第2章
ItwouldappearthenthatatRomeinthequietearlydaysoftheChristianChurch，theritesandceremonialsofMithraandCybele，probablymuchintermingledandblended，wereexceedinglypopular。BothreligionshadbeenrecognizedbytheRomanState，andtheChristians，persecutedanddespisedastheywere，foundithardtomakeanyheadwayagainstthem——themoresoperhapsbecausetheChristiandoctrinesappearedinmanyrespectstobemerelyfaintreplicasandcopiesoftheoldercreeds。Robertsonmaintains[1]thatahe-lambwassacrificedintheMithraicmysteries，andhequotesPorphyryassaying[2]
that“aplaceneartheequinoctialcirclewasassignedtoMithraasanappropriateseat；andonthisaccounthebearstheswordoftheRam[Aries]whichisasignofMars[Ares]。”SimilarlyamongtheearlyChristians，itissaid，aramorlambwassacrificedinthePaschalmystery。
[1]PaganChrists，p。336。
[2]DeAntro，xxiv。
ManypeoplethinkthattheassociationoftheLamb-godwiththeCrossarosefromthefactthattheconstellationAriesatthattimeWASontheheavenlycross(thecrosswaysoftheEclipticandEquator-seediagram，ch。
iii)，andintheveryplacethroughwhichtheSungodhadtopassjustbeforehisfinaltriumph。AnditiscurioustofindthatJustinMartyrinhisDialoguewithTrypho[1]
(aJew)alludestoanoldJewishpracticeofroastingaLambonspitsarrangedintheformofaCross。“Thelamb，“
hesays，meaningapparentlythePaschallamb，“isroastedanddressedupintheformofacross。Foronespitistransfixedrightthroughthelowerpartsuptothehead，andoneacrosstheback，towhichareattachedthelegs[forelegs]ofthelamb。”
[1]Ch。xl。
To-dayinMoroccoatthefestivalofEid-el-Kebir，correspondingtotheChristianEaster，theMohammedanssacrificeayoungramandhurryitstillbleedingtotheprecinctsoftheMosque，whileatthesametimeeveryhouseholdslaysalamb，asintheBiblicalinstitution，foritsfamilyfeast。
Butitwillperhapsbesaid，“Youaregoingtoofastandprovingtoomuch。IntheanxietytoshowthattheLamb-godandthesacrificeoftheLambwerehonoredbythedevoteesofMithraandCybeleintheRomeoftheChristianera，youareforgettingthatthesacrificeoftheBullandthebaptisminbull"sbloodwerethesalientfeaturesofthePersianandPhrygianceremonials，somecenturiesearlier。Howcanyoureconciletheexistencesidebysideofdivinitiesbelongingtosuchdifferentperiods，orascribethembothtoanastronomicalorigin?“Theanswerissimpleenough。AsIhaveexplainedbefore，thePrecessionoftheEquinoxescausedtheSun，atitsmomentoftriumphoverthepowersofdarkness，tostandatoneperiodintheconstellationoftheBull，andataperiodsometwothousandyearslaterintheconstellationoftheRam。
Itwasperfectlynaturalthereforethatachangeinthesacredsymbolsshould，inthecourseoftime，takeplace；
yetperfectlynaturalalsothatthesesymbols，havingoncebeenconsecratedandadopted，shouldcontinuetobehonoredandclungtolongafterthetimeoftheirastronomicalappropriatenesshadpassed，andsotobefoundsidebysideinlatercenturies。ThedevoteeofMithraorAttisontheVaticanHillatRomeintheyear200A。D。probablyhadaslittlenotionorcomprehensionoftherealoriginofthesacredBullorRamwhichheadored，astheChristianinSt。Peter"sto-dayhasoftheoriginoftheLamb-godwhosevicegerentonearthisthePope。
ItisindeedeasytoimaginethatthechangefromtheworshipoftheBulltotheworshipoftheLambwhichundoubtedlytookplaceamongvariouspeoplesastimewenton，wasonlyaritualchangeinitiatedbythepriestsinordertoputonrecordandharmonizewiththeastronomicalalteration。AnyhowitiscuriousthatwhileMithraintheearlytimeswasspeciallyassociatedwiththebull，hisassociationwiththelambbelongedmoretotheRomanperiod。SomewhatthesamehappenedinthecaseofAttis。
IntheBiblewereadoftheindignationofMosesatthesettingupbytheIsraelitesofaGoldenCalf，AFTERthesacrificeoftheram-lambhadbeeninstituted——asifindeedtherebelliouspeoplewerereturningtotheearliercultofApiswhichtheyoughttohaveleftbehindtheminEgypt。InEgyptitself，too，wefindtheworshipofApis，astimewenton，yieldingplacetothatoftheRam-
headedgodAmun，orJupiterAmmon。[1]SothatbothfromtheBibleandfromEgyptianhistorywemayconcludethattheworshipoftheLamborRamsucceededtotheworshipoftheBull。
[1]Tacitus(Hist。v。4)speaksofram-sacrificebytheJewsinhonorofJupiterAmmon。SeealsoHerodotus(ii。42)onthesameinEgypt。
Finallyithasbeenpointedout，andtheremaybesomerealconnectioninthecoincidence，thatinthequiteearlyyearsofChristianitytheFISHcameinasanacceptedsymbolofJesusChrist。ConsideringthatafterthedominationofTaurusandAries，theFish(Pisces)comesnextinsuccessionastheZodiacalsignfortheVernalEquinox，andisnowtheconstellationinwhichtheSunstandsatthatperiod，itseemsnotimpossiblethattheastronomicalchangehasbeenthecauseoftheadoptionofthisnewsymbol。
Anyhow，andallowingforpossibleerrorsorexaggerations，itbecomesclearthatthetravelsoftheSunthroughthebeltofconstellationswhichformstheZodiacmusthavehad，fromearliesttimes，aprofoundinfluenceonthegenerationofreligiousmythsandlegends。Tosaythatitwastheonlyinfluencewouldcertainlybeamistake。
Othercausesundoubtedlycontributed。Butitwasamainandimportantinfluence。TheoriginsoftheZodiacareobscure；wedonotknowwithanycertaintythereasonswhythevariousnamesweregiventoitscomponentsections，norcanwemeasuretheexactantiquityofthesenames；but——pre-supposingthenamesofthesignsasoncegiven——itisnotdifficulttoimaginethegrowthoflegendsconnectedwiththeSun"scourseamongthem。
OfalltheancientdivinitiesperhapsHerculesistheonewhoseroleasaSungodismostgenerallyadmitted。Thehelperofgodsandmen，amightyTraveller，andinvokedeverywhereastheSaviour，hislaborsforthegoodoftheworldbecameultimatelydefinedandsystematizedastwelveandcorrespondinginnumbertothesignsoftheZodiac。Itistruethatthissystematizationonlytookplaceatalateperiod，probablyinAlexandria；alsothattheidentificationofsomeoftheLaborswiththeactualsignsaswehavethematpresentisnotalwaysclear。ButconsideringthewideprevalenceoftheHerculesmythovertheancientworldandtheveryvariousastronomicalsystemsitmusthavebeenconnectedwithinitsorigin，thislackofexactcorrespondenceishardlytobewonderedat。
TheLaborsofHerculeswhichchieflyinterestusare:
(1)ThecaptureoftheBull，(2)theslaughteroftheLion，(3)thedestructionoftheHydra，(4)oftheBoar，(5)thecleansingofthestablesofAugeas，(6)thedescentintoHadesandthetamingofCerberus。ThefirstoftheseisinlinewiththeMithraicconquestoftheBull；theLionisofcourseoneofthemostprominentconstellationsoftheZodiac，anditsconquestisobviouslytheworkofaSaviourofmankind；whilethelastfourlaborsconnectthemselvesverynaturallywiththeSolarconflictinwinteragainstthepowersofdarkness。TheBoar(4)wehaveseenalreadyastheimageofTyphon，theprinceofdarkness；
theHydra(3)wassaidtobetheoffspringofTyphon；
thedescentintoHades(6)——generallyassociatedwithHercules"strugglewithandvictoryoverDeath——linksontothedescentoftheSunintotheunderworld，anditslonganddoubtfulstrifewiththeforcesofwinter；andthecleansingofthestablesofAugeas(5)hasthesamesignification。ItappearsinfactthatthestablesofAugeaswasanothernameforthesignofCapricornthroughwhichtheSunpassesattheWintersolstice[1]——thestableofcoursebeinganundergroundchamber——andthemythwasthatthere，inthislowesttractandbackwateroftheEclipticallthemalariousandevilinfluencesoftheskywerecollected，andtheSungodcametowashthemaway(DecemberwastheheightoftherainyseasoninJudaea)andcleansetheyeartowardsitsrebirth。
[1]SeediagramofZodiac。
