousinthesematters，andwhatperceptiontheyhadoftheirrelationstoeachotherortotheworldaroundthemwouldbelargelyinarticulateandSUB-conscious——thoughnonethelessrealforthat。

[1]SeeTheLifeoftheBeebyMauriceMaeterlinck；andfornumeroussimilarcasesamongotheranimals，P。Kropotkin"sMutualAid:afactorinEvolution。

Letusthengrantthispreliminaryassumption——anditclearlyisnotalargeorhazardousone——andwhatfollows?

Itfollows——sinceto-daydiscordistherule，andManhascertainlylostthegrace，bothphysicalandmental，oftheanimals——thatatsomeperiodabreakmusthaveoccurredintheevolution-process，adiscontinuity——

similarperhapstothatwhichoccursinthelifeofachildatthemomentwhenitisbornintotheworld。Humanitytookanewdeparture；butadeparturewhichforthemomentwassignalizedasaLOSS——thelossofitsformerharmonyandself-adjustment。AndthecauseoraccompanimentofthischangewasthegrowthofSelf-consciousness。

Intothegeneralconsciousnessofthetribe(inrelationtoitsenvironment)whichinfacthadconstitutedthementalityoftheanimalsandofmanuptothisstage，therenowwasintrudedanotherkindofconsciousness，aconsciousnesscenteringroundeachlittleindividualselfandconcernedalmostentirelywiththeinterestsofthelatter。Herewasevidentlyathreattothecontinuanceoftheformerhappyconditions。Itwasliketheappearanceofinnumerablelittleulcersinahumanbody——amenacewhichifcontinuedwouldinevitablyleadtothebreak-upofthebody。Itmeantlossoftribalharmonyandnature-adjustment。Itmeantinsteadofunityamyriadconflictingcentres；itmeantalienationfromthespiritofthetribe，theseparationofmanfromman，discord，recrimination，andthefatalunfoldingofthesenseofsin。

TheprocesssymbolizeditselfinthelegendoftheFall。ManateoftheTreeoftheknowledgeofgoodandevil。

Sometimespeoplewonderwhyknowledgeofanykind——andespeciallytheknowledgeofgoodandevil——shouldhavebroughtacurse。Butthereasonisobvious。Into，theplacidandharmoniouslifeoftheanimalandhumantribesfulfillingtheirdaysinobediencetotheslowevolutionsandage-longmandatesofnature，Self-consciousnessbrokewithitsinconvenientandimpossiblequery:

“HowdothesearrangementssuitME?Aretheygoodforme，aretheyevilforme?Iwanttoknow。I

WILLKNOW！“Evidentlyknowledge(suchknowledgeasweunderstandbytheword)onlybegan，andcouldonlybegin，byqueriesrelatingtothelittlelocalself。Therewasnootherwayforittobegin。Knowledgeandself-

consciousnesswereborn，astwins，together。KnowledgethereforemeantSin[1]；forself-consciousnessmeantsin(anditmeanssinto-day)。SinisSeparation。Thatisprobably(thoughdisputed)theetymologyoftheword——

thatwhichsunders。[2]Theessenceofsinisone"sseparationfromthewhole(thetribeorthegod)ofwhichoneisapart。Andknowledge——whichseparatessubjectfromobject，andinitsinceptionisnecessarilyoccupiedwiththe"goodandevil"ofthelittlelocalself，isthegreatengineofthisseparation。[Mark！IsaynothingAGAINSTthisassociationofSelf-consciousnesswith"Sin"(so-called)and"Knowledge"(so-called)。Thegrowthofallthreetogetherisanabsolutelynecessarypartofhumanevolution，andtorailagainstitwouldbeabsurd。Butwemayaswellopenoureyesandseethefactstraightinsteadofblinkingit。]Theculminationoftheprocessandthefulfilmentofthe"curse"wemaywatchto-dayinthetoweringexpansionoftheself-consciousindividualizedIntellect——scienceasthehandmaidofhumanGreeddevastatingthehabitableworldanddestroyingitsunworthycivilization。Andtheprocessmustgoon——necessarilymustgoon——untilSelf-consciousness，ceasingitsvainquest(vaininbothsenses)fortheseparatedominationoflife，surrendersitselfbackagainintothearmsoftheMother-consciousnessfromwhichitoriginallysprang——surrendersitselfback，nottobemergedinnonentity，buttobeaffiliatedinlovingdependenceonandharmonywiththecosmiclife。

[1]Comparealsoothermyths，likeCupidandPsyche，Lohengrinetc。，inwhichafatalcuriosityleadstotragedy。

[2]GermanSunde，sin，andsonder，separated；Dutchzonde，sin；

Latinsons，guilty。NotunlikelythattheGermanrootSuhn，expiation，isconnected；Suhn-bock，ascape-goat。

AllthisIhavedealtwithinfarmoredetailinCivilization:

itsCauseandCure，andinTheArtofCreation；butIhaveonlyrepeatedtheoutlineofitasabove，becausesomesuchoutlineisnecessaryfortheproperorderingandunderstandingofthepointswhichfollow。

