第4章

[109]InhisinterestingappendixtoHenderson"sFolkLoreoftheNorthernCountiesofEngland，Mr。Baring-Gouldhasmadeaningeniousandpraiseworthyattempttoreducetheentireexistingmassofhouseholdlegendstoaboutfiftystory-roots；

andhislist，thoughbothredundantanddefective，isnevertheless，asanempiricalclassification，veryinstructive。

TheextremelimitsofdivergencebetweenstoriesdescendedfromacommonrootareprobablyreachedinthemythsoflightanddarknesswithwhichthepresentdiscussionismainlyconcernedThesubjectwillbebestelucidatedbytakingasingleoneofthesemythsandfollowingitsvariousfortunesthroughdifferentregionsoftheAryanworld。ThemythofHerculesandCacushasbeentreatedbyM。Brealinanessaywhichisoneofthemostvaluablecontributionsevermadetothestudyofcomparativemythology；andwhilefollowinghisfootstepsourtaskwillbeaneasyone。

ThebattlebetweenHerculesandCacus，althoughoneoftheoldestofthetraditionscommontothewholeIndo-Europeanrace，appearsinItalyasapurelylocallegend，andisnarratedassuchbyVirgil，intheeighthbookoftheAEneid；

byLivy，atthebeginningofhishistory；andbyPropertiusandOvid。Hercules，journeyingthroughItalyafterhisvictoryoverGeryon，stopstorestbythebankoftheTiber。Whileheistakinghisrepose，thethree-headedmonsterCacus，asonofVulcanandaformidablebrigand，comesandstealshiscattle，anddragsthemtail-foremosttoasecretcavernintherocks。

ButthelowingofthecowsarousesHercules，andherunstowardthecavernwheretherobber，alreadyfrightened，hastakenrefuge。Armedwithahugeflintyrock，hebreaksopentheentranceofthecavern，andconfrontsthedemonwithin，whovomitsforthflamesathimandroarslikethethunderinthestorm-cloud。Afterashortcombat，hishideousbodyfallsatthefeetoftheinvinciblehero，whoerectsonthespotanaltartoJupiterInventor，incommemorationoftherecoveryofhiscattle。AncientRometeemedwithreminiscencesofthisevent，whichLivyregardedasfirstinthelongseriesoftheexploitsofhiscountrymen。TheplacewhereHerculespasturedhisoxenwasknownlongafterastheForumBoarium；nearitthePortaTrigeminapreservedtherecollectionofthemonster"striplehead；andinthetimeofDiodorusSiculussight-seerswereshownthecavernofCacusontheslopeoftheAventine。EverytenthdaytheearliergenerationsofRomanscelebratedthevictorywithsolemnsacrificesattheAraMaxima；andondaysoftriumphthefortunategeneraldepositedthereatitheofhisbooty，tobedistributedamongthecitizens。

Inthisfamousmyth，however，thegodHerculesdidnotoriginallyfigure。TheLatinHerculeswasanessentiallypeacefulanddomesticdeity，watchingoverhouseholdsandenclosures，andnearlyakintoTerminusandthePenates。Hedoesnotappeartohavebeenasolardivinityatall。ButthepurelyaccidentalresemblanceofhisnametothatoftheGreekdeityHerakles，[110]andthemanifestidentityoftheCacus-mythwiththestoryofthevictoryofHeraklesoverGeryon，ledtothesubstitutionofHerculesfortheoriginalheroofthelegend，whowasnoneotherthanJupiter，calledbyhisSabinenameSancus。NowJohannesLydusinformsusthat，inSabine，Sancussignified“thesky，“ameaningwhichwehavealreadyseentobelongtothenameJupiter。ThesamesubstitutionoftheGreekherofortheRomandivinityledtothealterationofthenameofthedemonovercomebyhisthunderbolts。ThecorruptedtitleCacuswassupposedtobeidenticalwiththeGreekwordkakos，meaning“evil“andthecorruptionwassuggestedbytheepithetofHerakles，Alexikakos，or“theaverterofill。“Originally，however，thenamewasCaecius，“hewhoblindsordarkens，“anditcorrespondsliterallytothenameoftheGreekdemonKaikias，whomanoldproverb，preservedbyAulusGellius，describesasastealeroftheclouds。[111]

[110]ThereisnothingincommonbetweenthenamesHerculesandHerakles。Thelatterisacompound，formedlikeThemistokles；theformerisasimplederivativefromtherootofhercere，“toenclose。“IfHerakleshadanyequivalentinLatin，itwouldnecessarilybeginwithS，andnotwithH，asseptacorrespondstoepta，sequortoepomai，etc。Itshouldbenoted，however，thatMommsen，inthefourtheditionofhisHistory，abandonsthisview，andobserves:“AuchdergriechischeHeraklesistfruhalsHerclus，Hercoles，HerculesinItalieneinheimischunddortineigenthumlicherWeiseaufgefasstworden，wieesscheintzunachstalsGottdesgewagtenGewinnsundderausserordentlichenVermogensvermehrung。“RomischeGeschichte，I。181。OnewouldgladlylearnMommsen"sreasonsforrecurringtothisapparentlylessdefensibleopinion。

[111]FortherelationsbetweenSancusandHerakles，seePreller，RomischeMythologie，p。635；Vollmer，Mythologie，p。

970。

Thusthesignificanceofthemythbecomesapparent。Thethree-headedCacusisseentobeanearkinsmanofGeryon"sthree-headeddogOrthros，andofthethree-headedKerberos，thehell-houndwhoguardsthedarkregionsbelowthehorizon。

HeistheoriginalwerewolforRakshasa，thefiendofthestormwhostealsthebrightcattleofHelios，andhidesthemintheblackcavernousrock，fromwhichtheyareafterwardsrescuedbytheschamirorlightning-stoneofthesolarhero。

ThephysicalcharacterofthemythisapparenteveninthedescriptionofVirgil，whichreadswonderfullylikeaVedichymnincelebrationoftheexploitsofIndra。ButwhenweturntotheVedaitself，wefindthecorrectnessoftheinterpretationdemonstratedagainandagain，withinexhaustibleprodigalityofevidence。Hereweencounteragainthethree-headedOrthrosundertheidenticaltitleofVritra，“hewhoshroudsorenvelops，“calledalsoCushna，“hewhoparches，“Pani，“therobber，“andAhi，“thestrangler。“InmanyhymnsoftheRig-Vedathestoryistoldoverandover，likeamusicalthemearrangedwithvariations。Indra，thegodoflight，isaherdsmanwhotendsaherdofbrightgoldenorviolet-colouredcattle。Vritra，asnake-likemonsterwiththreeheads，stealsthemandhidestheminacavern，butIndraslayshimasJupiterslewCaecius，andthecowsarerecovered。

Thelanguageofthemythissosignificant，thattheHinducommentatorsoftileVedahavethemselvesgivenexplanationsofitsimilartothoseproposedbymodernphilologists。Tothemthelegendneverbecamedevoidofsense，asthemythofGeryonappearedtoGreekscholarslikeApollodoros。[112]

[112]Burnouf，Bhagavata-Purana，III。p。lxxxvi；Breal，op。

cit。p。98。

Thesecelestialcattle，withtheirresplendentcoatsofpurpleandgold，arethecloudslitupbythesolarrays；butthedemonwhostealsthemisnotalwaysthefiendofthestorm，actinginthatcapacity。TheyarestoleneverynightbyVritratheconcealer，andCaeciusthedarkener，andIndraisobligedtospendhoursinlookingforthem，sendingSarama，theinconstanttwilight，tonegotiatefortheirrecovery。Betweenthestorm-mythandthemythofnightandmorningtheresemblanceissometimessocloseastoconfusetheinterpretationofthetwo。ManylegendswhichMaxMullerexplainsasmythsofthevictoryofdayovernightareexplainedbyDr。Kuhnasstorm-myths；andthedisagreementbetweentwosuchpowerfulchampionswouldbeastandingreproachtowhatisratherprematurelycalledtheSCIENCEofcomparativemythology，wereitnoteasytoshowthatthedifferenceismerelyapparentandnon-essential。Itistheoldstoryoftheshieldwithtwosides；andacomparisonoftheideasfundamentaltothesemythswillshowthatthereisnovalidgroundfordisagreementintheinterpretationofthem。

Themythsofschamirandthedivining-rod，analyzedinapreviouspaper，explaintherendingofthethunder-cloudandtheprocuringofwaterwithoutespecialreferencetoanystrugglebetweenopposingdivinities。ButinthemythofHerculesandCacus，thefundamentalideaisthevictoryofthesolargodovertherobberwhostealsthelight。NowwhethertherobbercarriesoffthelightintheeveningwhenIndrahasgonetosleep，orboldlyrearshisblackformagainsttheskyduringthedaytime，causingdarknesstospreadovertheearth，wouldmakelittledifferencetotheframersofthemyth。Toachickenasolareclipseisthesamethingasnightfall，andhegoestoroostaccordingly。Why，then，shouldtheprimitivethinkerhavemadeadistinctionbetweenthedarkeningoftheskycausedbyblackcloudsandthatcausedbytherotationoftheearth？Hehadnomoreconceptionofthescientificexplanationofthesephenomenathanthechickenhasofthescientificexplanationofaneclipse。Forhimitwasenoughtoknowthatthesolarradiancewasstolen，intheonecaseasintheother，andtosuspectthatthesamedemonwastoblameforbothrobberies。