ItshouldnotbeforgottentoothatevenasachildinthecradleHerculesslewtwoserpentssentforhisdestruction——
theserpentandthescorpionasautumnalconstellationsfiguringalwaysasenemiesoftheSungod——towhichmaybecomparedthepowergiventohisdisciplesbyJesus[1]
“totreadonserpentsandscorpions。”HerculesalsoasaSungodcomparescuriouslywithSamson(mentionedabove，ii)，butweneednotdwellonalltheelaborateanalogiesthathavebeentraced[2]betweenthesetwoheroes。
[1]Lukex。19。
[2]SeeDoane"sBibleMyths，ch。viii，(NewYork，1882。)
TheJesus-story，itwillnowbeseen，hasagreatnumberofcorrespondenceswiththestoriesofformerSungodsandwiththeactualcareeroftheSunthroughtheheavens——somanyindeedthattheycannotwellbeattributedtomerecoincidenceoreventotheblasphemouswilesoftheDevil！Letusenumeratesomeofthese。Thereare(1)
thebirthfromaVirginmother；(2)thebirthinastable(caveorundergroundchamber)；and(3)onthe25thDecember(justafterthewintersolstice)。Thereis(4)theStarintheEast(Sirius)and(5)thearrivaloftheMagi(the“ThreeKings“)；thereis(6)thethreatenedMassacreoftheInnocents，andtheconsequentflightintoadistantcountry(toldalsoofKrishnaandotherSungods)。TherearetheChurchfestivalsof(7)Candlemas(2ndFebruary)，withprocessionsofcandlestosymbolizethegrowinglight；of(8)Lent，orthearrivalofSpring；of(9)EasterDay(normallyonthe25thMarch)tocelebratethecrossingoftheEquatorbytheSun；and(10)simultaneouslytheoutburstoflightsattheHolySepulchreatJerusalem。Thereis(11)theCrucifixionanddeathoftheLamb-God，onGoodFriday，threedaysbeforeEaster；thereare(12)thenailingtoatree，(13)theemptygrave，(14)thegladResurrection(asinthecasesofOsiris，Attisandothers)；
thereare(15)thetwelvedisciples(theZodiacalsigns)；
and(16)thebetrayalbyoneofthetwelve。Thenlaterthereis(17)MidsummerDay，the24thJune，dedicatedtotheNativityofJohntheBaptist，andcorrespondingtoChristmasDay；therearethefestivalsof(18)theAssumptionoftheVirgin(15thAugust)andof(19)theNativityoftheVirgin(8thSeptember)，correspondingtothemovementofthegodthroughVirgo；thereistheconflictofChristandhisdiscipleswiththeautumnalasterisms，(20)theSerpentandtheScorpion；andfinallythereisthecuriousfactthattheChurch(21)dedicatestheverydayofthewintersolstice(whenanyonemayverynaturallydoubttherebirthoftheSun)toSt。Thomas，whodoubtedthetruthoftheResurrection！
Thesearesomeof，andbynomeansall，thecoincidencesinquestion。Buttheyaresufficient，Ithink，toprove——
evenallowingforpossiblemarginsoferror——thetruthofourgeneralcontention。TogointotheparallelismofthecareersofKrishna，theIndianSungod，andJesuswouldtaketoolong；becauseindeedthecorrespondenceissoextraordinarilycloseandelaborate。[1]Ipropose，however，atthecloseofthischapter，todwellnowforamomentontheChristianfestivaloftheEucharist，partlyonaccountofitsconnectionwiththederivationfromtheastronomicalritesandNature-celebrationsalreadyalludedto，andpartlyonaccountofthelightwhichthefestivalgenerally，whetherChristianorPagan，throwsontheoriginsofReligiousMagic——asubjectIshallhavetodealwithinthenextchapter。
[1]SeeRobertson"sChristianityandMythology，PartII，pp。
129-302；alsoDoane"sBibleMyths，ch。xxviii，p。278。
Ihavealready(Ch。II)mentionedtheEucharisticriteheldincommemorationofMithra，andtheindignantascriptionofthisbyJustinMartyrtothewilesoftheDevil。
JustinMartyrclearlyhadnodoubtabouttheresemblanceoftheMithraictotheChristianceremony。ASacramentalmeal，asmentionedafewpagesback，seemstohavebeenheldbytheworshipersofAttis[1]incommemorationoftheirgod；andthe"mysteries"ofthePagancultsgenerallyappeartohaveincludedrites——
sometimeshalf-savage，sometimesmoreaesthetic——inwhichadismemberedanimalwaseaten，orbreadandwine(thespiritsoftheCornandtheVine)wereconsumed，asrepresentingthebodyofthegodwhomhisdevoteesdesiredtohonor。ButthebestexampleofthispracticeisaffordedbytheritesofDionysus，towhichIwilldevoteafewlines。Dionysus，likeotherSunorNaturedeities，wasbornofaVirgin(SemeleorDemeter)untaintedbyanyearthlyhusband；andbornonthe25th。December。HewasnurturedinaCave，andevenatthatearlyagewasidentifiedwiththeRamorLamb，intowhoseformhewasforthetimebeingchanged。AttimesalsohewasworshipedintheformofaBull。[2]Hetravelledfarandwide；andbroughtthegreatgiftofwinetomankind。[3]
HewascalledLiberator，andSaviour。Hisgrave“wasshownatDelphiintheinmostshrineofthetempleofApollo。
Secretofferingswerebroughtthither，whilethewomenwhowerecelebratingthefeastwokeupthenew-borngod……Festivalsofthiskindincelebrationoftheextinctionandresurrectionofthedeitywereheld(bywomenandgirlsonly)amidthemountainsatnight，everythirdyear，aboutthetimeoftheshortestday。Therites，intendedtoexpresstheexcessofgriefandjoyatthedeathandreappearanceofthegod，werewildeventosavagery，andthewomenwhoperformedthemwerehenceknownbytheexpressivenamesofBacchae，Maenads，andThyiades。Theywanderedthroughwoodsandmountains，theirflyinglockscrownedwithivyorsnakes，brandishingwandsandtorches，tothehollowsoundsofthedrum，ortheshrillnotesoftheflute，withwilddancesandinsanecriesandjubilation。
[1]SeeFrazer"sGoldenBough，PartIV，p。229。
[2]TheGoldenBough，PartII，BookII，p。164。
[3]“IamtheTRUEVine，“saystheJesusofthefourthgospel，perhapswithanimplicitandhostilereferencetothecultofDionysus——inwhichRobertsonsuggests(ChristianityandMythology，p。357)therewasaritualmiracleofturningwaterintowine。
Oxen，goats，evenfawnsandroesfromtheforestwerekilled，torntopieces，andeatenraw。ThisinimitationofthetreatmentofDionysusbytheTitans“[1]——whoitwassupposedhadtornthegodinpieceswhenachild。
[1]Seeart。Dionysus。DictionaryofClassicalAntiquities，NettleshipandSandys3rdedn。，London，1898)。
Dupuis，oneoftheearliestwriters(atthebeginningoflastcentury)onthissubject，says，describingthemysticritesofDionysus[1]:“ThesacreddoorsoftheTempleinwhichtheinitiationtookplacewereopenedonlyonceayear，andnostrangermighteverenter。Nightlenttotheseaugustmysteriesaveilwhichwasforbiddentobedrawnaside——forwhoeveritmightbe。[2]ItwasthesoleoccasionfortherepresentationofthepassionofBacchus[Dionysus]
dead，descendedintohell，andrearisen——inimitationoftherepresentationofthesufferingsofOsiriswhich，accordingtoHerodotus，werecommemoratedatSaisinEgypt。Itwasinthatplacethatthepartitiontookplaceofthebodyofthegod，[3]whichwastheneaten——
theceremony，infact，ofwhichourEucharistisonlyareflection；whereasinthemysteriesofBacchusactualrawfleshwasdistributed，whicheachofthosepresenthadtoconsumeincommemorationofthedeathofBacchusdismemberedbytheTitans，andwhosepassion，inChiosandTenedos，wasrenewedeachyearbythesacrificeofamanwhorepresentedthegod。[4]PossiblyitisthislastfactwhichmadepeoplebelievethattheChristians(whosehocestcorpusmeumandsharingofanEucharisticmealwerenomorethanashadowofamoreancientrite)didreallysacrificeachildanddevouritslimbs。”
[1]SeeCharlesF。Dupuis，“TraitedesMysteres，“ch。i。
[2]Pausan，Corinth，ch。37。
[3]Clem，Prot。Eur。Bacch。
[4]SeePorphyry，DeAbstinentia，lii，Section56。
ThatEucharisticriteswereveryveryancientisplainfromtheTotem-sacramentsofsavages；andtothissubjectweshallnowturn。
IV。TOTEM-SACRAMENTSANDEUCHARISTS