Wearenotconcernednowwiththeultimateeffectsofthe"Fall"ofManorwiththepresent-dayfulfilmentoftheEden-curse。Whatwewanttounderstandishowthe"Fall"intoself-consciousnessledtothatgreatpanoramaofRitualandReligionwhichwehaveverybrieflydescribedandsummarizedintheprecedingchaptersofthisbook。WewantforthepresenttofixourattentionontheCOMMENCEMENTofthatprocessbywhichmanlapsedawayfromhislivingcommunitywithNatureandhisfellowsintothedesertofdiscordandtoil，whiletheangelsoftheflamingswordclosedthegatesofParadisebehindhim。

ItisevidentIthinkthatinthat"golden"stagewhenmanwassimplythecrownandperfectionoftheanimals——

anditishardlypossibletorefusethebeliefinsuchastage——hepossessedinrealityalltheessentialsofReligion。[1]

Itisnotnecessarytosentimentalizeoverhim；hewasprobablyrawandcrudeinhislustsofhungerandofsex；

hewascertainlyignorantandsuperstitious；helovedfightingwithandpersecuting"enemies"(whichthingsofcourseallreligionsto-day——exceptperhapstheBuddhist——lovetodo)；hewasdominatedoftenbyunreasoningFear，andwasconsequentlycruel。YethewasfullofthatFaithwhichtheanimalshavetosuchanadmirabledegree——unhesitatingfaithintheinnerpromptingsofhisOWN

nature；hehadthejoywhichcomesofaboundingvitality，springinguplikeafountainwhoseoutletisfreeandunhindered；herejoicedinanuntroubledandunbrokensenseofunitywithhisTribe，andinelaboratesocialandfriendlyinstitutionswithinitsborders；hehadamarveloussense-acutenesstowardsNatureandagiftinthatdirectionvergingtowards“second-sight“；strengthenedbyaconviction——whichhadneverbecomeCONSCIOUSbecauseithadneverbeenQUESTIONED——ofhisownpersonalrelationtothethingsoutsidehim，theEarth，theSky，theVegetation，theAnimals。OfsuchaManwegetglimpsesinthefarpast——thoughindeedonlyglimpses，forthesimplereasonthatallourknowledgeofhimcomesthroughcivilizedchannels；andwherevercivilizationhastouchedtheseearlypeoplesithasalreadywitheredandcorruptedthem，evenbeforeithashadthesensetoproperlyobservethem。

Itissufficient，however，justtomentionpeopleslikesomeoftheearlyPacificIslanders，theZulusandKafirsofSouthAfrica，theFansoftheCongoRegion(ofwhomWinwoodReade[2]speakssohighly)，someoftheMalaysianandHimalayantribes，theprimitiveChinese，andeventheevidencewithregardtotheneolithicpeoplesofEurope，[3]

inordertoshowwhatImean。

[1]SeeS。Reinach，Cults，Myths，etc。，introduction:“Theprimitivelifeofhumanity，insofarasitisnotpurelyanimal，isreligious。Religionistheparentstemwhichhasthrownoff，onebyone，art，agriculture，law，morality，politics，etc。”

[2]SavageAfrica，ch。xxxvii。

[3]SeeKropotkin"sMutualAid，ch。iii。

Perhapsoneofthebestideasofthegulfofdifferencebetweenthesemi-civilizedandthequiteprimalmanisgivenbyA。R。WallaceinhisLife(Vol。i，p。288):“Amostunexpectedsensationofsurpriseanddelightwasmyfirstmeetingandlivingwithmaninastateofnaturewithabsoluteuncontaminatedsavages！ThiswasontheUaupesriver……Theywereallgoingabouttheirownworkorpleasure，whichhadnothingtodowiththewhitemenortheirways；theywalkedwiththefreestepoftheindependentforest-dweller……originalandself-sustainingasthewildanimalsoftheforests，absolutelyindependentofcivilization……livingtheirownlivesintheirownway，astheyhaddoneforcountlessgenerationsbeforeAmericawasdiscovered。IndeedthetruedenizenoftheAmazonianforests，liketheforestitself，isuniqueandnottobeforgotten。”Elsewhere[3]Wallacespeaksofthequiet，good-natured，inoffensivecharacterofthesecopper-coloredpeoples，andoftheirquicknessofhandandskill，andcontinues:“theirfiguresaregenerallysuperb；

andIhaveneverfeltsomuchpleasureingazingatthefineststatueasattheselivingillustrationsofthebeautyofthehumanform。”

[3]TravelsontheAmazon(1853)，ch。xvii。

Thoughsomeofthepeoplesjustmentionedmaybesaidtobelongtodifferentgradesorstagesofhumanevolutionandphysicallysomenodoubtwerefarsuperiortoothers，yettheymostlyexhibitthissimplegraceofthebodilyandmentalorganism，aswellasthatclosenessoftribalsolidarityofwhichIhavespoken。Theimmenseantiquity，oftheclanorganization，asshownbyinvestigationsintoearlymarriage，pointstothelatterconclusion。