TheVedaitselfsustainsthisview。ItiscertainthatthevictoryofIndraoverVritraisessentiallythesameashisvictoryoverthePanis。Vritra，thestorm-fiend，ishimselfcalledoneofthePanis；yetthelatterareuniformlyrepresentedasnight-demons。TheystealIndra"sgoldencattleanddrivethembycircuitouspathstoadarkhiding-placeneartheeasternhorizon。Indrasendsthedawn-nymph，Sarama，tosearchforthem，butasshecomeswithinsightofthedarkstable，thePanistrytocoaxhertostaywiththem:“Letusmaketheeoursister，donotgoawayagain；wewillgivetheepartofthecows，Odarling。“[113]Accordingtothetextofthishymn，shescornstheirsolicitations，butelsewherethefickledawn-nymphissaidtocoquetwiththepowersofdarkness。Shedoesnotcarefortheircows，butwilltakeadrinkofmilk，iftheywillbesogoodastogetitforher。

ThenshegoesbackandtellsIndrathatshecannotfindthecows。Hekicksherwithhisfoot，andsherunsbacktothePanis，followedbythegod，whosmitesthemallwithhisunerringarrowsandrecoversthestolenlight。FromsuchasimplebeginningasthishasbeendeducedtheGreekmythofthefaithlessnessofHelen。[114]

[113]MaxMuller，ScienceofLanguage，II484。

[114]AsMaxMullerobserves，“apartfromallmythologicalconsiderations，SaramainSanskritisthesamewordasHelenainGreek。“Op。cit。p。490。Thenamescorrespondphoneticallyletterforletter，as，SuryacorrespondstoHelios，SarameyastoHermeias，andAharyutoAchilleus。MullerhasplausiblysuggestedthatParissimilarlyanswerstothePanis。

Thesenight-demons，thePanis，thoughnotapparentlyregardedwithanystrongfeelingofmoralcondemnation，areneverthelesshatedanddreadedastheauthorsofcalamity。

Theynotonlystealthedaylight，buttheyparchtheearthandwitherthefruits，andtheyslayvegetationduringthewintermonths。AsCaecius，the“darkener，“becameultimatelychangedintoCacus，the“evilone，“sothenameofVritra，the“concealer，“themostfamousofthePanis，wasgraduallygeneralizeduntilitcametomean“enemy，“liketheEnglishwordfiend，andbegantobeappliedindiscriminatelytoanykindofevilspirit。InoneplaceheiscalledAdeva，the“enemyofthegods，“anepithetexactlyequivalenttothePersiandev。

IntheZendavestathemythofHerculesandCacushasgivenrisetoavastsystemoftheology。ThefiendishPanisareconcentratedinAhrimanorAnro-mainyas，whosenamesignifiesthe“spiritofdarkness，“andwhocarriesonaperpetualwarfareagainstOrmuzdorAhuramazda，whoisdescribedbyhisordinarysurname，Spentomainyas，asthe“spiritoflight。“Theancientpolytheismheregivesplacetoarefineddualism，notverydifferentfromwhatinmanyChristiansectshaspassedcurrentasmonotheism。Ahrimanisthearchfiend，whostruggleswithOrmuzd，notforthepossessionofaherdofperishablecattle，butforthedominionoftheuniverse。Ormuzdcreatestheworldpureandbeautiful，butAhrimancomesafterhimandcreateseverythingthatisevilinit。Henotonlykeepstheearthcoveredwithdarknessduringhalfoftheday，andwithholdstherainanddestroysthecrops，butheistheauthorofallevilthoughtsandtheinstigatorofallwickedactions。LikehisprogenitorVritraandhisoffspringSatan，heisrepresentedundertheformofaserpent；andthedestructionwhichultimatelyawaitsthesedemonsisalsoinreserveforhim。Eventuallythereistobeadayofreckoning，whenAhrimanwillbeboundinchainsandrenderedpowerless，orwhen，accordingtoanotheraccount，hewillbeconvertedtorighteousness，asBurnshopedandOrigenbelievedwouldbethecasewithSatan。

ThisdualismoftheancientPersianshasexertedapowerfulinfluenceuponthedevelopmentofChristiantheology。TheveryideaofanarchfiendSatan，whichChristianityreceivedfromJudaism，seemseithertohavebeensuggestedbythePersianAhriman，oratleasttohavederiveditsprincipalcharacteristicsfromthatsource。ThereisnoevidencethattheJews，previoustotheBabylonishcaptivity，possessedtheconceptionofaDevilastheauthorofallevil。IntheearlierbooksoftheOldTestamentJehovahisrepresentedasdispensingwithhisownhandthegoodandtheevil，liketheZeusoftheIliad。[115]ThestoryoftheserpentinEden——anAryanstoryineveryparticular，whichhascreptintothePentateuch——isnotoncealludedtointheOldTestament；andthenotionofSatanastheauthorofevilappearsonlyinthelaterbooks，composedaftertheJewshadcomeintoclosecontactwithPersianideas。[116]IntheBookofJob，asRevilleobserves，Satanis“stillamemberofthecelestialcourt，beingoneofthesonsoftheElohim，buthavingashisspecialofficethecontinualaccusationofmen，andhavingbecomesosuspiciousbyhispracticeaspublicaccuser，thathebelievesinthevirtueofnoone，andalwayspresupposesinterestedmotivesforthepurestmanifestationsofhumanpiety。“Inthiswaythecharacterofthisangelbecameinjured，andhebecamemoreandmoreanobjectofdreadanddisliketomen，untilthelaterJewsascribedtohimalltheattributesofAhriman，andinthissingularlyalteredshapehepassedintoChristiantheology。BetweentheSatanoftheBookofJobandthemediaevalDevilthemetamorphosisisasgreatasthatwhichdegradedthesternErinys，whobringsevildeedstolight，intothedemon-likeFurywhotormentswrong-doersinTartarus；and，makingallowancefordifferenceofcircumstances，theprocessofdegradationhasbeenverynearlythesameinthetwocases。

[115]“Icreateevil，“Isaiahxiv。7；“Shalltherebeevilinthecity，andtheLordhathnotdoneit？“Amosiii。6；cf。

Iliad，xxiv。527，andcontrast2Samuelxxiv。1with1

Chroniclesxxi。1。

[116]NoristhereanygroundforbelievingthattheserpentintheEdenmythisintendedforSatan。Theidentificationisentirelytheworkofmoderndogmatictheology，andisdue，naturallyenough，tothehabit，socommonalikeamongtheologiansandlaymen，ofreasoningabouttheBibleasifitwereasinglebook，andnotacollectionofwritingsofdifferentagesandofverydifferentdegreesofhistoricauthenticity。Inafuturework，entitled“AryanaVaedjo，“I

hopetoexamine，atconsiderablelength，thisinterestingmythofthegardenofEden。

ThemediaevalconceptionoftheDevilisagrotesquecompoundofelementsderivedfromallthesystemsofpaganmythologywhichChristianitysuperseded。Heisprimarilyarebelliousangel，expelledfromheavenalongwithhisfollowers，likethegiantswhoattemptedtoscaleOlympos，andliketheimpiousEfreetsofArabianlegendwhorevoltedagainstthebeneficentruleofSolomon。Astheserpentprinceoftheouterdarkness，heretainstheoldcharacteristicsofVritra，Ahi，Typhon，andEchidna。AstheblackdogwhichappearsbehindthestoveinDr。Faust"sstudy，heistheclassichell-houndKerberos，theVedicCarvara。FromthesylvandeityPanhegetshisgoat-likebody，hishornsandclovenhoofs。Likethewind-godOrpheus，towhosemusicthetreesbenttheirheadstolisten，heisanunrivalledplayeronthebagpipes。Likethoseotherwind-godsthepsychopompHermesandthewildhuntsmanOdin，heistheprinceofthepowersoftheair:hisflightthroughthemidnightsky，attendedbyhistroopofwitchesmountedontheirbrooms，whichsometimesbreaktheboughsandsweeptheleavesfromthetrees，isthesameasthefuriouschaseoftheErlkingOdinortheBurckarVittikab。HeisDionysos，whocausesredwinetoflowfromthedrywood，alikeonthedeckoftheTyrrhenianpirate-shipandinAuerbach"scellaratLeipzig。HeisWayland，thesmith，askilfulworkerinmetalsandawonderfularchitect，liketheclassicfire-godHephaistosorVulcan；and，likeHephaistos，heislamefromtheeffectsofhisfallfromheaven。Fromthelightning-godThorheobtainshisredbeard，hispitchfork，andhispoweroverthunderbolts；and，likethatancientdeity，heisinthehabitofbeatinghiswifebehindthedoorwhentherainfallsduringsunshine。Finally，hetakesahintfromPoseidonandfromtheswan-maidens，andappearsasawater-imporNixy(whenceprobablyhisnameofOldNick)，andastheDavy(deva)

whose“locker“issituatedatthebottomofthesea。[117]

[117]ForfurtherparticularsseeCox，MythologyoftheAryanNations，Vol。II。pp358，366；towhichIamindebtedforseveralofthedetailsheregiven。CompareWelcker，GriechischeGotterlehre，I。661，seq。

AccordingtotheScotchdivinesoftheseventeenthcentury，theDevilisalearnedscholarandprofoundthinker。Havingprofitedbysixthousandyearsofintensestudyandmeditation，hehasallscience，philosophy，andtheologyathistongue"send；and，ashisskillhasincreasedwithage，heisfarmorethanamatchformortalsincunning。[118]Such，however，isnottheviewtakenbymediaevalmythology，whichusuallyrepresentshisstupidityasequallinghismalignity。