MuchhasbeenwrittenontheoriginoftheTotem-system——thesystem，thatis，ofnamingatribeoraportionofatribe(sayaCLAN)aftersomeANIMAL——orsometimes——alsoaftersomeplantortreeorNature-element，likefireorrainorthunder；butatbestthesubjectisadifficultoneforusmodernstounderstand。AcarefulstudyhasbeenmadeofitbySalamonReinachinhisCultes，MythesetReligions，[1]whereheformulateshisconclusionsintwelvestatementsordefinitions；butevenso——thoughhissuggestionsarehelpful——hethrowsverylittlelightontherealoriginofthesystem。[2]
[1]SeeEnglishtranslationofcertainchapters(publishedbyDavidNuttin1912)entitledCults，MythsandReligions，pp。
1-25。TheFrenchoriginalisinthreelargevolumes。
[2]ThesamemaybesaidoftheformulatedstatementofthesubjectinMorrisJastrow"sHandbooksoftheHistoryofReligion，vol。iv。
Therearethreemaindifficulties。ThefirstistounderstandwhyprimitiveManshouldnamehisTribeafterananimalorobjectofnatureatall；thesecond，tounderstandonwhatprincipleheselectedtheparticularname(alion，acrocodile，aladybird，acertaintree)；thethird，whyheshouldmakeofthesaidtotemadivinity，andpayhonorandworshiptoit。Itmaybeworthwhiletopauseforamomentoverthese。
(1)ThefactthattheTribewasoneoftheearlythingsforwhichManfounditnecessarytohaveanameisinteresting，becauseitshowshowearlythesolidarityandpsychologicalactualityofthetribewasrecognized；andastotheselectionofanamefromsomeanimalorconcreteobjectofNature，thatwasinevitable，forthesimplereasonthattherewasnothingelseforthesavagetochoosefrom。Plainlytocallhistribe“TheWayfarers“or“ThePioneers“orthe“Pacifists“orthe“Invincibles，“orbyanyofthethousandandonenameswhichmodernassociationsadopt，wouldhavebeenimpossible，sincesuchabstracttermshadlittleornoexistenceinhismind。Andagaintonameitafterananimalwasthemostobviousthingtodo，simplybecausetheanimalswerebyfarthemostimportantfeaturesoraccompanimentsofhisownlife。AsIamdealinginthisbooklargelywithcertainpsychologicalconditionsofhumanevolution，ithastobepointedoutthattoprimitivemantheanimalwasthenearestandmostcloselyrelatedofallobjects。Beingofthesameorderofconsciousnessashimself，theanimalappealedtohimverycloselyashismateandequal。Hemadewithregardtoitlittleornodistinctionfromhimself。Weseethisveryclearlyinthecaseofchildren，whoofcourserepresentthesavagemind，andwhoregardanimalssimplyastheirmatesandequals，andcomequicklyintorapportwiththem，notdifferentiatingthemselvesfromthem。
(2)AstotheparticularanimalorotherobjectselectedinordertogiveanametotheTribe，thiswouldnodoubtbelargelyaccidental。Anyunusualincidentmightsuperstitiouslyprecipitateaname。WecanhardlyimaginetheTribescratchingitscongregatedheadinthedeliberateefforttothinkoutasuitableemblemforitself。Thatisnotthewayinwhichnicknamesareinventedinaschooloranywhereelseto-day。Atthesametimetheheraldicappealofacertainobjectofnature，animateorinanimate，wouldbedeeplyandwidelyfelt。Thestrengthofthelion，thefleetnessofthedeer，thefood-valueofabear，theflightofabird，theawfuljawsofacrocodile，mighteasilymesmerizeawholetribe。Reinachpointsout，withgreatjustice，thatmanytribesplacedthemselvesundertheprotectionofanimalswhichweresupposed(rightlyorwrongly)toactasguidesandaugurs，foretellingthefuture。
“Diodorus，“hesays，“distinctlystatesthatthehawk，inEgypt，wasveneratedbecauseitforetoldthefuture。”
[Birdsgenerallyactasweather-prophets。]“InAustraliaandSamoathekangaroo，thecrowandtheowlpremonishtheirfellowclansmenofeventstocome。AtonetimetheSamoanwarriorswentsofarastorearowlsfortheirpropheticqualitiesinwar。”[Thejackal，or"pathfinder"——
whosetrackssometimesleadtotheremainsofafood-
animalslainbyalion，andmanybirdsandinsects，haveavalueofthiskind。]“Theuseofanimaltotemsforpurposesofauguryis，inalllikelihood，ofgreatantiquity。
Menmustsoonhaverealizedthatthesensesofanimalswereacuterthantheirown；norisitsurprisingthattheyshouldhaveexpectedtheirtotems——thatistosay，theirnaturalallies——toforewarnthembothofunsuspecteddangersandofthoseprovisionsofnature，WELLSespecially，whichanimalsseemtoscentbyinstinct。”[1]Andagain，beyondallthis，Ihavelittledoubtthattherearesubconsciousaffinitieswhichunitecertaintribestocertainanimalsorplants，affinitieswhoseoriginwecannotnowtrace，thoughtheyareveryreal——thesameaffinitiesthatwerecognizeasexistingbetweenindividualPERSONSandcertainobjectsofnature。W。H。Hudson——himselfinmanyrespectshavingthisdeepandprimitiverelationtonature——
speaksinaveryinterestingandautobiographicalvolume[2]oftheextraordinaryfascinationexerciseduponhimasaboy，notonlybyasnake，butbycertaintrees，andespeciallybyaparticularflowering-plant“notmorethanafootinheight，withdownysoftpalegreenleaves，andclustersofreddishblossoms，somethinglikevalerian。”……“Oneofmysacredflowers，“hecallsit，andinsistsonthe“inexplicableattraction“whichithadforhim。Invariouswaysofthiskindonecanperceivehowparticulartotemscametobeselectedbyparticularpeoples。
[1]SeeReinach，Eng。trans。，op。cit。，pp。20，21。
[2]FarawayandLongago(1918)chs。xviandxvii。
(3)Astothetendencytodivinizethesetotems，thisarisesnodoubtpartlyoutofquestion(2)。Theanimalorotherobjectadmiredonaccountofitsstrengthorswiftness，oradoptedasguardianofthetribebecauseofitskeensightorpropheticquality，orinfinitelyprizedonaccountofitsfood-value，orfeltforanyotherreasontohaveapeculiarrelationandaffinitytothetribe，isbythatfactSETAPART。Itbecomestaboo。Itmustnotbekilled——exceptundernecessityandbysanctionofthewholetribe——norinjured；andalldealingswithitmustbefencedroundwithregulations。Itisoutofthistabooorsystemoftaboosthat，accordingtoReinach，religionarose。“Ipropose(hesays)todefinereligionas:A
SUMOFSCRUPLES(TABOOS)WHICHIMPEDETHEFREEEXERCISEOF
OURFACULTIES。”[1]Obviouslythisdefinitionisgravelydeficient，simplybecauseitispurelynegative，andleavesoutofaccountthepositiveaspectofthesubject。InMan，thepositivecontentofreligionistheinstinctivesense——whetherconsciousorsubconscious——ofaninnerunityandcontinuitywiththeworldaround。Thisisthestuffoutofwhichreligionismade。Thescruplesortabooswhich“impedethefreedom“ofthisrelationarethenegativeforceswhichgiveoutlineandformtotherelation。
ThesearethethingswhichgeneratetheRITESANDCEREMONIALS
ofreligion；andasfarasReinachmeansbyreligionMERELY
ritesandceremoniesheiscorrect；butclearlyheonlycovershalfthesubject。Thetendencytodivinizethetotemisatleastasmuchdependentonthepositivesenseofunitywithit，asonthenegativescrupleswhichlimittherelationineachparticularcase。ButIshallreturntothissubjectpresently，andmorethanonce，withtheviewofclarifyingit。JustnowitwillbebesttoillustratethenatureofTotemsgenerally，andinsomedetail。
[1]SeeOrpheusbyS。Reinach，p。3。
AswouldbegatheredfromwhatIhavejustsaid，thereisfoundamongallthemoreprimitivepeoples，andinallpartsoftheworld，animmensevarietyoftotem-names。