TravellersamongBushmen，Hottentots，Fuegians，Esquimaux，Papuansandotherpeoples——peopleswhohavebeenpushedasideintounfavorableareasbytheinvasionofmorewarlikeandbetter-equippedraces，andwhohavesufferedphysicallyinconsequence——confirmthis。Kropotkin，speakingoftheHottentots，quotestheGermanauthorP。Kolbenwhotravelledamongthemin1275orso。“HeknewtheHottentotswellanddidnotpassbytheirdefectsinsilence，butcouldnotpraisetheirtribalmoralityhighlyenough。Theirwordissacred，hewrote，theyknownothingofthecorruptionandfaithlessartsofEurope。Theyliveingreattranquillityandareseldomatwarwiththeirneighbors，andareallkindnessandgoodwilltooneanother。”[1]Kropotkinfurthersays:“LetmeremarkthatwhenKolbensays"theyarecertainlythemostfriendly，themostliberalandthemostbenevolentpeopletooneanotherthateverappearedontheearth"hewroteasentencewhichhascontinuallyappearedsinceinthedescriptionofsavages。Whenfirstmeetingwithprimitiveraces，theEuropeansusuallymakeacaricatureoftheirlife；butwhenanintelligentmanhasstayedamongthemforalongertimehegenerallydescribesthemasthe"kindest"orthe"gentlest"raceontheearth。TheseverysamewordshavebeenappliedtotheOstyaks，theSamoyedes，theEskimos，theDyaks，theAleuts，thePapuans，andsoon，bythehighestauthorities。IalsorememberhavingreadthemappliedtotheTunguses，theTchuktchis，theSioux，andseveralothers。Theveryfrequencyofthathighcommendationalreadyspeaksvolumesinitself。”[2]

[1]P。Kropotkin，MutualAid，p。90。W。J。SoliasalsospeaksintermsofthehighestpraiseoftheBushmen——“theirenergy，patience，courage，loyalty，affection，goodmannersandartisticsense“(AncientHunters，1915，p。425)。

[2]Ibid，p。91。

Manyofthetribes，liketheAleuts，Eskimos，Dyaks，Papuans，Fuegians，etc。，arethemselvesintheNeolithicstageofculture——thoughforthereasongivenaboveprobablydegeneratedphysicallyfromthestandardoftheirneolithicancestors；andsotheconclusionisforcedupononethattheremusthavebeenanIMMENSEPERIOD，[1]priortothefirstbeginningsof"civilization，"inwhichthehumantribesingeneralledapeacefulandfriendlylifeontheearth，comparativelylittlebrokenupbydissensions，inclosecontactwithNatureandinthatdegreeofsympathywithandunderstandingoftheAnimalswhichledtotheestablishmentoftheTotemsystem。Thoughitwouldbeabsurdtocreditthesetribeswithanygreatdegreeofcomfortandwell-beingaccordingtoourmodernstandards，yetwemaywellsupposethatthememoryofthislongperiodlingeredonforgenerationsandgenerationsandwasultimatelyidealizedintotheGoldenAge，incontrasttothesucceedingperiodofeverlastingwarfare，rancorandstrife，whichcameinwiththegrowthofPropertywithitsgreedsandjealousies，andtheaccentuationofSelf-consciousnesswithallitsvanitiesandambitions。

[1]Seeforestimatesofperiodsch。xiv；also，forthepeacefulnessoftheseearlypeoples，HavelockEllison“TheOriginofWar，“wherehesays“WedonotfindtheWEAPONSofwarfareortheWOUNDSofwarfareamongthesePalaeolithicremains……itwaswithcivilizationthattheartofkillingdeveloped，i。e。withinthelast10，000or12，000yearswhenNeolithicmen(whobecameourancestors)werejustarriving。”

IsaythateachtribeatthisearlystageofdevelopmenthadwithinittheESSENTIALSofwhatwecallReligion——

namelyabedrocksenseofitscommunitywithNature，andoftheCommonlifeamongitsmembers——asensesointimateandfundamentalthatitwashardlyawareofitself(anymorethanthefishisawareoftheseainwhichitlives)，butyetwasreallythematrixoftribalthoughtandthespringoftribalaction。ItwasthissenseofunitywhichwasdestinedbythegrowthofSELF-CONSCIOUSNESStocometolightandevidenceintheshapeofallmannerofritualsandceremonials；andbythegrowthoftheIMAGINATIVEINTELLECTtoembodyitselfinthefiguresandformsofallmannerofdeities。