ThevictoryofHerculesoverCacusisrepeatedinahundredmediaevallegendsinwhichtheDevilisoverreachedandmadealaughing-stock。ThegermofthisnotionmaybefoundintheblindingofPolyphemosbyOdysseus，whichisitselfavictoryofthesun-herooverthenight-demon，andwhichcuriouslyreappearsinaMiddle-AgestorynarratedbyMr。Cox。“TheDevilasksamanwhoismouldingbuttonswhathemaybedoing；

andwhenthemananswersthatheismouldingeyes，askshimfurtherwhetherhecangivehimapairofneweyes。Heistoldtocomeagainanotherday；andwhenhemakeshisappearanceaccordingly，themantellshimthattheoperationcannotbeperformedrightlyunlessheisfirsttightlyboundwithhisbackfastenedtoabench。Whileheisthuspinionedheaskstheman"sname。ThereplyisIssi(`himself")。Whentheleadismelted，theDevilopenshiseyeswidetoreceivethedeadlystream。Assoonasheisblinded，hestartsupinagony，bearingawaythebenchtowhichhehadbeenbound；andwhensomeworkpeopleinthefieldsaskhimwhohadthustreatedhim，hisansweris，"Issiteggi"(`Selfdidit")。Withalaughtheybidhimlieonthebedwhichhehasmade:"selbstgethan，selbsthabe。"TheDevildiedofhisneweyes，andwasneverseenagain。“

[118]“ManyamusingpassagesfromScotchtheologiansarecitedinBuckle"sHistoryofCivilization，Vol。II。p。368。Thesamebeliefisimpliedinthequaintmonkishtaleof“CelestinusandtheMiller"sHorse。“SeeTalesfromtheGestaRomanorum，p。134。

InhisattemptstoobtainhumansoulstheDevilisfrequentlyfoiledbythesuperiorcunningofmortals。Once，heagreedtobuildahouseforapeasantinexchangeforthepeasant"ssoul；butifthehousewerenotfinishedbeforecockcrow，thecontractwastobenullandvoid。JustastheDevilwasputtingonthelasttilethemanimitatedacockcrowandwakedupalltheroostersintheneighbourhood，sothatthefiendhadhislabourforhispains。AmerchantofLouvainoncesoldhimselftotheDevil，whoheapeduponhimallmannerofrichesforsevenyears，andthencametogethim。Themerchant“tooktheDevilinafriendlymannerbythehandand，asitwasjustevening，said，"Wife，bringalightquicklyforthegentleman。""Thatisnotatallnecessary，"saidtheDevil；

"Iammerelycometofetchyou。""Yes，yes，thatIknowverywell，"saidthemerchant，"onlyjustgrantmethetimetillthislittlecandle-endisburntout，asIhaveafewletterstosignandtoputonmycoat。""Verywell，"saidtheDevil，"butonlytillthecandleisburntout。""Good，"saidthemerchant，andgoingintothenextroom，orderedthemaid-servanttoplacealargecaskfullofwaterclosetoaverydeeppitthatwasduginthegarden。Themen-servantsalsocarried，eachofthem，acasktothespot；andwhenallwasdone，theywereorderedeachtotakeashovel，andstandroundthepit。ThemerchantthenreturnedtotheDevil，whoseeingthatnotmorethanaboutaninchofcandleremained，said，laughing，"Nowgetyourselfready，itwillsoonbeburntout。""ThatIsee，andamcontent；butIshallholdyoutoyourword，andstaytillitISburnt。""Ofcourse，"answeredtheDevil；"Isticktomyword。""Itisdarkinthenextroom，"continuedthemerchant，"butImustfindthegreatbookwithclasps，soletmejusttakethelightforonemoment。"

"Certainly，"saidtheDevil，"butI"llgowithyou。"Hedidso，andthemerchant"strepidationwasnowontheincrease。

Wheninthenextroomhesaidonasudden，"Ah，nowIknow，thekeyisinthegardendoor。"Andwiththesewordsheranoutwiththelightintothegarden，andbeforetheDevilcouldovertakehim，threwitintothepit，andthemenandthemaidspouredwateruponit，andthenfilleduptheholewithearth。

NowcametheDevilintothegardenandasked，"Well，didyougetthekey？andhowisitwiththecandle？whereisit？""Thecandle？"saidthemerchant。"Yes，thecandle。""Ha，ha，ha！itisnotyetburntout，"answeredthemerchant，laughing，"andwillnotbeburntoutforthenextfiftyyears；itliesthereahundredfathomsdeepintheearth。"WhentheDevilheardthishescreamedawfully，andwentoffwithamostintolerablestench。“[119]

[119]Thorpe，NorthernMythology，Vol。11。p。258。

Onedayafowler，whowasaterriblebunglerandcouldn"thitabirdatadozenpaces，soldhissoultotheDevilinordertobecomeaFreischutz。Thefiendwastocomeforhiminsevenyears，butmustbealwaysabletonametheanimalatwhichhewasshooting，otherwisethecompactwastobenullified。Afterthatdaythefowlernevermissedhisaim，andneverdidafowlercommandsuchwages。Whenthesevenyearswereoutthefowlertoldallthesethingstohiswife，andthetwainhituponanexpedientforcheatingtheDevil。Thewomanstrippedherself，daubedherwholebodywithmolasses，androlledherselfupinafeather-bed，cutopenforthispurpose。ThenshehoppedandskippedaboutthefieldwhereherhusbandstoodparleyingwithOldNick。“there"sashotforyou，fireaway，“

saidtheDevil。“OfcourseI"llfire，butdoyoufirsttellmewhatkindofabirditis；elseouragreementiscancelled，OldBoy。“Therewasnohelpforit；theDevilhadtoownhimselfnonplussed，andoffhefled，withawhiffofbrimstonewhichnearlysuffocatedtheFreischutzandhisgoodwoman。[120]

[120]Thorpe，NorthernMythology，Vol。II。p。259。IntheNorsestoryof“NotaPintochoosebetweenthem，“theoldwomanisindoubtastoherownidentity，onwakingupafterthebutcherhasdippedherinatar-barrelandrolledheronaheapoffeathers；andwhenTraybarksather，herperplexityisasgreatastheDevil"swhenfooledbytheFrenschutz。SeeDasent，NorseTales，p。199。

InthelegendofGambrinus，thefiendisstillmoreingloriouslydefeated。Gambrinuswasafiddler，who，beingjiltedbyhissweetheart，wentoutintothewoodstohanghimself。Ashewassittingonthebough，withthecordabouthisneck，preparatorytotakingthefatalplunge，suddenlyatallmaninagreencoatappearedbeforehim，andofferedhisservices。Hemightbecomeaswealthyasheliked，andmakehissweetheartburstwithvexationatherownfolly，butinthirtyyearshemustgiveuphissoultoBeelzebub。Thebargainwasstruck，forGambrinusthoughtthirtyyearsalongtimetoenjoyone"sselfin，andperhapstheDevilmightgethiminanyevent；aswellbehungforasheepasforalamb。AidedbySatan，heinventedchiming-bellsandlager-beer，forbothofwhichachievementshisnameisheldingratefulremembrancebytheTeuton。NosoonerhadtheHolyRomanEmperorquaffedagallonortwoofthenewbeveragethanhemadeGambrinusDukeofBrabantandCountofFlanders，andthenitwasthefiddler"sturntolaughatthediscomfitureofhisoldsweetheart。Gambrinuskeptclearofwomen，saysthelegend，andsolivedinpeace。Forthirtyyearshesatbeneathhisbelfrywiththechimes，meditativelydrinkingbeerwithhisnoblesandburghersaroundhim。ThenBeelzebubsentJocko，oneofhisimps，withorderstobringbackGambrinusbeforemidnight。ButJockowas，likeSwiveller"sMarchioness，ignorantofthetasteofbeer，neverhavingdrunkofiteveninasip，andtheFlemishschoppenweretoomuchforhim。Hefellintoadrunkensleep，anddidnotwakeupuntilnoonnextday，atwhichhewassomortifiedthathehadnotthefacetogobacktohellatall。SoGambrinuslivedontranquillyforacenturyortwo，anddranksomuchbeerthatheturnedintoabeer-barrel。[121]

[121]SeeDeulin，Contesd"unBuveurdeBiere，pp。3-29。

ThecharacterofgullibilityattributedtotheDevilintheselegendsisprobablyderivedfromtheTrolls，or“night-folk，“

ofNorthernmythology。InmostrespectstheTrollsresembletheTeutonicelvesandfairies，andtheJinnorEfreetsoftheArabianNights；buttheirpedigreeislesshonourable。Thefairies，or“WhiteLadies，“werenotoriginallyspiritsofdarkness，butwerenearlyakintotheswan-maidens，dawn-nymphs，anddryads，andthoughtheirwrathwastobedreaded，theywerenotmalignantbynature。Christianity，havingnoplaceforsuchbeings，degradedthemintosomethinglikeimps；themostcharitabletheorybeingthattheywereangelswhohadremainedneutralduringSatan"srebellion，inpunishmentforwhichMichaelexpelledthemfromheaven，buthaslefttheirultimatefateunannounceduntilthedayofjudgment。TheJinnappeartohavebeensimilarlydegradedontheriseofMohammedanism。ButtheTrollswerealwaysimpsofdarkness。TheyaredescendedfromtheJotuns，orFrost-GiantsofNorthernpaganism，andtheycorrespondtothePanis，ornight-demonsoftheVeda。InmanyNorsetalestheyaresaidtoburstwhentheyseetherisensun。[122]Theyeathumanflesh，areignorantofthesimplestarts，andliveinthedeepestrecessesoftheforestorincavernsonthehillside，wherethesunlightneverpenetrates。SomeofthesecharacteristicsmayverylikelyhavebeensuggestedbyreminiscencesoftheprimevalLapps，fromwhomtheAryaninvaderswrestedthedominionofEurope。[123]InsomelegendstheTrollsarerepresentedasanancientraceofbeingsnowsupersededbythehumanrace。“"Whatsortofanearth-wormisthis？"saidoneGianttoanother，whentheymetamanastheywalked。"Thesearetheearth-wormsthatwillonedayeatusup，brother，"

answeredtheother；andsoonbothGiantsleftthatpartofGermany。““"Seewhatprettyplaythings，mother！"criestheGiant"sdaughter，assheuntiesherapron，andshowsheraplough，andhorses，andapeasant。"Backwiththemthisinstant，"criesthemotherinwrath，"andputthemdownascarefullyasyoucan，fortheseplaythingscandoourracegreatharm，andwhenthesecomewemustbudge。"“VerynaturallytheprimitiveTeuton，possessingalreadytheconceptionofnight-demons，wouldapplyittothesemenofthewoodswhomeventothisdayhisuneducateddescendantsbelievetobesorcerers，abletoturnmenintowolves。Butwhatevercontributionshistoricalfactmayhaveaddedtohischaracter，theTrollisoriginallyacreationofmythology，likePolyphemos，whomheresemblesinhisuncouthperson，hiscannibalappetite，andhislackofwit。Hisreadygullibilityisshowninthestoryof“BootswhoateaMatchwiththeTroll。“Boots，thebrotherofCinderella，andthecounterpartalikeofJacktheGiant-killer，andofOdysseus，istheyoungestofthreebrotherswhogointoaforesttocutwood。