TheDinkas，forinstance，arearatherintelligentwell-grownpeopleinhabitingtheupperreachesoftheNileinthevicinityofthegreatswamps。AccordingtoDr。Seligmantheirclanshavefortotemsthelion，theelephant，thecrocodile，thehippopotamus，thefox，andthehyena，aswellascertainbirdswhichinfestanddamagethecorn，someplantsandtrees，andsuchthingsasrain，fire，etc。“Eachclanspeaksofitstotemasitsancestor，andrefrains[asarule]frominjuringoreatingit。”[1]ThemembersoftheCrocodileclancallthemselves“brothersofthecrocodile。”ThetribesofBechuana-landhaveaverysimilarlistoftotem-names——thebuffalo，thefish，theporcupine，thewildvine，etc。TheytoohaveaCrocodileclan，buttheycallthecrocodiletheirFATHER！ThetribesofAustraliamuchthesameagain，withthedifferencessuitabletotheircountry；andtheRedIndiansofNorthAmericathesame。Garcilasso，dellaVega，theSpanishhistorian，sonofanIncaprincessbyoneoftheSpanishconquerorsofPeruandauthorofthewell-knownbookCommentariasReales，saysinthatbook(i，57)，speakingofthepre-Incaperiod，“AnIndian(ofPeru)wasnotconsideredhonorableunlesshewasdescendedfromafountain，riverorlake，orevenfromthesea，orfromawildanimal，asabear，lion，tiger，eagle，orthebirdtheycallcuntur(condor)，orsomeotherbirdofprey。”[2]AccordingtoLewisMorgan，theNorthAmericanIndiansofvarioustribeshadfortotemsthewolf，bear，beaver，turtle，deer，snipe，heron，hawk，crane，loon，turkey，muskrat；pike，catfish，carp；buffalo，elk，reindeer，eagle，hare，rabbit，snake；
reed-grass，sand，rock，andtobacco-plant。
[1]SeeTheGoldenBough，vol。iv，p。31。
[2]SeeAndrewLang，CustomandMyth，p。104，alsoMyth，RitualandReligion，vol。i，pp。71，76，etc。
Sowemightgoonratherindefinitely。Ineedhardlysaythatinmoremodernandcivilizedlife，relicsofthetotemsystemarestilltobefoundintheformsoftheheraldiccreaturesadoptedfortheircrestsbydifferentfamilies，andinthebears，lions，eagles，thesun，moonandstarsandsoforth，whichstilladorntheflagsandareflauntedastheinsigniaofthevariousnations。ThenamesmaynothavebeenORIGINALLYadoptedfromanydefinitebeliefinblood-relationshipwiththeanimalorotherobjectinquestion；butwhen，asRobertsonsays(PaganChrists，p。104)，a“savagelearnedthathewas"aBear"andthathisfatherandgrandfatherandforefathersweresobeforehim，itwasreallyimpossible，afteragesinwhichtotem-
namesthuspassedcurrent，thatheshouldfailtoassumethathisfolkwereDESCENDEDfromabear。”
Asarule，asmaybeimagined，thesavagetribesmanwillonnoaccountEAThistribaltotem-animal。Suchwouldnaturallybedeemedakindofsacrilege。Alsoitmustberemarkedthatsometotemsarehardlysuitableforeating。Yetitisimportanttoobservethatoccasionally，andguardingtheceremonywithgreatprecautions，ithasbeenanalmostuniversalcustomforthetribalelderstocallafeastatwhichananimal(eitherthetotemorsomeother)ISkilledandcommonlyeaten——andthisinorderthatthetribesmenmayabsorbsomevirtuebelongingtoit，andmayconfirmtheiridentitywiththetribeandwitheachother。Theeatingofthebearorotheranimal，thesprinklingwithitsblood，andthegeneralritualinwhichtheparticipantsshareditsflesh，ordressedanddisguisedthemselvesinitsskin，orotherwiseidentifiedthemselveswithit，wastothemasymboloftheircommunityoflifewitheachother，andameansoftheirrenewalandsalvationintheholyemblem。Andthiscustom，asthereaderwillperceive，becametheoriginoftheEucharistsandHolyCommunionsofthelaterreligions。
ProfessorRobertson-Smith"scelebratedCamelaffordsaninstanceofthis。[1]ItappearsthatSt。Nilus(fifthcentury)
hasleftadetailedaccountoftheoccasionalsacrificeinhistimeofaspotlesswhitecamelamongtheArabsoftheSinairegion，whichcloselyresemblesatotemiccommunion-
feast。Theuncookedbloodandfleshoftheanimalhadtobeentirelyconsumedbythefaithfulbeforedaybreak。“Theslaughterofthevictim，thesacramentaldrinkingoftheblood，anddevouringinwildhasteofthepiecesofstillquiveringflesh，recallthedetailsoftheDionysiacandotherfestivals。”[2]Robertson-Smithhimselfsays:——“Theplainmeaningisthatthevictimwasdevouredbeforeitslifehadleftthestillwarmbloodandflesh……andthatthusinthemostliteralway，allthosewhosharedintheceremonyabsorbedpartofthevictim"slifeintothemselves。Oneseeshowmuchmoreforciblythananyordinarymealsuchariteexpressestheestablishmentorconfirmationofabondofcommonlifebetweentheworshipers，andalso，sincethebloodissheduponthealtaritself，betweentheworshipersandtheirgod。Inthissacrifice，then，thesignificantfactorsaretwo:theconveyanceofthelivingbloodtothegodhead，andtheabsorptionofthelivingfleshandbloodintothefleshandbloodoftheworshippers。Eachoftheseiseffectedinthesimplestandmostdirectmanner，sothatthemeaningoftheritualisperfectlytransparent。”
[1]SeehisReligionoftheSemites，p。320。
[2]TheyalsorecalltheritesofthePassover——thoughinthislatterthebloodwasnolongerdrunk，northeflesheatenraw。
Itseemsstrange，ofcourse，thatmenshouldeattheirtotems；anditmustnotbyanymeansbesupposedthatthispracticeis(orwas)universal；butitundoubtedlyobtainsinsomecases。AsMissHarrisonsays(Themis，p。123)；“youdonotasaruleeatyourrelations，“andasaruletheeatingofatotemistabuandforbidden，but(MissHarrisoncontinues)“atcertaintimesandundercertainrestrictionsamannotonlymay，butMUST，eatofhistotem，thoughonlysparingly，asofathingsacrosanct。”
Theceremonialcarriedoutinacommunalwaybythetribenotonlyidentifiesthetribewiththetotem(animal)，butisheld，accordingtoearlymagicalideas，andwhentheanimalisdesiredforfood，tofavoritsmanipulation。
Thehumantribepartakesofthemanaorlife-forceoftheanimal，andisstrengthened；theanimaltribeissympatheticallyrenewedbytheceremonialandmultipliesexceedingly。
Theslaughterofthesacredanimaland(often)thesimultaneousoutpouringofhumanbloodsealsthecompactandconfirmsthemagic。Thisiswellillustratedbyaceremonyofthe"Emu"tribereferredtobyDr。
Frazer:——
“InordertomultiplyEmuswhichareanimportantarticleoffood，themenoftheEmutotemintheAruntatribeproceedasfollows:Theyclearasmallspotoflevelground，andopeningveinsintheirarmstheyletthebloodstreamoutuntilthesurfaceofthegroundforaspaceofaboutthreesquareyardsissoakedwithit。Whenthebloodhasdriedandcaked，itformsahardandfairlyimpermeablesurface，onwhichtheypaintthesacreddesignoftheemutotem，especiallythepartsofthebirdwhichtheylikebesttoeat，namely，thefatandtheeggs。Roundthispaintingthemensitandsing。Afterwardsperformerswearinglonghead-dressestorepresentthelongneckandsmallheadoftheemu，mimictheappearanceofthebirdasitstandsaimlesslypeeringaboutinalldirections。”[1]
[1]TheGoldenBoughi，85——withreferencetoSpencerandGillen"sNativeTribesofCentralAustralia，pp。179，189。
Thusbloodsacrificecomesin；and——(whetherthishaseveractuallyhappenedinthecaseoftheCentralAustraliansIknownot)——wecaneasilyimagineamemberoftheEmutribe，anddisguisedasanactualemu，havingbeenceremoniallyslaughteredasafirstfruitsandpromiseoftheexpectedandprayed-foremu-crop；justasthesamecertainlyHAShappenedinthecaseofmenwearingbeast-masksofBullsorRamsorBearsbeingsacrificedinpropitiationofBull-gods，Ram-godsorBear-godsorsimplyinpursuanceofsomekindofmagictofavorthemultiplicationofthesefood-animals。
“Inthelightoftotemisticwaysofthinkingweseeplainlyenoughtherelationofmantofood-animals。Youneedoratleastdesirefleshfood，yetyoushrinkfromslaughtering"yourbrothertheox"；youdesirehismana，yetyourespecthistabu，forinyouandhimalikerunsthecommonlife-blood。Onyourownindividualresponsibilityyouwouldneverkillhim；butforthecommonweal，ongreatoccasions，andinafashionconductedwithscrupulouscare，itisexpedientthathedieforhispeople，andthattheyfeastuponhisflesh。”[1]
[1]Themis，p。140。