Letusexamineintothisalittlemoreclosely。Alarksoaringintheeyeofthesun，andsingingraptbetweenits“heavenandhome“realizesnodoubtinactualfactallthatthosetwowordsmeantous；yetitsrealizationisquitesubconscious。Itdoesnotdefineitsownexperience:

itFEELSbutitdoesnotTHINK。InordertocometothestageofTHINKINGitwouldperhapsbenecessarythatthelarkshouldbeexiledfromtheearthandthesky，andconfinedinacage。EarlyManFELTthegreattruthsandrealitiesofLife——oftenIbelievemorepurelythanwedo——buthecouldnotgiveformtohisexperience。THAT

stagecamewhenhebegantolosetouchwiththeserealities；

anditshoweditselfinritesandceremonials。Theinbreakofself-consciousnessbroughtOUTthefactsofhisinnerlifeintoritualisticandafterwardsintointellectualforms。

Letmegiveexamples。ForalongtimetheTribeisallinall；theindividualiscompletelysubjecttothe"SpiritoftheHive"；hedoesnotevenTHINKofcontraveningit。Thenthedaycomeswhenself-interest，asapartfromtheTribe，becomessufficientlystrongtodrivehimagainstsometribalcustom。Hebreaksthetabu；

heeatstheforbiddenapple；hesinsagainstthetribe，andiscastout。Suddenlyhefindshimselfanexile，lonely，condemnedanddeserted。Ahorriblesenseofdistressseizeshim——somethingofwhichhehadnoexperiencebefore。Hetriestothinkaboutitall，tounderstandthesituation，butisdazedandcannotarriveatanyconclusion。

HisoneNECESSITYisReconciliation，Atonement。HefindshecannotLIVEoutsideofandalienatedfromhistribe。HemakesaSacrifice，anofferingtohisfellows，asasealofsincerity——anofferingofhisownbodilysufferingorpreciousblood，orthebloodofsomefood-animal，orsomevaluablegiftorother——ifonlyhemaybeallowedtoreturn。Theofferingisaccepted。Theritualisperformed；andheisreceivedback。Ihavealreadyspokenofthisperfectlynaturalevolutionofthetwin-ideasofSinandSacrifice，soIneednotenlargeuponthesubject。Buttwothingswemaynotehere:(1)thattheritual，beingsoconcrete(andoftensevere)，gravesitselfonthemindsofthoseconcerned，andexpressesthefeelingsofthetribe，withanintensityandsharpnessofoutlinewhichnowordscouldrival，and(2)thatsuchritualsmayhave，andprobablydid，comeintouseevenwhilelanguageitselfwasinaninfantileconditionandincapableofdealingwiththepsychologicalsituationexceptbysymbols。They，therituals，werethefirsteffortoftheprimitivemindtogetbeyond，subconsciousfeelingandemergeintoaworldofformsanddefinitethought。

Letuscarrytheparticularinstance，givenabove，astagefarther，eventotheconfinesofabstractThoughtandPhilosophy。Ihavespokenof“TheSpiritoftheHive“asifthetermwereapplicabletotheHumanaswellastotheBeetribe。TheindividualbeeobviouslyhasneverTHOUGHTaboutthat"Spirit，"normentallyunderstoodwhatMaeterlinckmeansbyit；andyetintermsofactualexperienceitisanintenserealitytothebee(ordainingforinstanceonsomefatefuldaytheslaughterofallthedrones)，controllingbee-movementsandbee-

moralitygenerally。Theindividualtribesmansimilarlysteepedintheage-longhumanlifeofhisfellowshasneverthoughtoftheTribeasanordainingbeingorSpirit，separatefromhimself——TILLthatdaywhenheisexiledandoutcastfromit。THENheseeshimselfandthetribeastwoopposingbeings，himselfofcourseanIntelligenceorSpiritinhisownlimiteddegree，theTribeasamuchgreaterIntelligenceorSpirit，standingagainstandoverhim。Fromthatdaytheconceptionofagodarisesonhim。Itmaybeonlyatotem-god——adivineGrizzly-Bearorwhatnot——butstillagodorsupernaturalPresence，embodiedinthelifeofthetribe。ThisiswhatSinhastaughthim。[1]ThisiswhatFear，foundedonself-consciousness，hasrevealedtohim。Therevelationmaybetrue，oritmaybefallacious(I

donotprejudgeit)；butthereitis——thebeginningofthatlongseriesofhumanevolutionswhichwecallReligion。

[1]Itistobenoted，inthatcharmingidylloftheEdengarden，thatitisonlyAFTEReatingoftheforbiddenfruitthatAdamandEveperceivetheLordGodwalkinginthegarden，andconversewithhim(Genesisiii。8)。

[Forwhenthehumanmindhasreachedthatstageofconsciousnessinwhicheachmanrealizeshisown"self"asarationalandconsistentbeing，“lookingbeforeandafter，“then，asIhavesaidalready，themindprojectsonthebackgroundofNaturesimilarlyrationalPresenceswhichwemaycall"Gods"；andatthatstage"Religion"

begins。Beforethat，whenthemindisquiteunformedanddream-like，andconsistschieflyofbrokenandscatteredrays，andwhendistinctself-consciousnessishardlyyetdeveloped，thenthepresencesimaginedinNaturearemerelyflickeringandintermittentphantoms，andtheirpropitiationandplacationcomesmoreproperlyunder，theheadof"Magic。"]