TheTrollappearsandthreatenstokillanyonewhodarestomeddlewithhistimber。Theelderbrothersflee，butBootsputsonaboldface。Hepulledacheeseoutofhisscripandsqueezedittillthewheybegantospurtout。“Holdyourtongue，youdirtyTroll，“saidhe，“orI"llsqueezeyouasI

squeezethisstone。“SotheTrollgrewtimidandbeggedtobespared，[124]andBootslethimoffonconditionthathewouldhewalldaywithhim。Theyworkedtillnightfall，andtheTroll"sgiantstrengthaccomplishedwonders。ThenBootswenthomewiththeTroll，havingarrangedthatheshouldgetthewaterwhilehishostmadethefire。Whentheyreachedthehutthereweretwoenormousironpails，soheavythatnonebutaTrollcouldliftthem，butBootswasnottobefrightened。

“Bah！“saidhe。“DoyousupposeIamgoingtogetwaterinthosepaltryhand-basins？HoldontillIgoandgetthespringitself！““Odear！“saidtheTroll，“I"drathernot；doyoumakethefire，andI"llgetthewater。“Thenwhenthesoupwasmade，Bootschallengedhisnewfriendtoaneating-match；

andtyinghisscripinfrontofhim，proceededtopoursoupintoitbytheladleful。Byandbythegiantthrewdownhisspoonindespair，andownedhimselfconquered。“No，no！don"tgiveitupyet，“saidBoots，“justcutaholeinyourstomachlikethis，andyoucaneatforever。“Andsuitingtheactiontothewords，herippedopenhisscrip。SothesillyTrollcuthimselfopenanddied，andBootscarriedoffallhisgoldandsilver。

[122]Dasent，PopularTalesfromtheNorse，No。III。andNo。

XLII。

[123]SeeDasent"sIntroduction，p。cxxxix；Campbell，TalesoftheWestHighlands，Vol。IV。p。344；andWilliams，IndianEpicPoetry，p。10。

[124]“ALeopardwasreturninghomefromhuntingononeoccasion，whenhelightedonthekraalofaRam。NowtheLeopardhadneverseenaRambefore，andaccordingly，approachingsubmissively，hesaid，"Goodday，friend！whatmayyournamebe？"Theother，inhisgruffvoice，andstrikinghisbreastwithhisforefoot，said，"IamaRam；whoareyou？"

"ALeopard，"answeredtheother，moredeadthanalive；andthen，takingleaveoftheRam，heranhomeasfastashecould。“Bleek，HottentotFables，p。24。

OncetherewasaTrollwhosenamewasWind-and-Weather，andSaintOlafhiredhimtobuildachurch。Ifthechurchwerecompletedwithinacertainspecifiedtime，theTrollwastogetpossessionofSaintOlaf。Thesaintthenplannedsuchastupendousedificethathethoughtthegiantwouldbeforeverbuildingit；buttheworkwentonbriskly，andattheappointeddaynothingremainedbuttofinishthepointofthespire。InhisconsternationOlafrushedaboutuntilhepassedbytheTroll"sden，whenheheardthegiantesstellingherchildrenthattheirfather，Wind-and-Weather，wasfinishinghischurch，andwouldbehometo-morrowwithSaintOlaf。Sothesaintranbacktothechurchandbawledout，“Holdon，Wind-and-Weather，yourspireiscrooked！“Thenthegianttumbleddownfromtheroofandbrokeintoathousandpieces。

AsinthecasesoftheMaraandthewerewolf，theenchantmentwasatanendassoonastheenchanterwascalledbyname。

TheseTrolls，liketheArabianEfreets，hadanuglyhabitofcarryingoffbeautifulprincesses。Thisisstrictlyinkeepingwiththeircharacterasnight-demons，orPanis。InthestoriesofPunchkinandtheHeartlessGiant，thenight-demoncarriesoffthedawn-maidenafterhavingturnedintostonehersolarbrethren。ButBoots，orIndra，insearchofhiskinsfolk，byandbyarrivesattheTroll"scastle，andthenthedawn-nymph，truetoherficklecharacter，cajolestheGiantandenablesBootstodestroyhim。InthefamousmythwhichservesasthebasisfortheVolsungaSagaandtheNibelungenlied，thedragonFafnirstealstheValkyrieBrynhildandkeepshershutupinacastleontheGlisteningHeath，untilsomechampionshallbefoundpowerfulenoughtorescueher。ThecastleisashardtoenterasthatoftheSleepingBeauty；butSigurd，theNorthernAchilleus，ridingonhisdeathlesshorse，andwieldinghisresistlessswordGram，forceshiswayin，slaysFafnir，andrecoverstheValkyrie。

IntheprecedingpapertheValkyrieswereshowntobelongtotheclassofcloud-maidens；andbetweenthetaleofSigurdandthatofHerculesandCacusthereisnodifference，savethatthebrightsunlitcloudswhicharerepresentedintheoneascowsareintheotherrepresentedasmaidens。InthemythoftheArgonautstheyreappearastheGoldenFleece，carriedtothefareastbyPhrixosandHelle，whoarethemselvesNiblungs，or“ChildrenoftheMist“(Nephele)，andthereguardedbyadragon。Inallthesemythsatreasureisstolenbyafiendofdarkness，andrecoveredbyaherooflight，whoslaysthedemon。And——rememberingwhatScribesaidaboutthefewnessofdramatictypes——Ibelievewearewarrantedinassertingthatallthestoriesoflovelywomenheldinbondagebymonsters，andrescuedbyheroeswhoperformwonderfultasks，suchasDonQuixoteburnedtoachieve，arederivedultimatelyfromsolarmyths，likethemythofSigurdandBrynhild。Idonotmeantosaythatthestory-tellerswhobeguiledtheirtimeinstringingtogethertheincidentswhichmakeuptheselegendswereconsciousoftheirsolarcharacter。

Theydidnotgotowork，withmaliceprepense，toweaveallegoriesandapologues。TheGreekswhofirsttoldthestoryofPerseusandAndromeda，theArabianswhodevisedthetaleofCodadadandhisbrethren，theFlemingswholistenedovertheirbeer-mugstotheadventuresofCulotte-Verte，werenotthinkingofsun-godsordawn-maidens，ornight-demons；andnotheoryofmythologycanbesoundwhichimpliessuchanextravagance。Mostofthesestorieshavelivedonthelipsofthecommonpeople；andilliteratepersonsarenotinthehabitofallegorizinginthestyleofmediaevalmonksorrabbinicalcommentators。Butwhathasbeenamplydemonstratedis，thatthesunandtheclouds，thelightandthedarkness，wereoncesupposedtobeactuatedbywillsanalogoustothehumanwill；

thattheywerepersonifiedandworshippedorpropitiatedbysacrifice；andthattheirdoingsweredescribedinlanguagewhichappliedsowelltothedeedsofhumanorquasi-humanbeingsthatincourseoftimeitsprimitivepurportfadedfromrecollection。NocompetentscholarnowdoubtsthatthemythsoftheVedaandtheEddaoriginatedinthisway，forphilologyitselfshowsthatthenamesemployedinthemarethenamesofthegreatphenomenaofnature。Andwhenonceafewstrikingstorieshadthusarisen，——whenonceithadbeentoldhowIndrasmotethePanis，andhowSigurdrescuedBrynhild，andhowOdysseusblindedtheKyklops，——thencertainmythicordramatictypeshadbeencalledintoexistence；andtothesetypes，preservedinthepopularimagination，futurestorieswouldinevitablyconform。Weneed，therefore，havenohesitationinadmittingacommonoriginforthevanquishedPanisandtheoutwittedTrollorDevil；wemaysecurelycomparethelegendsofSt。GeorgeandJacktheGiant-killerwiththemythofIndraslayingVritra；wemayseeintheinvincibleSigurdtheprototypeofmanyadoughtyknight-errantofromance；andwemaylearnanewthelesson，taughtwithfreshemphasisbymodernscholarship，thatinthedeepestsensethereisnothingnewunderthesun。