InherlittlebookAncientArtandRitual[1]JaneHarrisondescribesthededicationofaholyBull，asconductedinGreeceatElis，andatMagnesiaandothercities。“ThereattheannualfairyearbyyearthestewardsofthecityboughtaBull"thefinestthatcouldbegot，"andatthenewmoonofthemonthatthebeginningofseed-time[?April]theydedicateditforthecity"swelfare……TheBullwasledinprocessionattheheadofwhichwentthechiefpriestandpriestessofthecity。Withthemwentaheraldandsacrificer，andtwobandsofyouthsandmaidens。SoholywastheBullthatnothingunluckymightcomenearhim。Theheraldpronouncedaloudaprayerfor"thesafetyofthecityandtheland，andthecitizens，andthewomenandchildren，forpeaceandwealth，andforthebringingforthofgrainandallotherfruits，andofcattle。"Allthislongingforfertility，forfoodandchildren，focusesroundtheholyBull，whoseholinessishisstrengthandfruitfulness。”TheBullissacrificed。
Thefleshisdividedinsolemnfeastamongthosewhotakepartintheprocession。“Theholyfleshisnotofferedtoagod，itiseaten——toeverymanhisportion——byeachandeverycitizen，thathemaygethisshareofthestrengthoftheBull，oftheluckoftheState。”ButatAthenstheBouphonia，asitwascalled，wasfollowedbyacuriousceremony。
“Thehidewasstuffedwithstrawandsewedup，andnextthestuffedanimalwassetonitsfeetandyokedtoaploughasthoughitwereploughing。TheDeathisfollowedbyaResurrection。Nowthisisallimportant。
Weareaccustomedtothinkofsacrificeasthedeath，thegivingup，therenouncingofsomething。ButSACRIFICE
doesnotmean"death"atall。ItmeansMAKINGHOLY，sanctifying；andholinesswastoprimitivemanjustspecialstrengthandlife。WhattheywantedfromtheBullwasjustthatspeciallifeandstrengthwhichalltheyearlongtheyhadputintohim，andnourishedandfostered。Thatlifewasinhisblood。Theycouldnoteatthatfleshnordrinkthatbloodunlesstheykilledhim。Sohemustdie。Butitwasnottogivehimuptothegodsthattheykilledhim，notto"sacrifice"himinoursense，buttohavehim，keephim，eathim，liveBYhimandthroughhim，byhisgrace。”
[1]HomeUniversityLibrary，p。87。
Wehavealreadyhadtodealwithinstancesoftheceremonialeatingofthesacredhe-LamborRam，immolatedintheSpringseasonoftheyear，andpartakenofinakindofcommunalfeast——notwithoutreference(atanyrateinlatertimes)toasupposedLamb-god。AmongtheAinosintheNorthofJapan，asalsoamongtheGilyaksinEasternSiberia，theBearisthegreatfood-animal，andisworshippedasthesupremegiverofhealthandstrength。
Therealsoasimilarritualofsacrificeoccurs。AperfectBeariscaughtandcaged。Heisfedupandevenpamperedtothedayofhisdeath。“Fish，brandyandotherdelicaciesareofferedtohim。Someofthepeopleprostratethemselvesbeforehim；hiscomingintoahousebringsablessing，andifhesniffsatthefoodthatbringsablessingtoo。”Thenheisledoutandslain。Agreatfeasttakesplace，thefleshisdivided，cupfulsofthebloodaredrunkbythemen；thetribeisunitedandstrengthened，andtheBear-godblessestheceremony——theidealBearthathasgivenitslifeforthepeople。[1]
[1]SeeArtandRitual，pp。92-98；TheGoldenBough，ii，375
seq。；Themis，pp。140，141；etc。
Thattheeatingofthefleshofananimaloramanconveystoyousomeofthequalities，thelife-force，themana，ofthatanimalorman，isanideawhichoneoftenmeetswithamongprimitivefolk。Hencethecommontendencytoeatenemywarriorsslaininbattleagainstyourtribe。Bydoingsoyouabsorbsomeoftheirvalorandstrength。EventheenemyscalpswhichanApacheIndianmighthangfromhisbeltweresomethingmagicaltoaddtotheApache"spower。AsGilbertMurraysays，[1]
“youdevouredtheholyanimaltogetitsmana，itsswiftness，itsstrength，itsgreatendurance，justasthesavagenowwilleathisenemy"sbrainorheartorhandstogetsomeparticularqualityresidingthere。”Even——asheexplainsontheearlierpage——mereCONTACTwasoftenconsideredsufficient——“wehaveholypillarswhoseholinessconsistsinthefactthattheyhavebeentouchedbythebloodofabull。”AndinthisconnectionwemaynotethatnearlyalltheChristianChurcheshaveagreatbeliefinthevirtueimpartedbythemere"layingonofhands。"
[1]FourStagesofGreekReligion，p。36。
Inquiteadifferentconnection——weread[1]thatamongtheSpartansawarrior-boywouldoftenbegfortheloveoftheelderwarriorwhomheadmired(i。e。thecontactwithhisbody)inordertoobtaininthatwayaportionofthelatter"scourageandprowess。Thatthroughthemediationofthelipsone"sspiritmaybeunitedtothespiritofanotherpersonisanideanotunfamiliartothemodernmind；whiletheexchangeofblood，clothes，locksofhair，etc。，byloversisacustomknownallovertheworld。[2]
[1]AelianVII，iii，12:
[2]SeeCrawley"sMysticRose，pp。238，242。
Tosupposethatbyeatinganotheryouabsorbhisorhersoulissomewhatnaivecertainly。PerhapsitISmorenative，moreprimitive。YettheremaybeSOMEtrutheveninthatidea。Certainlythefoodthatoneeatshasapsychologicaleffect，andtheflesh-eatersamongthehumanracehaveadifferenttemperamentasarulefromthefruitandvegetableeaters，whileamongtheanimals(thoughothercausesmaycomeinhere)theCarnivoraaredecidedlymorecruelandlessgentlethantheHerbivora。
ToreturntotheritesofDionysus，GilbertMurray，speakingofOrphism——agreatwaveofreligiousreformwhichsweptoverGreeceandSouthItalyinthesixthcenturyB。C——says:[1]“AcuriousrelicofprimitivesuperstitionandcrueltyremainedfirmlyimbeddedinOrphism，adoctrineirrationalandunintelligible，andforthatveryreasonwrappedinthedeepestandmostsacredmystery:abeliefintheSACRIFICEOFDIONYSUSHIMSELF，ANDTHEPURIFICATIONOFMAN
BYHISBLOOD。ItseemspossiblethatthesavageThracians，inthefuryoftheirworshiponthemountains，whentheywerepossessedbythegodandbecame"wildbeasts，"actuallytorewiththeirteethandhandsanyhares，goats，fawnsorthelikethattheycameacross……TheOrphiccongregationsoflatertimes，intheirmostholygatherings，solemnlypartookofthebloodofabull，whichwasbyamysterythebloodofDionysus-
Zagreushimself，theBullofGod，slaininsacrificeforthepurificationofman。”[2]
[1]SeeNotestohistranslationoftheBacch
[2]ForadescriptionofthisorgyseeTheocritus，Idyllxxvi；
alsoforexplanationsofit，Lang"sMyth，RitualandReligion，vol。ii，pp，241-260，onDionysus。TheEncyclop
distinctfeatureofthisritualwas Suchinstancesofearlycommunalfeasts，whichfulfilledthedoublepartofconfirmingontheonehandthesolidarityofthetribe，andontheotherofbringingthetribe，bythesheddingofthebloodofadivineVictimintocloserelationshipwiththeverysourceofitslife，areplentifultofind。“Thesacramentalrite，“saysProfessorRobertson-
Smith，[1]“isalsoanatoningrite，whichbringsthecommunityagainintoharmonywithitsalienatedgod——atonementbeingsimplyanactofcommuniondesignedtowipeoutallmemoryofpreviousestrangement。”WiththissubjectIshalldealmorespeciallyinchapterviibelow。
MeanwhileasinstancesofearlyEucharistswemaymentionthefollowingcases，rememberingalwaysthatasthebloodisregardedastheLife，thedrinkingorpartakingof，orsprinklingwith，bloodisalwaysanacknowledgmentofthecommonlife；andthatthejuiceofthegrapebeingregardedasthebloodoftheVine，wineinthelaterceremonialsquiteeasilyandnaturallytakestheplaceofthebloodintheearlysacrifices。
[1]ReligionoftheSemites，p。302。
ThusP。AndradaLaCrozius，aFrenchmissionary，andoneofthefirstChristianswhowenttoNepaulandThibet，saysinhisHistoryofIndia:“TheirGrandLamacelebratesaspeciesofsacrificewithBREADandWINE，inwhich，aftertakingasmallquantityhimself，hedistributestherestamongtheLamaspresentatthisceremony。”[1]
“TheoldEgyptianscelebratedtheresurrectionofOsirisbyasacrament，eatingthesacredcakeorwaferafterithadbeenconsecratedbythepriest，andtherebybecomingveritablefleshofhisflesh。”[2]Asiswellknown，theeatingofbreadordoughsacramentally(sometimesmixedwithbloodorseed)asanemblemofcommunityoflifewiththedivinity，isanextremelyancientpracticeorritual。Dr。