SomuchforthegenesisofthereligiousideasofSinandSacrifice，andtheritesconnectedwiththeseideas——

theirgenesisthroughthein-breakofself-consciousnessuponthecorporateSUB-consciousnessofthelifeoftheCommunity。Butanexactlysimilarprocessmaybeobservedinthecaseoftheotherreligiousideas。

IspokeofthedoctrineoftheSECONDBIRTH，andtheritesconnectedwithitbothinPaganismandinChristianity。

Thereismuchtoshowthatamongquiteprimitivepeoplesthereislessofshrinkingfromdeathandmoreofcertaintyaboutacontinuedlifeafterdeaththanwegenerallyfindamongmoreintellectualandcivilizedfolk。Itis，orhasbeen，quite，commonamongmanytribesfortheoldanddecrepit，whoarebecomingaburdentotheirfellows，toofferthemselvesforhappydispatch，andtotakewillingpartintheceremonialpreparationsfortheirownextinction；

andthisreadinessisencouragedbytheirnaveanduntroubledbeliefinaspeedytransferenceto“happyhunting-grounds“beyondthegrave。Thetruthisthatwhen，asinsuchcases，thetriballifeisverywholeandunbroken——eachindividualidentifyinghimselfcompletelywiththetribe——theideaoftheindividual"sbeingdroppedoutatdeath，andleftbehindbythetribe，hardlyarises。Theindividualisthetribe，hasnootherexistence。Thetribegoeson，livingalifewhichiseternal，andonlychangesitshunting-grounds；andtheindividual，identifiedwiththetribe，feelsinsomesubconsciouswaythesameabouthimself。

Butwhenonememberhasbrokenfaithwiththetribe，whenhehassinnedagainstitandbecomeanoutcast——

ah！thentheterrorsofdeathandextinctionloomlargeuponhim。“Thewagesofsinisdeath。”Therecomesaperiodintheevolutionoftriballifewhentheprimitivebondsareloosening，whenthetendencytowardsSELF-willandSELF-determination(sonecessaryofcourseinthelongrunfortheevolutionofhumanity)becomesarealdangertothetribe，andaterrortothewisemenandeldersofthecommunity。Itisseenthatthechildreninheritthistendency——evenfromtheirinfancy。Theyarenolongermereanimals，easilyherded；itseemsthattheyareborninsin——oratleastinignoranceandneglectoftheirtriballifeandcalling。TheonlycureisthattheyMUSTBEBORN

AGAIN。Theymustdeliberatelyandofsetpurposebeadoptedintothetribe，andbemadetorealize，evenseverely，intheirownpersonswhatishappening。Theymustgothroughtheinitiationsnecessarytoimpressthisuponthem。

Thusawholeseriesofsolemnritesspringup，differentnodoubtineverylocality，butallhavingthesameobjectandpurpose。[Andonecanunderstandhowthenecessityofsuchinitiationsandsecondbirthmayeasilyhavebeenitselffeltineveryrace，atsomestageofitsevolution——andTHATquiteasaspontaneousgrowth，andindependentlyofanycontagionofexamplecaughtfromotherraces。]

Thesamemaybesaidabouttheworld-widepracticeoftheEucharist。Nomoreeffectivemethodexistsforimpressingonthemembersofabodytheircommunityoflifewitheachother，andcausingthemtoforgettheirjanglingself-interests，thantoholdafeastincommon。

Itisamethodwhichhasbeenhonoredinallagesaswellasto-day。ButwhenthefleshpartakenofatthefeastisthatoftheTotem——theguardianandpresidinggeniusofthetribe——orperhapsofoneofitschieffood-animals——

thenclearlythefeasttakesonaholyandsolemncharacter。

Itbecomesasacramentofunity——oftheunityofallwiththetribe，andwitheachother。Self-interestsandself-

consciousnessareforthetimesubmerged，andthecommonlifeassertsitself；buthereagainweseethatacustomlikethiswouldnotcomeintobeingasadeliberateriteUNTILself-consciousnessandthedivisionsconsequentthereonhadgrowntobeanobviousevil。Theherd-

animals(cows，sheep，andsoforth)donothaveEucharists，simplybecausetheyaresensibleenoughtofeedalongthesamepastureswithoutquarrellingovertherichesttuftsofgrass。

Whenthefleshpartakenof(eitheractuallyorsymbolically)

isnotthatofadivinizedanimal，butthefleshofahuman-formedgod——asinthemysteriesofDionysusorOsirisorChrist——thenweareledtosuspect(andofcoursethistheoryiswidelyheldandsupported)thattheritesdatefromaveryfar-backperiodwhenahumanbeing，asrepresentativeofthetribe，wasactuallyslain，dismemberedandpartlydevoured；thoughastimewenton，theritegraduallybecameglossedoverandmitigatedintoalove-communionthroughthesharingofbreadandwine。