Iamthemoreexplicitonthispoint，becauseitseemstomethattheunguardedlanguageofmanystudentsofmythologyisliabletogiverisetomisapprehensions，andtodiscreditboththemethodwhichtheyemployandtheresultswhichtheyhaveobtained。Ifweweretogivefullweighttothestatementswhicharesometimesmade，weshouldperforcebelievethatprimitivemenhadnothingtodobuttoponderaboutthesunandtheclouds，andtoworrythemselvesoverthedisappearanceofdaylight。Butthereisnothinginthescientificinterpretationofmythswhichobligesustogoanysuchlength。IdonotsupposethatanyancientAryan，possessedofgooddigestivepowersandendowedwithsoundcommon-sense，everlayawakehalfthenightwonderingwhetherthesunwouldcomebackagain。[125]Thechildandthesavagebelieveofnecessitythatthefuturewillresemblethepast，anditisonlyphilosophywhichraisesdoubtsonthesubject。[126]Thepredominanceofsolarlegendsinmostsystemsofmythologyisnotduetothelackof“thatTitanicassurancewithwhichwesay，thesunMUSTrise“；[127]noragaintothefactthatthephenomenaofdayandnightarethemoststrikingphenomenainnature。Eclipsesandearthquakesandfloodsarephenomenaofthemostterribleandastoundingkind，andtheyhaveallgeneratedmyths；yettheircontributionstofolk-lorearescantycomparedwiththosefurnishedbythestrifebetweentheday-godandhisenemies。Thesun-mythshavebeensoprolificbecausethedramatictypestowhichtheyhavegivenriseareofsurpassinghumaninterest。Thedragonwhoswallowsthesunisnodoubtafearfulpersonage；buttheherowhotoilsforothers，whoslayshydra-headedmonsters，anddriesthetearsoffair-haireddamsels，andachievessuccessinspiteofincredibleobstacles，isabeingwithwhomwecanallsympathize，andofwhomweneverwearyofhearing。

[125]Iagree，mostheartily，withMr。Mahaffy"sremarks，ProlegomenatoAncientHistory，p。69。

[126]SirGeorgeGreyoncetoldsomeAustraliannativesaboutthecountrieswithinthearcticcirclewhereduringpartoftheyearthesunneversets。“Theirastonishmentnowknewnobounds。"Ah！thatmustbeanothersun，notthesameastheoneweseehere，"saidanoldman；andinspiteofallmyargumentstothecontrary，theothersadoptedthisopinion。“

Grey"sJournals，I。293，citedinTylor，EarlyHistoryofMankind，p。301。

[127]MaxMuller，Chips，II。96。

Withmanyoftheselegendswhichpresentthemythoflightanddarknessinitsmostattractiveform，thereaderisalreadyacquainted，anditisneedlesstoretailstorieswhichhavebeentoldoverandoveragaininbookswhicheveryoneispresumedtohaveread。IwillcontentmyselfwithaweirdIrishlegend，narratedbyMr。PatrickKennedy，[128]inwhichwehereandtherecatchglimpsesoftheprimitivemythicalsymbols，asfragmentsofgoldareseengleamingthroughthecrystalofquartz。

[128]FictionsoftheIrishCelts，pp。255-270。

LongbeforetheDanesevercametoIreland，therediedatMuskerryaSculloge，orcountryfarmer，whobydintofhardworkandcloseeconomyhadamassedenormouswealth。Hisonlysondidnotresemblehim。WhentheyoungScullogelookedaboutthehouse，thedayafterhisfather"sdeath，andsawthebigchestsfullofgoldandsilver，andthecupboardsshiningwithpilesofsovereigns，andtheoldstockingsstuffedwithlargeandsmallcoin，hesaidtohimself，“Bedad，howshallIeverbeabletospendthelikeso"that！“Andsohedrank，andgambled，andwastedhistimeinhuntingandhorse-racing，untilafterawhilehefoundthechestsemptyandthecupboardspoverty-stricken，andthestockingsleanandpenniless。Thenhemortgagedhisfarm-houseandgambledawayallthemoneyhegotforit，andthenhebethoughthimthatafewhundredpoundsmightberaisedonhismill。Butwhenhewenttolookatit，hefound“thedambroken，andscarcelyathimblefulofwaterinthemill-race，andthewheelrotten，andthethatchofthehouseallgone，andtheuppermillstonelyingflatonthelowerone，andacoatofdustandmouldovereverything。“Sohemadeuphismindtoborrowahorseandtakeonemorehuntto-morrowandthenreformhishabits。

Ashewasreturninglateintheeveningfromthisfarewellhunt，passingthroughalonelyglenhecameuponanoldmanplayingbackgammon，bettingonhislefthandagainsthisright，andcryingandcursingbecausetherightWOULDwin。

“Comeandbetwithme，“saidhetoSculloge。“Faith，Ihavebutasixpenceintheworld，“wasthereply；“but，ifyoulike，I"llwagerthatontheright。““Done，“saidtheoldman，whowasaDruid；“ifyouwinI"llgiveyouahundredguineas。“Sothegamewasplayed，andtheoldman，whoserighthandwasalwaysthewinner，paidovertheguineasandtoldScullogetogototheDevilwiththem。

Insteadoffollowingthisbitofadvice，however，theyoungfarmerwenthomeandbegantopayhisdebts，andnextweekhewenttotheglenandwonanothergame，andmadetheDruidrebuildhismill。SoScullogebecameprosperousagain，andbyandbyhetriedhisluckathirdtime，andwonagameplayedforabeautifulwife。TheDruidsenthertohishousethenextmorningbeforehewasoutofbed，andhisservantscameknockingatthedoorandcrying，“Wakeup！wakeup！MasterSculloge，there"sayoungladyheretoseeyou。““Bedad，it"sthevanithee[129]herself，“saidSculloge；andgettingupinahurry，hespentthreequartersofanhourindressinghimself。

Atlasthewentdownstairs，andthereonthesofawastheprettiestladyeverseeninIreland！Naturally，Sculloge"sheartbeatfastandhisvoicetrembled，ashebeggedthelady"spardonforthisDruidicstyleofwooing，andbesoughthernottofeelobligedtostaywithhimunlessshereallylikedhim。Buttheyounglady，whowasaking"sdaughterfromafarcountry，waswondrouslycharmedwiththehandsomefarmer，andsowelldidtheygetalongthatthepriestwassentforwithoutfurtherdelay，andtheyweremarriedbeforesundown。Sabinawasthevanithee"sname；andshewarnedherhusbandtohavenomoredealingswithLassaBuaicht，theoldmanoftheglen。Soforawhileallwenthappily，andtheDruidicbridewasasgoodasshewasbeautifulButbyandbyScullogebegantothinkhewasnotearningmoneyfastenough。

Hecouldnotbeartoseehiswife"swhitehandssoiledwithwork，andthoughtitwouldbeafinethingifhecouldonlyaffordtokeepafewmoreservants，anddriveaboutwithSabinainanelegantcarriage，andseeherclothedinsilkandadornedwithjewels。

[129]AcorruptionofGaelicbhanateaigh，“ladyofthehouse。“

“Iwillplayonemoregameandsetthestakeshigh，“saidScullogetohimselfoneevening，ashesatponderingoverthesethings；andso，withoutconsultingSabina，hestoleawaytotheglen，andplayedagamefortenthousandguineas。ButtheevilDruidwasnowreadytopounceonhisprey，andhedidnotplayasofold。Scullogebrokeintoacoldsweatwithagonyandterrorashesawthelefthandwin！ThenthefaceofLassaBuaichtgrewdarkandstern，andhelaidonScullogethecursewhichislaiduponthesolarheroinmisfortune，thatheshouldneversleeptwiceunderthesameroof，orascendthecouchofthedawn-nymph，hiswife，untilheshouldhaveprocuredandbroughttohimtheswordoflight。WhenScullogereachedhome，moredeadthanalive，hesawthathiswifeknewall。Bitterlytheywepttogether，butshetoldhimthatwithcourageallmightbesetright。ShegavehimaDruidichorse，whichborehimswiftlyoverlandandsea，liketheenchantedsteedoftheArabianNights，untilhereachedthecastleofhiswife"sfatherwho，asScullogenowlearned，wasagoodDruid，thebrotheroftheevilLassaBuaicht。ThisgoodDruidtoldhimthattheswordoflightwaskeptbyathirdbrother，thepowerfulmagician，FiachO"Duda，whodweltinanenchantedcastle，whichmanybraveheroeshadtriedtoenter，butthedarksorcererhadslainthemall。Threehighwallssurroundedthecastle，andmanyhadscaledthefirstofthese，butnonehadeverreturnedalive。ButScullogewasnottobedaunted，and，takingfromhisfather-in-lawablacksteed，hesetoutforthefortressofFiachO"Duda。Overthefirsthighwallnimblyleapedthemagichorse，andScullogecalledaloudontheDruidtocomeoutandsurrenderhissword。Thencameoutatall，darkman，withcoal-blackeyesandhairandmelancholyvisage，andmadeafurioussweepatScullogewiththeflamingblade。ButtheDruidicbeastsprangbackoverthewallinthetwinklingofaneyeandrescuedhisrider，leaving，however，histailbehindinthecourt-yard。ThenScullogereturnedintriumphtohisfather-in-law"spalace，andthenightwasspentinfeastingandrevelry。

NextdayScullogerodeoutonawhitehorse，andwhenhegottoFiach"scastle，hesawthefirstwalllyinginrubbish。Heleapedthesecond，andthesamesceneoccurredasthedaybefore，savethatthehorseescapedunharmed。

ThethirddayScullogewentoutonfoot，withaharplikethatofOrpheusinhishand，andashesweptitsstringsthegrassbenttolistenandthetreesbowedtheirheads。Thecastlewallsalllayinruins，andScullogemadehiswayunhinderedtotheupperroom，whereFiachlayinDruidicslumber，lulledbytheharp。Heseizedtheswordoflight，whichwashungbythechimneysheathedinadarkscabbard，andmakingthebestofhiswaybacktothegoodking"spalace，mountedhiswife"ssteed，andscouredoverlandandseauntilhefoundhimselfinthegloomyglenwhereLassaBuaichtwasstillcryingandcursingandbettingonhislefthandagainsthisright。