Frazer[3]saysoftheAztecs，that“twiceayear，inMayandDecember，animageofthegreatgodHuitzilopochtliwasmadeofdough，thenbrokeninpiecesandsolemnlyeatenbyhisworshipers。”AndLordKingsboroughinhisMexicanAntiquities(vol。vi，p。220)givesarecordofa“mostHolySupper“inwhichthesepeopleatethefleshoftheirgod。Itwasacakemadeofcertainseeds，“andhavingmadeit，theyblesseditintheirmanner，andbrokeitintopieces，whichthehighpriestputintocertainverycleanvessels，andtookathornofmagueywhichresemblesaverythickneedle，withwhichhetookupwiththeutmostreverencesinglemorsels，whichheputintothemouthofeachindividualinthemannerofacommunion。”
Acostas[4]confirmsthisandsimilaraccounts。ThePeruvianspartookofasacramentconsistingofapuddingofcoarselygroundmaize，ofwhichaportionhadbeensmearedontheidol。Thepriestsprinkleditwiththebloodofthevictimbeforedistributingittothepeople。”
Priestandpeoplethenalltooktheirsharesinturn，“withgreatcarethatnoparticleshouldbeallowedtofalltotheground——thisbeinglookeduponasagreatsin。”[5]
[1]SeeDoane"sBibleMyths，p。306。
[2]FromTheGreatLaw，ofreligiousorigins:byW。Williamson(1899)，p。177。
[3]TheGoldenBough，vol。ii，p。79。
[4]NaturalandMoralHistoryoftheIndies。London(1604)。
[5]SeeMarkham"sRitesandlawsoftheIncas，p。27。
MovingfromPerutoChina(insteadof"fromChinatoPeru")wefindthat“theChinesepourwine(averygeneralsubstituteforblood)onastrawimageofConfucius，andthenallpresentdrinkofit，andtastethesacrificialvictim，inordertoparticipateinthegraceofConfucius。”
[HereagaintheCornandWineareblendedinonerite。]
AndofTartaryFatherGrueberthustestifies:“ThisonlyIdoaffirm，thatthedevilsomimicstheCatholicChurchthere，thatalthoughnoEuropeanorChristianhaseverbeenthere，stillinallessentialthingstheyagreesocompletelywiththeRomanChurch，aseventocelebratetheHostwithbreadandwine:withmyowneyesIhaveseenit。”[1]ThesefewinstancesaresufficienttoshowtheextraordinarilywidediffusionofTotem-sacramentsandEucharisticritesallovertheworld。
[1]ForthesetwoquotationsseeJevons"IntroductiontotheHistoryofReligion，pp。148and219。
V。FOODANDVEGETATIONMAGIC
Ihavewandered，inpursuitofTotemsandtheEucharist，somewayfromtheastronomicalthreadofChaptersIIandIII，andnowitwouldappearthatinordertounderstandreligiousoriginswemustwanderstillfarther。ThechaptersmentionedwerelargelyoccupiedwithSungodsandastronomicalphenomena，butnowwehavetoconsideranearlierperiodwhentherewerenodefiniteformsofgods，andwhennonebutthevaguestastronomicalknowledgeexisted。SometimesinhistoricalmattersitisbestandsafesttomovethusbackwardsinTime，fromthethingsrecentandfairlywellknowntothingsmoreancientandlessknown。Inthiswayweapproachmoresecurelytosomeunderstandingofthedimandremotepast。
Itisclearthatbeforeanydefinitespeculationsonheaven-dwellinggodsordivinebeingshadariseninthehumanmind——oranycleartheoriesofhowthesunandmoonandstarsmightbeconnectedwiththechangesoftheseasonsontheearth——therewerestillcertainobviousthingswhichappealedtoeverybody，learnedorunlearnedalike。OneofthesewasthereturnofVegetation，bringingwithitthefruitsorthepromiseofthefruitsoftheearth，forhumanfood，andalsobringingwithitincreaseofanimallife，forfoodinanotherform；andtheotherwasthereturnofLightandWarmth，makinglifeeasierinallways。Fooddeliveringfromthefearofstarvation；LightandWarmthdeliveringfromthefearofdangerandofcold。Thesewerethreegloriousthingswhichreturnedtogetherandbroughtsalvationandrenewedlifetoman。Theperiodoftheirreturnwas"Spring，"andthoughSpringanditsbenefitsmightfadeawayintime，stilltherewasalwaystheHOPE
ofitsreturn——thoughevensoitmayhavebeenalongtimeinhumanevolutionbeforemandiscoveredthatitreallydidalwaysreturn，and(withcertainallowances)atequalintervalsoftime。
LongthenbeforeanySunorStargodscouldbecalledin，thereturnoftheVegetationmusthaveenthralledman"sattention，andfilledhimwithhopeandjoy。Yetsinceitsreturnwassomewhatvariableanduncertainthequestion，Whatcouldmandotoassistthatreturn?naturallybecameapressingone。ItisnowgenerallyheldthattheuseofMagic——sympatheticmagic——aroseinthisway。
Sympatheticmagicseemstohavebeengeneratedbyabeliefthatyourownactionscauseasimilarresponseinthingsandpersonsaroundyou。Yetthisbeliefdidnotrestonanyphilosophyorargument，butwaspurelyinstinctiveandsometimesofthenatureofamerecorporealreaction。Everyschoolboyknowshowinwatchingacomrade"shighjumpattheSportsheoftenfindshimselfliftingakneeatthemoment"tohelphimover"；atfootballmatchesquarrelssometimesariseamongthespectatorsbyreasonofanill-placedkickcomingfromatooenthusiasticon-looker，behindone；undergraduatesrunningonthetow-pathbesidetheirCollegeboatintheraceswillhurryevenfasterthantheboatinordertoincreaseitsspeed；
thereisineachcaseanautomaticbodilyresponseincreasedbyone"sowndesire。ApersonACTSthepartwhichhedesirestobesuccessful。Hethinkstotransferhisenergyinthatway。Again，ifbychanceonewitnessesapainfulaccident，acrushedfootorwhat-not，itcommonlyhappensthatonefeelsapaininthesamepartoneself——asympatheticpain。Whatmorenaturalthantosupposethatthepainreallyistransferredfromtheonepersontotheother?andhoweasytheinferencethatbytormentingawretchedscape-goatorcrucifyingahumanvictiminsomecasesthesufferingsofpeoplemayberelievedortheirsinsatonedfor?
Simaetha，itwillberemembered，inthesecondIdyllofTheocritus，cursesherfaithlessloverDelphis，andasshemeltshiswaxenimageshepraysthatHETOOMAYMELT。
AllthisisofthenatureofMagic，andisindependentofandgenerallymoreprimitivethanTheologyorPhilosophy。Yetitinterestsusbecauseitpointstoafirminstinctinearlyman——towhichIhavealreadyalluded——theinstinctofhisunityandcontinuitywiththerestofcreation，andofacommonlifesoclosethathislightestactionsmaycauseafar-reachingreactionintheworldoutside。
Man，then，independentlyofanybeliefingods，mayassistthearrivalofSpringbymagicceremonies。IfyouwanttheVegetationtoappearyoumusthaverain；andtherain-makerinalmostallprimitivetribeshasbeenaMOST
importantpersonage。Generallyhebasedhisritesonquitefancifulassociations，aswhentherain-makeramongtheMandansworearaven"sskinonhishead(birdofthestorm)orpaintedhisshieldwithredzigzagsoflightning[1]；butpartly，nodoubt，hehadobservedactualfacts，orhadhadtheknowledgeofthemtransmittedtohim——as，forinstancethatwhenrainisimpendingloudnoiseswillbringaboutitsspeedydownfall，afactwemodernshavehadoccasiontonoticeonbattlefields。Hehadobservedperhapsthatinastormaspeciallyloudclapofthunderisgenerallyfollowedbyagreatlyincreaseddownpourofrain。Hehadevennoticed(athingwhichIhaveoftenverifiedinthevicinityofSheffield)thatthecopioussmokeoffireswillgeneraterain-clouds——andsoquitenaturallyheconcludedthatitwashissmokingSACRIFICESwhichhadthatdesirableeffect。SofarhewasonthetrackofelementaryScience。Andsohemade“bull-
roarers“toimitatethesoundofwindandtheblessedrain-bringingthunder，orclashedgreatbronzecymbalstogetherwiththesameobject。Bull-voicesandthunder-
drumsandtheclashingofcymbalswereusedinthisconnectionbytheGreeks，andarementionedbyAeschylus[2]；
butthebull-roarer，intheformofarhombusofwoodwhirledattheendofastring，seemstobeknown，ortohavebeenknown，allovertheworld。ItisdescribedwithsomecarebyMr。AndrewLanginhisCustomandMyth(pp。29-44)，wherehesays“itisfoundalwaysasasacredinstrumentemployedinreligiousmysteries，inNewMexico，Australia，NewZealand，ancientGreece，andAfrica。”
[1]SeeCatlin"sNorthAmericanIndians，Letter19。
[2]Themis，p。61。