Itiscuriousanyhowthatthedismembermentordivisionintofragmentsofthebodyofagod(asinthecaseofDionysus，Osiris，Attis，Prajpatiandothers)shouldbesofrequentatenetoftheoldreligions，andsocommonlyassociatedwithalove-feastofreconciliationandresurrection。

ItmaybefairlyinterpretedasasymbolofNature-dismembermentinWinterandresurrectioninSpring；butwemustalsonotforgetthatitmay(andindeedmust)havestoodasanallegoryofTRIBALdismembermentandreconciliation——

thetribe，conceivedofasadivinity，havingthussufferedanddiedthroughtheinbreakofsinandtheself-motive，andrisenagainintowholenessbytheredemptionofloveandsacrifice。Whateverviewtherankandfileofthetribemayhavetakenofthematter，Ithinkitisincontestablethatthemorethoughtfulregardedtheseritesasfullofmysticandspiritualmeaning。Itisofthenature，asIhavesaidbefore，oftheseearlysymbolsandceremoniesthattheyheldsomanymeaningsinsolution；anditisthisfactwhichgavethemapoeticorcreativequality，andtheirgreatholduponthepublicmind。

Iusetheword“tribe“inmanyplaceshereasamatterofconvenience；notforgettinghoweverthatinsomecases“clan“mightbemoreappropriate，asreferringtoasectionofatribe；or“people“or“folk“asreferringtounionsofSEVERALtribes。Itisimpossibleofcoursetofollowoutallthegradationsoforganizationfromtribaluptonationallife；butitmayberememberedthatwhileanimaltotemsprevailasaruleintheearlierstages，human-

formedgodsbecomemoreconspicuousinthelaterdevelopments。

Allthrough，thepracticeoftheEucharistgoeson，invaryingformsadaptingitselftothesurroundingconditions；andwhereinthelatersocietiesareligionlikeMithraismorChristianityincludespeopleofveryvariousrace，theRitelosesquitenaturallyitstribalsignificanceandbecomesacelebrationofallegiancetoaparticulargod——ofunitywithinaspecialChurch，infact。

Ultimatelyitmaybecome——asforabriefmomentinthehistoryoftheearlyChristiansitseemedlikelytodo——acelebrationofallegiancetoallHumanity，irrespectiveofraceorcreedorcolorofskinorofmind:thoughunfortunatelythatdayseemsstillfardistantandremainsyetunrealized。Itmustnotbeoverlooked，however，thatthereligionofthePersianBb，firstpromulgatedin1845to1850——andasubjectIshalldealwithpresently——hadasamatteroffactthisallembracinganduniversalscope。

ToreturntotheGoldenAgeorGardenofEden。Ourconclusionseemstobethattherereallywassuchaperiodofcomparativeharmonyinhumanlife——towhichlatergenerationswerejustifiedinlookingback，andlookingbackwithregret。ItcorrespondedinthepsychologyofhumanEvolutiontostageOne。ThesecondstagewasthatoftheFall；andsooneisinevitablyledtotheconjectureandthehopethatathirdstagewillredeemtheearthanditsinhabitantstoaconditionofcomparativeblessedness。

X。THESAVIOUR-GODANDTHEVIRGIN-MOTHER

Fromtheconsiderationoftheworld-widebeliefinapastGoldenAge，andtheworld-widepracticeoftheEucharist，inthesenseindicatedinthelastchapter，tothatoftheequallywidespreadbeliefinahuman-divineSaviour，isabriefandeasystep。Somethirtyyearsago，dealingwiththissubject，[1]Iwroteasfollows:——“ThetrueSelfofmanconsistsinhisorganicrelationwiththewholebodyofhisfellows；andwhenthemanabandonshistrueSelfheabandonsalsohistruerelationtohisfellows。Themass-Manmustruleineachunit-man，elsetheunit-manwilldropoffanddie。Butwhentheoutermantriestoseparatehimselffromtheinner，theunit-manfromthemass-Man，thenthereignofindividualitybegins——afalseandimpossibleindividualityofcourse，buttheonlymeansofcomingtotheconsciousnessofthetrueindividuality。”

Andfurther，“Thusthisdivinityineachcreature，beingthatwhichconstitutesitandcausesittocoheretogether，wasconceivedofasthatcreature"ssaviour，healer——healerofwoundsofbodyandwoundsofheart——theManwithintheman，whomitwasnotonlypossibletoknow，butwhomtoknowandbeunitedwithwasthealonesalvation。This，Itakeit，wasthelawofhealth——andofholiness——asacceptedatsomeeldertimeofhumanhistory，andbyusseenasthroughaglassdarkly。”

[1]SeeCivilisation:itsCauseandCure，ch。i。

Ithinkitisimpossiblenottosee——howevermuchinourprideofCivilization(！)weliketojeeratthepettinessesoftriballife——thattheseelderpeopleperceivedasamatteroffactanddirectconsciousnesstheredeemingpresence(withineachunit-memberofthegroup)ofthelargerlifetowhichhebelonged。Thislargerlifewasareality——