“Here，treacherousfiend，takeyourswordoflight！“shoutedScullogeintonesofthunder；andashedrewitfromitssheaththewholevalleywaslightedupaswiththemorningsun，andnextmomenttheheadofthewretchedDruidwaslyingathisfeet，andhissweetwife，whohadcometomeethim，waslaughingandcryinginhisarms。November，1870。

V。MYTHSOFTHEBARBARICWORLD。

THEtheoryofmythologysetforthinthefourprecedingpapers，andillustratedbytheexaminationofnumerousmythsrelatingtothelightning，thestorm-wind，theclouds，andthesunlight，wasoriginallyframedwithreferencesolelytothemythicandlegendaryloreoftheAryanworld。ThephoneticidentityofthenamesofmanyWesterngodsandheroeswiththenamesofthoseVedicdivinitieswhichareobviouslythepersonificationsofnaturalphenomena，suggestedthetheorywhichphilosophicalconsiderationshadalreadyforeshadowedintheworksofHumeandComte，andwhichtheexhaustiveanalysisofGreek，Hindu，Keltic，andTeutoniclegendshasamplyconfirmed。Letusnow，beforeproceedingtotheconsiderationofbarbaricfolk-lore，brieflyrecapitulatetheresultsobtainedbymodernscholarshipworkingstrictlywithinthelimitsoftheAryandomain。

Inthefirstplace，ithasbeenprovedonceforallthatthelanguagesspokenbytheHindus，Persians，Greeks，Romans，Kelts，Slaves，andTeutonsarealldescendedfromasingleancestrallanguage，theOldAryan，inthesamesensethatFrench，Italian，andSpanisharedescendedfromtheLatin。Andfromthisundisputedfactitisaninevitableinferencethatthesevariousracescontain，alongwithotherelements，arace-elementincommon，duetotheirAryanpedigree。ThattheIndo-EuropeanracesarewhollyAryanisveryimprobable，forineverycasethecountriesoverrunbythemwereoccupiedbyinferiorraces，whosebloodmusthavemingledinvaryingdegreeswiththatoftheirconquerors；butthateveryIndo-EuropeanpeopleisingreatpartdescendedfromacommonAryanstockisnotopentoquestion。

Inthesecondplace，alongwithacommonfundofmoralandreligiousideasandoflegalandceremonialobservances，wefindthesekindredpeoplespossessedofacommonfundofmyths，superstitions，proverbs，popularpoetry，andhouseholdlegends。TheHindumotheramusesherchildwithfairy-taleswhichoftencorrespond，eveninminorincidents，withstoriesinScottishorScandinaviannurseries；andshetellstheminwordswhicharephoneticallyakintowordsinSwedishandGaelic。Nodoubtmanyofthesestoriesmighthavebeendevisedinadozendifferentplacesindependentlyofeachother；andnodoubtmanyofthemhavebeentransmittedlaterallyfromonepeopletoanother；butacarefulexaminationshowsthatsuchcannothavebeenthecasewiththegreatmajorityoflegendsandbeliefs。Theagreementbetweentwosuchstories，forinstance，asthoseofFaithfulJohnandRamaandLuxmanissocloseastomakeitincrediblethattheyshouldhavebeenindependentlyfabricated，whilethepointsofdifferencearesoimportantastomakeitextremelyimprobablethattheonewasevercopiedfromtheother。Besideswhich，theessentialidentityofsuchmythsasthoseofSigurdandTheseus，orofHelenaandSarama，carriesusbackhistoricallytoatimewhenthescatteredIndo-Europeantribeshadnotyetbeguntoholdcommercialandintellectualintercoursewitheachother，andconsequentlycouldnothaveinterchangedtheirepicmaterialsortheirhouseholdstories。Wearethereforedriventotheconclusion——which，startlingasitmayseem，isafterallthemostnaturalandplausibleonethatcanbestated——thattheAryannations，whichhaveinheritedfromacommonancestralstocktheirlanguagesandtheircustoms，haveinheritedalsofromthesamecommonoriginaltheirfiresidelegends。TheyhavepreservedCinderellaandPunchkinjustastheyhavepreservedthewordsforfatherandmother，tenandtwenty；andtheformercase，thoughmoreimposingtotheimagination，isscientificallynolessintelligiblethanthelatter。

Thirdly，ithasbeenshownthatthesevenerabletalesmaybegroupedinafewprettywelldefinedclasses；andthatthearchetypalmythofeachclass——theprimitivestoryinconformitytowhichcountlesssubsequenttaleshavebeengenerated——wasoriginallyameredescriptionofphysicalphenomena，couchedinthepoeticdictionofanagewheneverythingwaspersonified，becauseallnaturalphenomenaweresupposedtobeduetothedirectworkingsofavolitionlikethatofwhichmenwereconsciouswithinthemselves。Thusweareledtothestrikingconclusionthatmythologyhashadacommonroot，bothwithscienceandwithreligiousphilosophy。

ThemythofIndraconqueringVritrawasoneofthetheoremsofprimitiveAryanscience；itwasaprovisionalexplanationofthethunder-storm，satisfactoryenoughuntilextendedobservationandreflectionsuppliedabetterone。Italsocontainedthegermsofatheology；forthelife-givingsolarlightfurnishedanimportantpartoftheprimevalconceptionofdeity。Andfinally，itbecamethefruitfulparentofcountlessmyths，whetherembodiedinthestatelyepicsofHomerandthebardsoftheNibelungenlied，orinthehumblerlegendsofSt。GeorgeandWilliamTellandtheubiquitousBoots。

SuchisthetheorywhichwassuggestedhalfacenturyagobytheresearchesofJacobGrimm，andwhich，sofarasconcernsthemythologyoftheAryanrace，isnowvictoriousalongthewholeline。Itremainsforustotesttheuniversalityofthegeneralprinciplesuponwhichitisfounded，byabriefanalysisofsundrylegendsandsuperstitionsofthebarbaricworld。SincethefetichistichabitofexplainingtheoutwardphenomenaofnatureaftertheanalogyoftheinwardphenomenaofconsciousintelligenceisnotahabitpeculiartoourAryanancestors，butis，aspsychologyshows，theinevitableresultoftheconditionsunderwhichuncivilizedthinkingproceeds，wemayexpecttofindthebarbaricmindpersonifyingthepowersofnatureandmakingmythsabouttheiroperationsthewholeworldover。AndweneednotbesurprisedifwefindintheresultingmythologicstructuresastrongresemblancetothefamiliarcreationsoftheAryanintelligence。Inpointoffact，weshalloftenbecalledupontonotesuchresemblance；

anditaccordinglybehoovesusattheoutsettoinquirehowfarasimilaritybetweenmythicaltalesshallbetakenasevidenceofacommontraditionalorigin，andhowfaritmaybeinterpretedasduemerelytothesimilarworkingsoftheuntrainedintelligenceinallagesandcountries。

Analogiesdrawnfromthecomparisonoflanguageswillherebeofservicetous，ifuseddiscreetly；otherwisetheyarelikelytobewilderfarmorethantoenlightenus。AtheoremwhichMaxMullerhaslaiddownforourguidanceinthiskindofinvestigationfurnishesuswithanexcellentexampleofthetrickswhichasuperficialanalogymayplayevenwiththetrainedscholar，whentemporarilyoffhisguard。Actuatedbyapraiseworthydesiretoraisethestudyofmythstosomethinglikethehighlevelofscientificaccuracyalreadyattainedbythestudyofwords，MaxMullerendeavourstointroduceoneofthemostusefulcanonsofphilologyintoadepartmentofinquirywhereitsintroductioncouldonlyworkthemosthopelessconfusion。Oneoftheearliestlessonstobelearnedbythescientificstudentoflinguisticsistheuselessnessofcomparingtogetherdirectlythewordscontainedinderivativelanguages。Forexample，youmightsettheEnglishtwelvesidebysidewiththeLatinduodecim，andthenstareatthetwowordstoalleternitywithoutanyhopeofreachingaconclusion，goodorbad，abouteitherofthem:leastofallwouldyoususpectthattheyaredescendedfromthesameradical。Butifyoutakeeachwordbyitselfandtraceitbacktoitsprimitiveshape，explainingeverychangeofeveryletterasyougo，youwillatlastreachtheoldAryandvadakan，whichistheparentofboththesestrangelymetamorphosedwords。[130]Norwillitdo，ontheotherhand，totrusttoverbalsimilaritywithoutahistoricalinquiryintotheoriginofsuchsimilarity。Eveninthesamelanguagetwowordsofquitedifferentoriginmaygettheircornersrubbedofftilltheylookaslikeoneanotherastwopebbles。

TheFrenchwordssouris，a“mouse，“andsouris，a“smile，“arespelledexactlyalike；buttheonecomesfromLatinsorexandtheotherfromLatinsubridere。

[130]Fortheanalysisoftwelve，seemyessayon“TheGenesisofLanguage，“NorthAmericanReview，October1869，p。320。