Sometimes，ofcourse，therain-makerwassuccessful；butoftheinnercausesofrainheknewnexttonothing；
hewasmoreignoranteventhanweare！Hismainideawasamorespecially"magical"one——namely，thatthesounditselfwouldappealtotheSPIRITSofrainandthunderandcausethemtogivearesponse。Forofcoursethethunder(inHebrewBath-Kol，“thedaughteroftheVoice“)waseverywhereregardedasthemanifestationofaspirit。[1]
Tomakesoundslikethunderwouldthereforenaturallycalltheattentionofsuchaspirit；orhe，therain-maker，mightmakesoundslikerain。Hemadegourd-rattles(knownineversomanypartsoftheworld)inwhichherattleddriedseedsorsmallpebbleswithamostbeguilingandrain-likeinsistence；orsometimes，likethepriestsofBaalintheBible，[2]hewouldcuthimselfwithknivestillthebloodfelluponthegroundingreatdropssuggestiveofanoncomingthunder-shower。“InMexicotheraingodwaspropitiatedwithsacrificesofchildren。Ifthechildrenweptandshedabundanttears，theywhocarriedthemrejoiced，beingconvincedthatrainwouldalsobeabundant。”[3]Sometimeshe，therain-maker，wouldWHISTLE
forthewind，or，liketheOmahaIndians，flaphisblanketsforthesamepurpose。
[1]SeeA。Lang，op。cit。:“Themutteringofthethunderissaidtobehisvoicecallingtotheraintofallandmakethegrassgrowupgreen。”SucharetheverywordsofUmbara，theminstreloftheTribe(Australian)。
[2]IKingsxviii。
[3]QuotedfromSahagunII，2，3byA。LanginMyth，RitualandReligion，vol。ii，p。102。
IntheancientmythofDemeterandPersephone——whichhasbeenadoptedbysomanypeoplesundersomanyforms——DemetertheEarth-motherlosesherdaughterPersephone(whorepresentsofcoursetheVegetation)，carrieddownintotheunderworldbytheevilpowersofDarknessandWinter。AndinGreecetherewasayearlyceremonialandritualofmagicforthepurposeofrestoringthelostoneandbringingherbacktotheworldagain。
Womencarriedcertaincharms，“fir-conesandsnakesandunnamableobjectsmadeofpaste，toensurefertility；
therewasasacrificeofpigs，whowerethrownintoadeepcleftoftheearth，andtheirremainsafterwardscollectedandscatteredasacharmoverthefields。”[1]Fir-conesandsnakesfromtheirveryformswereemblemsofmalefertility；
snakes，too，fromtheirhabitofglidingoutoftheirownskinswithrenewedbrightnessandcolorweresuggestiveofresurrectionandre-vivification；pigsandsowsbytheirexceedingfruitfulnesswouldintheirhourofsacrificeremindoldmotherEarthofwhatwasexpectedfromher！Moreover，nodoubtithadbeenobservedthatthescatteringofdeadfleshoverthegroundormixedwiththeseed，didblessthegroundtoagreaterfertility；
andsobyastrangemixtureofprimitiveobservationwithacertainchild-likebeliefthatbymeansofsymbolsandsuggestionsNaturecouldbeappealedtoandinducedtoanswertothedesiresandneedsforherchildrenthissortofceremonialMagicarose。ItwasnotexactlyScience，anditwasnotexactlyReligion；butitwasanaive，andperhapsnotaltogethermistaken，senseofthebondbetweenNatureandMan。
[1]SeeGilbertMurray"sFourStagesofGreekReligion，p。29。
ForwecanperceivethatearliestmanwasnotyetconsciouslydifferentiatedfromNature。Notonlydoweseethatthetriballifewassostrongthattheindividualseldomregardedhimselfasdifferentorseparateoropposedtotherestofthetribe；butthatsomethingofthesamekindwastruewithregardtohisrelationtotheAnimalsandtoNatureatlarge。Thisouterworldwaspartofhimself，wasalsohimself。Hissub-conscioussenseofunitywassogreatthatitlargelydominatedhislife。Thatbrain-clevernessandbrain-activitywhichcausesmodernmantoperceivesuchagulfbetweenhimandtheanimals，orbetweenhimselfandNature，didnotexistintheearlyman。HenceitwasnodifficultytohimtobelievethathewasaBearoranEmu。Sub-consciouslyhewaswiserthanweare。Heknewthathewasabearoranemu，oranyothersuchanimalashistotem-creedledhimtofixhismindupon。Hencewefindthatafamiliarityandcommonconsentexistedbetweenprimitivemanandmanyofhiscompanionanimalssuchashasbeenlostormuchattenuatedinmoderntimes。EliseeReclusinhisveryinterestingpaperLaGrandeFamille[1]givessupporttotheideathattheso-calleddomesticationofanimalsdidnotoriginallyarisefromanyforciblesubjugationofthembyman，butfromanaturalamitywiththemwhichgrewupinthebeginningfromcommoninterests，pursuitsandaffections。
ThusthechetahofIndia(andprobablythepumaofBrazil)fromfar-backtimestooktohuntinginthecompanyofhistwo-leggedandbow-and-arrow-armedfriend，withwhomhedividedthespoil。W。H。Hudson[2]
declaresthatthePuma，wildandfiercethoughitis，andcapableofkillingthelargestgame，willneverevento-dayattackman，butwhenmaltreatedbythelattersubmitstotheoutrage，unresisting，withmournfulcriesandeverysignofgrief。TheLlama，thoughdomesticatedinasense，hasneverallowedthedominationofthewhiporthebit，butmaystillbeseenwalkingbythesideoftheBrazilianpeasantandcarryinghisburdensinakindofproudcompanionship。ThemutualrelationsofWomenandtheCow，orofManandtheHorse[3](alsotheElephant)reachsofarintothepastthattheirorigincannotbetraced。TheSwallowstilllovestomakeitshomeunderthecottageeavesandstilliswelcomedbytheinmatesasthebringerofgoodfortune。EliseeReclusassuresusthattheDinkamanontheNilecallstocertainsnakesbynameandshareswiththemthemilkofhiscows。
[1]PublishedoriginallyinLeMagazineInternational，January1896。
[2]SeeTheNaturalistinLaPlata，ch。ii。
[3]“ItiscertainthattheprimitiveIndo-Europeanreareddrovesoftameorhalf-tamehorsesforgenerations，ifnotcenturies，beforeiteveroccurredtohimtorideordrivethem“(F。B。
Jevons，Introd。toHist。Religion，p。119)。
AndsowithNature。Thecommunalsense，orsubconsciousperception，whichmadeprimitivemenfeeltheirunitywithothermembersoftheirtribe，andtheirobviouskinshipwiththeanimalsaroundthem，broughtthemalsosoclosetogeneralNaturethattheylookeduponthetrees，thevegetation，therain，thewarmthofthesun，aspartoftheirbodies，partofthemselves。Consciousdifferentiationhadnotyetsetin。Tocauserainorthunderyouhadtomakerain-orthunder-likenoises；toencourageVegetationandthecropstoleapoutoftheground，youhadtoleapanddance。“InSwabiaandamongtheTransylvanianSaxonsitisacommoncustom(saysDr。Frazer)
foramanwhohassomehemptoleaphighinthefieldinthebeliefthatthiswillmakethehempgrowtall。”[1]
NativeMay-poledancesandJacksintheGreenhavehardlyyetdiedout——eveninthismostcivilizedEngland。
Thebowerofgreenboughs，themusicofpipes，theleapingandthetwirling，wereallanencouragementtothearrivalofSpring，andanexpressionofSympatheticMagic。Whenyoufeltfulloflifeandenergyandvirilityinyourselfyounaturallyleaptanddanced，sowhyshouldyounotsympatheticallydothisfortheenergizingofthecrops?IneverycountryoftheworldthevernalseasonandtheresurrectionoftheSunhasbeengreetedwithdancesandthesoundofmusic。Butifyouwantedsuccessinhuntingorinwarfarethenyoudancedbefore-handmimicdancessuggestingthesuccessfulhuntorbattle。Itwasnomorethanourchildrendoto-day，anditallwas，andis，partofanatural-magictendencyinhumanthought。
[1]SeeTheGoldenBough，i，139seq。AlsoArtandRitual，p。31。
Letmepausehereforamoment。Itisdifficultforuswithouracademicalandsomewhatschool-boardymindstoenterintoallthis，andtounderstandthesenseof(unconsciousorsub-conscious)identificationwiththeworldaroundwhichcharacterizedtheprimitiveman——ortolookuponNaturewithhiseyes。ATree，aSnake，aBull，anEarofCorn。WEknowsowellfromourbotanyandnaturalhistorybookswhatthesethingsare。Whyshouldourmindsdwellonthemanylongerorharboradoubtastoourperfectcomprehensionofthem?