“aPresencetobefeltandknown“；andwhetherhecalleditbythenameofaTotem-animal，orbythenameofaNature-divinity，orbythenameofsomegracioushuman-limbedGod——someHercules，Mithra，Attis，Orpheus，orwhat-not——orevenbythegreatnameofHumanityitself，itwasstillinanycasetheSaviour，thelivingincarnateBeingbytherealizationofwhosepresencethelittlemortalcouldbeliftedoutofexileanderroranddeathandsufferingintosplendorandlifeeternal。

Itisimpossible，Ithink，nottoseethatthemyriadworshipof“Saviours“allovertheworld，fromChinatoPeru，canonlybeascribedtothenaturalworkingofsomesuchlawofhumanandtribalpsychology——fromearliesttimesandinallracesthesame——springingupquitespontaneouslyandindependently，and(sofar)unaffectedbythemerecontagionoflocaltradition。TosupposethattheDevil，longbeforetheadventofChristianity，puttheideaintotheheadsofalltheseearlierfolk，isreallytopayTOOgreatacomplimentbothtothepowerandtheingenuityofhisSatanicMajesty——thoughtheingenuitywithwhichtheearlyChurchDIDitselfsuppressallinformationaboutthesepre-ChristianSavioursalmostrivalsthatwhichitcreditedtoSatan！Andontheotherhandtosupposethismarvellousanduniversalconsentofbelieftohavesprungbymerecontagionfromoneaccidentalsourcewouldseemequallyfar-fetchedandunlikely。

Butalmostmoreremarkablethantheworld-encirclingbeliefinhuman-divineSavioursistheequallywidespreadlegendoftheirbirthfromVirgin-mothers。Thereishardlyagod——aswehavealreadyhadoccasiontosee——whoseworshipasabenefactorofmankindattainedpopularityinanyofthefourcontinents，Europe，Asia，AfricaandAmerica——whowasnotreportedtohavebeenbornfromaVirgin，oratleastfromamotherwhoowedtheChildnottoanyearthlyfather，buttoanimpregnationfromHeaven。Andthisseemsatfirstsightallthemoreastonishingbecausethebeliefinthepossibilityofsuchathingissoentirelyoutofthelineofourmodernthought。

Sothatwhileitwouldseemnotunnaturalthatsuchalegendshouldhave，sprungupspontaneouslyinsomeoddbenightedcorneroftheworld，wefinditverydifficulttounderstandhowinthatcaseitshouldhavespreadsorapidlyineverydirection，or——ifitdidnotspread——howwearetoaccountforitsSPONTANEOUSappearanceinallthesewidelysunderedregions。

Ithinkhere，andfortheunderstandingofthisproblem，wearethrownbackuponaveryearlyageofhumanevolution——theageofMagic。Beforeanysettledscienceorphilosophyorreligionexisted，therewerestillcertainThings——andconsequentlyalsocertainWords——whichhadatremendousinfluenceonthehumanmind，whichinfactaffecteditdeeply。Suchaword，forinstance，is"Thunder"；

tohearthunder，toimitateit，eventomentionit，aresurewaysofrousingsuperstitiousattentionandimagination。

Suchanotherwordis"Serpent，"another"Tree，"andsoforth。Thereisnoonewhoisinsensibletothereverberationoftheseandothersuchwordsandimages[1]；andamongthem，standingprominentlyout，arethetwo"Mother"and"Virgin。"ThewordMothertouchesthedeepestspringsofhumanfeeling。Astheearliestwordlearntandclungtobythechild，ittwinesitselfwiththeheart-stringsofthemaneventohislatestday。Normustweforgetthatinaprimitivestateofsociety(theMatriarchate)thatinfluencewasprobablyevengreaterthannow；forthefatherofthechildbeing(oftenasnot)

UNKNOWNtheattachmenttothemotherwasallthemoreintenseandundivided。ThewordMotherhadamagicaboutitwhichbasremainedevenuntilto-day。ButifthatwordrooteditselfdeepintheheartoftheChild，theotherword"virgin"hadanobviousmagicforthefullgrownandsexuallymatureMan——amagicwhichit，too，hasneverlost。

[1]Norisitdifficulttoseehowoutofthediscreetuseofsuchwordsandimages，combinedwithelementaryformslikethesquare，thetriangleandthecircle，andelementarynumberslike3，4，5，etc。，quiteascience，sotospeak，ofMagicarose。