NowMaxMullertellsusthatthisprinciple，whichisindispensableinthestudyofwords，isequallyindispensableinthestudyofmyths。[131]Thatis，youmustnotrashlypronouncetheNorsestoryoftheHeartlessGiantidenticalwiththeHindustoryofPunchkin，althoughthetwocorrespondineveryessentialincident。Inbothlegendsamagicianturnsseveralmembersofthesamefamilyintostone；theyoungestmemberofthefamilycomestotherescue，andonthewaysavesthelivesofsundrygratefulbeasts；arrivedatthemagician"scastle，hefindsacaptiveprincessreadytoaccepthisloveandtoplaythepartofDelilahtotheenchanter。Inbothstoriestheenchanter"slifedependsontheintegrityofsomethingwhichiselaboratelyhiddeninafar-distantisland，butwhichthefortunateyouth，instructedbytheartfulprincessandassistedbyhismenagerieofgratefulbeasts，succeedsinobtaining。Inbothstoriestheyouthuseshisadvantagetofreeallhisfriendsfromtheirenchantment，andthenproceedstodestroythevillainwhowroughtallthiswickedness。Yet，inspiteofthisagreement，MaxMuller，ifI

understandhimaright，wouldnothaveusinfertheidentityofthetwostoriesuntilwehavetakeneachoneseparatelyandascertaineditsprimitivemythicalsignificance。Otherwise，foraughtwecantell，theresemblancemaybepurelyaccidental，likethatoftheFrenchwordsfor“mouse“and“smile。“

[131]ChipsfromaGermanWorkshop，Vol。II。p。246。

Alittlereflection，however，willrelieveusfromthisperplexity，andassureusthattheallegedanalogybetweenthecomparisonofwordsandthecomparisonofstoriesisutterlysuperficial。Thetransformationsofwords——whichareoftenastoundingenough——dependuponafewwell-establishedphysiologicalprinciplesofutterance；andsincephilologyhaslearnedtorelyupontheseprinciples，ithasbecomenearlyassureinitsmethodsandresultsasoneoftheso-called“exactsciences。“Follyenoughisdoubtlesscommittedwithinitsprecinctsbywriterswhoventuretherewithoutthelaboriouspreparationwhichthisscience，morethanalmostanyother，demands。Buttheproceedingsofthetrainedphilologistarenomorearbitrarythanthoseofthetrainedastronomer。Andthoughtheformermayseemtobestrainingatagnatandswallowingacamelwhenhecoollytellsyouthatviolinandfiddlearethesameword，whileEnglishcareandLatincurahavenothingtodowitheachother，heisneverthelessnomoreindulginginguess-workthantheastronomerwhoconfesseshisignoranceastothehabitabilityofVenuswhileassertinghisknowledgeoftheexistenceofhydrogenintheatmosphereofSirius。Tociteoneexampleoutofahundred，everyphilologistknowsthatsmaybecomer，andthatthebroada-soundmaydwindleintotheclosero-sound；butwhenyouadducesomeplausibleetymologybasedontheassumptionthatrhaschangedintos，orointoa，apartfromthedemonstrableinfluenceofsomeadjacentletter，thephilologistwillshakehishead。

Nowinthestudyofstoriestherearenosuchsimplerulesallcutanddriedforustogoby。Thereisnouniformpsychologicalprinciplewhichdeterminesthatthethree-headedsnakeinonestoryshallbecomeathree-headedmaninthenext。ThereisnoGrimm"sLawinmythologywhichdecidesthataHindumagicianshallalwayscorrespondtoaNorwegianTrolloraKelticDruid。Thelawsofassociationofideasarenotsosimpleinapplicationasthelawsofutterance。Inshort，thestudyofmyths，thoughitcanbemadesufficientlyscientificinitsmethodsandresults，doesnotconstituteasciencebyitself，likephilology。Itstandsonafootingsimilartothatoccupiedbyphysicalgeography，orwhattheGermanscall“earth-knowledge。“Noonedeniesthatallthechangesgoingonovertheearth"ssurfaceconformtophysicallaws；butthennoonepretendsthatthereisanysingleproximateprinciplewhichgovernsallthephenomenaofrain-fall，ofsoil-crumbling，ofmagneticvariation，andofthedistributionofplantsandanimals。Allthesethingsareexplainedbyprinciplesobtainedfromthevarioussciencesofphysics，chemistry，geology，andphysiology。Andinjustthesamewaythedevelopmentanddistributionofstoriesisexplainedbythehelpofdiversresourcescontributedbyphilology，psychology，andhistory。ThereisthereforenorealanalogybetweenthecasescitedbyMaxMuller。Twounrelatedwordsmaybegroundintoexactlythesameshape，justasapebblefromtheNorthSeamaybeundistinguishablefromanotherpebbleonthebeachoftheAdriatic；buttwostorieslikethoseofPunchkinandtheHeartlessGiantarenomorelikelytoariseindependentlyofeachotherthantwocoralreefsonoppositesidesoftheglobearelikelytodevelopintoexactlysimilarislands。

Shallwethensayboldly，thatclosesimilaritybetweenlegendsisproofofkinship，andgoourwaywithoutfurthermisgivings？Unfortunatelywecannotdisposeofthematterinquitesosummaryafashion；foritremainstodecidewhatkindanddegreeofsimilarityshallbeconsideredsatisfactoryevidenceofkinship。Anditisjustherethatdoctorsmaydisagree。Hereisthepointatwhichour“science“betraysitsweaknessascomparedwiththesisterstudyofphilology。

Beforewecandecidewithconfidenceinanycase，agreatmassofevidencemustbebroughtintocourt。SolongasweremainedonAryanground，allwentsmoothlyenough，becausealltheexternalevidencewasinourfavour。Weknewattheoutset，thattheAryansinheritacommonlanguageandacommoncivilization，andthereforewefoundnodifficultyinacceptingtheconclusionthattheyhaveinherited，amongotherthings，acommonstockoflegends。Inthebarbaricworlditisquiteotherwise。Philologydoesnotpronounceinfavourofacommonoriginforallbarbaricculture，suchasitis。Thenotionofasingleprimitivelanguage，standinginthesamerelationtoallexistingdialectsastherelationofoldAryantoLatinandEnglish，orthatofoldSemitictoHebrewandArabic，wasanotionsuitedonlytotheinfancyoflinguisticscience。Asthecasenowstands，itiscertainthatallthelanguagesactuallyexistingcannotbereferredtoacommonancestor，anditisaltogetherprobablethatthereneverwasanysuchcommonancestor。Iamnotnowreferringtothequestionoftheunityofthehumanrace。Thatquestionliesentirelyoutsidethesphereofphilology。Thescienceoflanguagehasnothingtodowithskullsorcomplexions，andnocomparisonofwordscantelluswhethertheblackmenarebrethrenofthewhitemen，orwhetheryellowandredmenhaveacommonpedigree:thesequestionsbelongtocomparativephysiology。Butthescienceoflanguagecananddoestellusthatacertainamountofcivilizationisrequisitefortheproductionofalanguagesufficientlydurableandwide-spreadtogivebirthtonumerousmutuallyresemblingoffspringBarbariclanguagesareneitherwidespreadnordurable。Amongsavageseachlittlegroupoffamilieshasitsowndialect，andcoinsitsownexpressionsatpleasure；andinthecourseoftwoorthreegenerationsadialectgetssostrangelyalteredasvirtuallytoloseitsidentity。Evennumeralsandpersonalpronouns，whichtheAryanhaspreservedforfiftycenturies，getlosteveryfewyearsinPolynesia。SincethetimeofCaptainCooktheTahitianlanguagehasthrownawayfiveoutofitstensimplenumerals，andreplacedthembybrand-newones；

andontheAmazonyoumayacquireafluentcommandofsomeIndiandialect，andthen，comingbackaftertwentyyears，findyourselfworseoffthanRipVanWinkle，andyourlearningallantiquatedanduseless。Howabsurd，therefore，tosupposethatprimevalsavagesoriginatedalanguagewhichhashelditsownliketheoldAryanandbecometheprolificmotherofthethreeorfourthousanddialectsnowinexistence！Beforeadurablelanguagecanarise，theremustbeanaggregationofnumeroustribesintoapeople，sothattheremaybeneedofcommunicationonalargescale，andsothattraditionmaybestrengthened。Wherevermankindhaveassociatedinnations，permanentlanguageshavearisen，andtheirderivativedialectsbeartheconspicuousmarksofkinship；butwheremankindhaveremainedintheirprimitivesavageisolation，theirlanguageshaveremainedsporadicandtransitory，incapableoforganicdevelopment，andshowingnotracesofakinshipwhichneverexisted。

Thebearingoftheseconsiderationsupontheoriginanddiffusionofbarbaricmythsisobvious。Thedevelopmentofacommonstockoflegendsis，ofcourse，impossible，savewherethereisacommonlanguage；andthusphilologypronouncesagainstthekinshipofbarbaricmythswitheachotherandwithsimilarmythsoftheAryanandSemiticworlds。SimilarstoriestoldinGreeceandNorwayarelikelytohaveacommonpedigree，becausethepersonswhohavepreservedtheminrecollectionspeakacommonlanguageandhaveinheritedthesamecivilization。ButsimilarstoriestoldinLabradorandSouthAfricaarenotlikelytobegenealogicallyrelated，becauseitisaltogetherprobablethattheEsquimauxandtheZuluhadacquiredtheirpresentracecharacteristicsbeforeeitherofthempossessedalanguageoraculturesufficientfortheproductionofmyths。Accordingtothenatureandextentofthesimilarity，itmustbedecidedwhethersuchstorieshavebeencarriedaboutfromonepartoftheworldtoanother，orhavebeenindependentlyoriginatedinmanydifferentplaces。

Herethemethodsofphilologysuggestarulewhichwilloftenbefounduseful。Incomparing，thevocabulariesofdifferentlanguages，thosewordswhichdirectlyimitatenaturalsounds——

suchaswhiz，crash，crackle——arenotadmittedasevidenceofkinshipbetweenthelanguagesinwhichtheyoccur。