Andyet(onecannothelpaskingthequestion):HasanyoneofusreallyeverSEENaTree?IcertainlydonotthinkthatIhave——exceptmostsuperficially。Thatverypenetratingobserverandnaturalist，HenryD。Thoreau，tellsusthathewouldoftenmakeanappointmenttovisitacertaintree，milesaway——butwhatorwhomhesawwhenhegotthere，hedoesnotsay。WaltWhitman，alsoakeenobserver，speaksofatulip-treenearwhichhesometimessat——“theApolloofthewoods——tallandgraceful，yetrobustandsinewy，inimitableinhangoffoliageandthrowing-outoflimb；asifthebeauteous，vital，leafycreaturecouldwalk，ifitonlywould“；andmentionsthatinadream-tranceheactuallyoncesawhis“favoritetreesstepoutandpromenadeup，downandaroundVERYCURIOUSLY。”[1]
Oncethepresentwriterseemedtohaveapartialvisionofatree。Itwasabeech，standingsomewhatisolated，andstillleaflessinquiteearlySpring。SuddenlyIwasawareofitsskyward-reachingarmsandup-turnedfinger-tips，asifsomevividlife(orelectricity)wasstreamingthroughthemfarintothespacesofheaven，andofitsrootsplungedintheearthanddrawingthesameenergiesfrombelow。Thedaywasquitestillandtherewasnomovementinthebranches，butinthatmomentthetreewasnolongeraseparateorseparableorganism，butavastbeingramifyingfarintospace，sharingandunitingthelifeofEarthandSky，andfullofamostamazingactivity。
[1]SpecimenDays，1882-3Edition，p。iii。
Thereaderofthiswillprobablyhavehadsomesimilarexperiences。Perhapshewillhaveseenafull-foliagedLombardypoplarswayinginhalfagaleinJune——thewindandthesunstreamingovereverylittletwigandleaf，thetreethrowingoutitsbranchesinakindofecstasyandbathingtheminthepassionatelyboisterouscaressesofitstwovisitants；orhewillhaveheardthedeepgladmurmurofsomehugesycamorewithripeningseedclusterswhenafterweeksofdroughtthesteadywarmrainbringsrelieftoitsthirst；andhewillhaveknownthatthesecreaturesarebutlikenessesofhimself，intimatelyanddeeply-relatedtohimintheirloveandhungerlonging，and，likehimselftoo，unfathomedandunfathomable。
Itwouldbeabsurdtocreditearlymanwithconsciousspeculationslikethese，belongingmoreproperlytothetwentiethcentury；yetitisincontrovertible，Ithink，thatinSOMEwaystheprimitivepeoples，withtheirswiftsubconsciousintuitionsandtheirmindsuncloudedbymerebookknowledge，perceivedtruthstowhichwemodernsareblind。Liketheanimalstheyarrivedattheirperceptionswithout(individual)braineffort；theyknewthingswithoutthinking。WhentheydidTHINKofcoursetheywentwrong。Theirbuddingscienceeasilywentastray。
Religionwiththemhadasyettakennodefiniteshape；
sciencewasequallyprotoplasmic；andalltheyhadwasaqueerjumbleofthetwointheformofMagic。WhenatalatertimeSciencegraduallydefineditsoutlookanditsobservations，andReligion，frombeingavaguesubconsciousfeeling，tookclearshapeintheformofgodsandcreeds，thenmankindgraduallyemergedintothestageofevolutionINWHICHWENOWARE。OURscientificlawsanddoctrinesareofcourseonlytemporaryformulae，andsoalsoarethegodsandthecreedsofourownandotherreligions；butthesethings，withtheirsetandangularoutlines，haveservedinthepastandwillserveinthefutureasstepping-stonestowardsanotherkindofknowledgeofwhichatpresentweonlydream，andwillleadusontoarenewedpowerofperceptionwhichagainwillnotbethelaboriousproductofthoughtbutadirectandinstantaneousintuitionlikethatoftheanimals——andtheangels。
ToreturntoourTree。Thoughprimitivemandidnotspeculateinmodernstyleonthesethings，Iyethavenoreasonabledoubtthathefelt(andFEELS，inthosecaseswherewecanstilltracetheworkingsofhismind)hisessentialrelationshiptothecreaturesoftheforestmoreintimately，iflessanalytically，thanwedoto-day。Iftheanimalswithalltheirwonderfulgiftsare(aswereadilyadmit)averitablepartofNature——sothattheyliveandmoveandhavetheirbeingmoreorlesssubmergedinthespiritofthegreatworldaroundthem——thenMan，whenhefirstbegantodifferentiatehimselffromthem，mustforalongtimehaveremainedinthisSUBconsciousunity，becomingonlydistinctlyCONSCIOUSofitwhenhewasalreadybeginningtoloseit。ThatearlydawnofdistinctconsciousnesscorrespondedtotheperiodofbeliefinMagic。Inthatfirstmysticilluminationalmosteveryobjectwasinvestedwithahaloofmysteryorterrororadoration。Thingswereeithertabu，inwhichcasetheyweredangerous，andoftennottobetouchedorevenlookedupon——ortheywereoverflowingwithmagicgraceandinfluence，inwhichcasetheywereholy，andanyritewhichreleasedtheirinfluencewasalsoholy。WilliamBlake，thatmodernpropheticchild，beheldaTreefullofangels；
theCentralAustraliannativebelievesbushestobetheabodeofspiritswhichleapintothebodiesofpassingwomenandarethecauseoftheconceptionofchildren；Mosessawinthedesertabush(perhapsthemimosa)likeaflameoffire，withJehovahdwellinginthemidstofit，andheputoffhisshoesforhefeltthattheplacewasholy；OsiriswasattimesregardedasaTree-spirit[1]；andininscriptionsisreferredtoas“thesolitaryoneintheacacia“——
whichremindsuscuriouslyofthe“burningbush。”Thesameistrueofothersofthegods；intheoldNorsemythologyYgdrasilwasthegreatbranchingWorld-Ash，abodeofthesouloftheuniverse；thePeepulorBo-treeinIndiaisverysacredandmustonnoaccountbecutdown，seeingthatgodsandspiritsdwellamongitsbranches。
ItisofthenatureofanAspen，andoflittleornopracticaluse，[2]butsoholythatthepoorestpeasantwillnotdisturbit。TheBurmesebelievethethingsofnature，butespeciallythetrees，tobetheabodeofspirits。“TotheBurmanofto-day，notlessthantotheGreekoflongago，allnatureisalive。Theforestandtheriverandthemountainsarefullofspirits，whomtheBurmanscallNats。ThereareallkindsofNats，goodandbad，greatandlittle，maleandfemale，nowlivingroundaboutus。Someofthemliveinthetrees，especiallyinthehugefigtreethatshadeshalf-
an-acrewithoutthevillage；oramongthefern-likefrondsofthetamarind。”[3]
[1]TheGoldenBough，iv，339。
[2]Thoughthesapissaidtocontaincaoutchouc。
[3]TheSoulofaPeople，byH。Fielding(1902)，p。250。
TherearealsoinIndiaandelsewherepopularritesofMARRIAGEofwomen(andmen)toTrees；whichsuggestthattreeswereregardedasverynearakintohumanbeings！TheGoldenBough[1]mentionsmanyofthese，includingtheideathatsometreesaremaleandothersfemale。
Thewell-knownAssyrianemblemofaPineconebeingpresentedbyapriesttoaPalm-treeissupposedbyE。B。Tylortosymbolizefertilization——thePineconebeingmasculineandthePalmfeminine。TheceremonyofthegodKrishna"smarriagetoaBasilplantisstillcelebratedinIndiadowntothepresentday；andcertaintreesareclaspedandhuggedbypregnantwomen——theideanodoubtbeingthattheybestowfertilityonthosewhoembracethem。Inothercasesapparentlyitisthetreeswhicharebenefited，sinceitissaidthatmensometimesgonakedintotheCloveplantationsatnightinorderbyasortofsexualintercoursetofertilizethem。[2]
[1]Vol。i，p。40，Vol。iii，pp。24sq。
[2]Ibid。，vol。ii，p。98。
Onemightgoonmultiplyingexamplesinthisdirectionquiteindefinitely。Thereisnoendtothem。Theyallindicate——whatwasinstinctivelyfeltbyearlyman，andisperfectlyobvioustoallto-daywhoarenotblindedby“civilization“(andHerbertSpencer！)thattheworldoutsideusisreallymostdeeplyakintoourselves，thatitisnotdeadandsenselessbutintenselyaliveandinstinctwithfeelingandintelligenceresemblingourown。Itisthisperception，thisconvictionofouressentialunitywiththewholeofcreation，whichlayfromthefirstatthebaseofallReligion；yetatfirst，asIhavesaid，washardlyaconsciousperception。Onlylater，whenitgraduallybecamemoreconscious，diditevolveitselfintothedefiniteformsofthegodsandthecreeds——butofthatprocessIwillspeakmoreindetailpresently。
TheTreethereforewasamostintimatepresencetotheMan。ItgrewintheverymidstofhisGardenofEden。Ithadamagicalvirtue，whichhistentativesciencecouldonlyexplainbychanceanalogiesandassimilations。Attractiveandbelovedandworshippedbyreasonofitsmanygiftstomankind——itsgratefulshelter，itsaboundingfruits，itstimber，andotherinvaluableproducts——whyshoulditnotbecomethenaturalemblemofthefemale，towhomthroughsexman"sworshipiseverdrawn?IftheSnakehasanunmistakableresemblancetothemaleorganinitsactivestate，thefoliageofthetreeorbushisequallyremindfulofthefemale。WhatmoreclearthanthattheconjunctionofTreeandSerpentisthefulfilmentinnatureofthatsex-mysterywhichissopotentinthelifeofmanandtheanimals?andthatthemagicritualmostobviouslyfittedtoinducefertilityinthetribeortheherds(oreventhecrops)istosetupanimageoftheTreeandtheSerpentcombined，andforallthetribe-folkincommontoworshipandpayitreverence。IntheBiblewithmoreorlessveiledsexualsignificancewehavethiscombinationintheEden-garden，andagaininthebrazenSerpentandPolewhichMosessetupinthewilderness(asacureforthefieryserpentsoflust)；illustrationsofthesamearesaidtobefoundinthetemplesofEgyptandofSouthIndia，andevenintheancienttemplesofCentralAmerica。[1]InthemythofHerculesthegoldenapplesoftheHesperidesgardenareguardedbyadragon。TheEtruscans，thePersiansandtheBabylonianshadalsolegendsoftheFallofmanthroughaserpenttemptinghimtotasteofthefruitofaholyTree。AndDeGubernatis，[2]
pointingoutthephallicmeaningofthesestories，says“thelegendsconcerningthetreeofgoldenapplesorfigswhichyieldshoneyorambrosia，guardedbydragons，inwhichthelife，thefortune，theglory，thestrengthandtherichesoftheherohavetheirbeginning，arenumerousamongeverypeopleofAryanorigin:inIndia，Persia，Russia，Poland，Sweden，Germany，GreeceandItaly。”