ThereisampleevidencethatoneoftheveryearliestobjectsofhumanworshipwastheEarthitself，conceivedofasthefertileMotherofallthings。GaiaorGe(theearth)

hadtemplesandaltarsinalmostallthecitiesofGreece。

RheaorCybele，sprungfromtheEarth，was“motherofallthegods。”Demeter(“earthmother“)washonoredfarandwideasthegraciouspatronessofthecropsandvegetation。Ceres，ofcourse，thesame。MaiaintheIndianmythologyandIsisintheEgyptianareformsofNatureandtheEarth-spirit，representedasfemale；andsoforth。TheEarth，intheseancientcults，wasthemysticsourceofalllife，andtoit，asapropitiation，lifeofallkindswassacrificed。[Therearestrangeaccountsofahugefirebeingmade，withanaltartoCybeleinthemidst，andofdeerandfawnsandwildanimals，andbirdsandsheepandcornandfruitsbeingthrownpell-mellintotheflames。[1]]

Itwas，inaway，themostnatural，asitseemstohavebeentheearliestandmostspontaneousofcults——theworshipoftheEarth-mother，theall-producingeternalsourceoflife，andonaccountofhernever-failingever-renewedfertilityconceivedofasanimmortalVirgin。

[1]SeePausaniasiv。32。6；andLucian，DeSyriaDea，49。

ButwhentheSaviour-legendsprangup——asindeedI

thinkitmusthavesprungup，intribeaftertribeandpeopleafterpeople，independently——then，whetheritsprangfromthedivinizationofsomeactualmanwhoshowedthewayoflightanddeliverancetohisfellows“sittingindarkness，“orwhetherfromthepersonificationofthetribeitselfasagod，ineithercasethequestionofthehero"sparentagewasboundtoarise。Ifthe"saviour"

wasplainlyapersonificationofthetribe，itwasobviouslyimpossibletosupposehimthesonofamortalmother。Inthatcase——andifthetribewasgenerallytracedinthelegendstosomeprimevalAnimalorMountainorthingofNature——itwasprobablyeasytothinkofhim(thesaviour)as，bornoutofNature"swomb，descendedperhapsfromthatpureVirginoftheWorldwhoistheEarthandNature，whorulestheskiesatnight，andstandsinthechangingphasesoftheMoon，andisworshiped(aswehaveseen)inthegreatconstellationVirgo。If，ontheotherhand，hewasthedivinizationofsomeactualman，moreorlessknowneitherpersonallyorbytraditiontohisfellows，theninallprobabilitythenameofhismortalmotherwouldberecognizedandaccepted；butastohisfather，thatsideofparentagebeing，aswehavesaid，generallyveryuncertain，itwouldbeeasytosupposesomeheavenlyAnnunciation，themidnightvisitofaGod，andwhatisusuallytermedaVirgin-birth。

Therearetwoelementstoberememberedhere，asconspiringtothisconclusion。Oneistheconditionofaffairsinaremotematriarchialperiod，whendescentwasreckonedalwaysthroughthematernalline，andthefatherhoodineachgenerationwasobscureorunknownorcommonlyleftoutofaccount；andtheotheristhefact——sostrangeanddifficultforustorealize——thatamongsomeveryprimitivepeoples，liketheAustralianaborigines，thenecessityforawomantohaveintercoursewithamale，inordertobringaboutconceptionandchild-birth，wasactuallynotrecognized。Scientificobservationhadnotalwaysgotasfarasthat，andthematterwasstillunderthedomainofMagic！[1]AVirgin-Motherwasthereforeaquiteimaginable(nottosay"conceivable")thing；andindeedaverybeautifulandfascinatingthing，combininginoneimagethepotentmagicoftwoverywonderfulwords。Itdoesnotseemimpossiblethatconsiderationsofthiskindledtotheadoptionofthedoctrineorlegendofthevirgin-motherandtheheavenlyfatheramongsomanyracesandinsomanylocalities——evenwithoutanycontagionoftraditionamongthem。

[1]Probablythelongperiod(ninemonths)elapsingbetweencohabitationandchildbirthconfusedearlyspeculationonthesubject。ThenclearlycohabitationwasNOTalwaysfollowedbychildbirth。And，moreimportantstill，thenumberofvirginsofamatureageinprimitivesocietieswassoveryminutethatthefactoftheirchildlessnessattractednoattention——whereasinOURsocietiesthesterilityofthewholeclassispatenttoeveryone。

Anyhow，andasamatteroffact，theworld-widedisseminationofthelegendismostremarkable。Zeus，Fatherofthegods，visitedSemele，itwillberemembered，intheformofathunderstorm；andshegavebirthtothegreatsaviouranddelivererDionysus。Zeus，again，impregnatedDanaeinashowerofgold；andthechildwasPerseus，whoslewtheGorgons(thepowersofdarkness)andsavedAndromeda(thehumansoul[1])。Devaki，theradiantVirginoftheHindumythology，becamethewifeofthegodVishnuandboreKrishna，thebelovedheroandprototypeofChrist。WithregardtoBuddhaSt。Jeromesays[2]“ItishandeddownamongtheGymnosophists，ofIndiathatBuddha，thefounderoftheirsystem，wasbroughtforthbyaVirginfromherside。”TheEgyptianIsis，withthechildHorus，onherknee，washonoredcenturiesbeforetheChristianera，andworshipedunderthenamesof“OurLady，““QueenofHeaven，““StaroftheSea，“