Resemblancesbetweensuchwordsareobviouslynoproofofacommonancestry；andtheyareoftenmetwithinlanguageswhichhavedemonstrablyhadnoconnectionwitheachother。Soinmythology，wherewefindtwostoriesofwhichtheprimitivecharacterisperfectlytransparent，weneedhavenodifficultyinsupposingthemtohaveoriginatedindependently。ThemythofJackandhisBeanstalkisfoundallovertheworld；buttheideaofacountryabovethesky，towhichpersonsmightgainaccessbyclimbing，isonewhichcouldhardlyfailtooccurtoeverybarbarian。AmongtheAmericantribes，aswellasamongtheAryans，therainbowandtheMilky-WayhavecontributedtheideaofaBridgeoftheDead，overwhichsoulsmustpassonthewaytotheotherworld。InSouthAfrica，aswellasinGermany，thehabitsofthefoxandofhisbrotherthejackalhavegivenrisetofablesinwhichbruteforceisovercomebycunning。Inmanypartsoftheworldwefindcuriouslysimilarstoriesdevisedtoaccountforthestumpytailsofthebearandhyaena，thehairlesstailoftherat，andtheblindnessofthemole。Andinallcountriesmaybefoundthebeliefsthatmenmaybechangedintobeasts，orplants，orstones；thatthesunisinsomewaytetheredorconstrainedtofollowacertaincourse；thatthestorm-cloudisaravenousdragon；andthattherearetalismanswhichwillrevealhiddentreasures。Alltheseconceptionsaresoobvioustotheuncivilizedintelligence，thatstoriesfoundeduponthemneednotbesupposedtohaveacommonorigin，unlessthereturnsouttobeastrikingsimilarityamongtheirminordetails。Ontheotherhand，thenumerousmythsofanall-destroyingdelugehavedoubtlessarisenpartlyfromreminiscencesofactuallyoccurringlocalinundations，andpartlyfromthefactthattheScripturalaccountofadelugehasbeencarriedallovertheworldbyCatholicandProtestantmissionaries。[132]

[132]Forvariouslegendsofadeluge，seeBaring-Gould，LegendsofthePatriarchsandProphets，pp。85-106。

Bywayofillustratingtheseprinciples，letusnowciteafewoftheAmericanmythssocarefullycollectedbyDr。Brintoninhisadmirabletreatise。WeshallnotfindinthemythologyoftheNewWorldthewealthofwitandimaginationwhichhassolongdelightedusinthestoriesofHerakles，Perseus，Hermes，Sigurd，andIndra。ThemythicloreoftheAmericanIndiansiscomparativelyscantyandprosaic，asbefitstheproductofalowergradeofcultureandamoremeagreintellect。Notonlyarethepersonageslesscharacteristicallypourtrayed，butthereisacontinualtendencytoextravagance，thesureindexofaninferiorimagination。Nevertheless，aftermakingdueallowancesfordifferencesintheartisticmethodoftreatment，thereisbetweenthemythologiesoftheOldandtheNewWorldsafundamentalresemblance。Wecomeuponsolarmythsandmythsofthestormcuriouslyblendedwithculture-myths，asinthecasesofHermes，Prometheus，andKadmos。TheAmericanparallelstothesearetobefoundinthestoriesofMichabo，Viracocha，Ioskeha，andQuetzalcoatl。“Aselsewheretheworldover，soinAmerica，manytribeshadtotellof……

anaugustcharacter，whotaughtthemwhattheyknew，——thetillageofthesoil，thepropertiesofplants，theartofpicture-writing，thesecretsofmagic；whofoundedtheirinstitutionsandestablishedtheirreligions；whogovernedthemlongwithgloryabroadandpeaceathome；andfinallydidnotdie，but，likeFredericBarbarossa，Charlemagne，KingArthur，andallgreatheroes，vanishedmysteriously，andstilllivessomewhere，readyattherightmomenttoreturntohisbelovedpeopleandleadthemtovictoryandhappiness。“[133]

Everyoneisfamiliarwiththenumerouslegendsofwhite-skinned，full-beardedheroes，likethemildQuetzalcoatl，whointimeslongprevioustoColumbuscamefromthefarEasttoimparttherudimentsofcivilizationandreligiontotheredmen。Bythosewhofirstheardthesestoriestheyweresupposed，withnaiveEuhemerism，torefertopre-ColumbianvisitsofEuropeanstothiscontinent，likethatoftheNorthmeninthetenthcentury。Butascientificstudyofthesubjecthasdissipatedsuchnotions。Theselegendsarefartoonumerous，theyaretoosimilartoeachother，theyaretoomanifestlysymbolical，toadmitofanysuchinterpretation。Bycomparingthemcarefullywitheachother，andwithcorrelativemythsoftheOldWorld，theirtruecharactersoonbecomesapparent。

[133]Brinton，MythsoftheNewWorld，p。160。

Oneofthemostwidelyfamousoftheseculture-heroeswasManabozhoorMichabo，theGreatHare。Withentireunanimity，saysDr。Brinton，thevariousbranchesoftheAlgonquinrace，“thePowhatansofVirginia，theLenniLenapeoftheDelaware，thewarlikehordesofNewEngland，theOttawasofthefarNorth，andtheWesterntribes，perhapswithoutexception，spokeofthischimericalbeast，"asoneoftheoldmissionariescallsit，astheircommonancestor。Thetotem，orclan，whichborehisnamewaslookeduptowithpeculiarrespect。“NotonlywasMichabotherulerandguardianofthesenumeroustribes，——hewasthefounderoftheirreligiousrites，theinventorofpicture-writing，theruleroftheweather，thecreatorandpreserverofearthandheaven。“Fromagrainofsandbroughtfromthebottomoftheprimevaloceanhefashionedthehabitableland，andsetitfloatingonthewaterstillitgrewtosuchasizethatastrongyoungwolf，runningconstantly，diedofoldageerehereacheditslimits。“Hewasalso，likeNimrod，amightyhunter。“Oneofhisfootstepsmeasuredeightleagues，theGreatLakeswerethebeaver-damshebuilt，andwhenthecataractsimpededhisprogresshetorethemawaywithhishands。““Sometimeshewassaidtodwellintheskieswithhisbrother，theSnow，or，likemanygreatspirits，tohavebuilthiswigwaminthefarNorthonsomefloeoficeintheArcticOcean……ButintheoldestaccountsofthemissionarieshewasallegedtoresidetowardtheEast；andintheholyformulaeofthemedacraft，whenthewindsareinvokedtothemedicinelodge，theEastissummonedinhisname，thedooropensinthatdirection，andthere，attheedgeoftheearthwherethesunrises，ontheshoreoftheinfiniteoceanthatsurroundstheland，hehashishouse，andsendstheluminariesforthontheirdailyjourneys。“[134]FromsuchaccountsasthisweseethatMichabowasnomoreawiseinstructorandlegislatorthanMinosorKadmos。Liketheseheroes，heisapersonificationofthesolarlife-givingpower，whichdailycomesforthfromitshomeintheeast，makingtheearthtorejoice。Theetymologyofhisnameconfirmstheotherwiseclearindicationsofthelegenditself。Itiscompoundedofmichi，“great，“andwabos，whichmeansalike“hare“and“white。““DialecticformsinAlgonquinforwhitearewabi，wape，wampi，etc。；formorning，wapan，wapanch，opah；foreast，wapa，wanbun，etc。；forday，wompan，oppan；forlight，oppung。“SothatMichaboistheGreatWhiteOne，theGodoftheDawnandtheEast。Andtheetymologicalconfusion，byvirtueofwhichheacquiredhissoubriquetoftheGreatHare，affordsacuriousparalleltowhathasoftenhappenedinAryanandSemiticmythology，aswesawwhendiscussingthesubjectofwerewolves。

[134]Brinton，op。cit。p。163。

KeepinginmindthissolarcharacterofMichabo，letusnotehowfullofmeaningarethemythsconcerninghim。Inthefirstcycleoftheselegends，“heisgrandsonoftheMoon，hisfatheristheWestWind，andhismother，amaiden，diesingivinghimbirthatthemomentofconception。FortheMoonisthegoddessofnight；theDawnisherdaughter，whobringsforththeMorning，andperishesherselfintheact；andtheWest，thespiritofdarkness，astheEastisoflight，precedes，andasitwerebegetsthelatter，astheeveningdoesthemorning。Straightway，however，continuesthelegend，thesonsoughttheunnaturalfathertorevengethedeathofhismother，andthencommencedalonganddesperatestruggle。

Itbeganonthemountains。TheWestwasforcedtogiveground。

Manabozhodrovehimacrossriversandovermountainsandlakes，andatlasthecametothebrinkofthisworld。"Hold，"

criedhe，"myson，youknowmypower，andthatitisimpossibletokillme。"Whatisthisbutthediurnalcombatoflightanddarkness，carriedonfromwhattime"thejocundmornstandstiptoeonthemistymountain-tops，"acrossthewideworldtothesunset，thestrugglethatknowsnoend，forboththeopponentsareimmortal？“[135]

[135]Brinton，op。cit。p。167。

EventheVedanowhereaffordsamoretransparentnarrativethanthis。TheIroquoistraditionisverysimilar。Initappeartwinbrothers，[136]bornofavirginmother，daughteroftheMoon，whodiedingivingthemlife。Theirnames，IoskehaandTawiskara，signifyintheOneidadialecttheWhiteOneandtheDarkOne。UndertheinfluenceofChristianideasthecontestbetweenthebrothershasbeenmadetoassumeamoralcharacter，likethestrifebetweenOrmuzdandAhriman。

Butnosuchintentionappearsintheoriginalmyth，andDr。

BrintonhasshownthatnoneoftheAmericantribeshadanyconceptionofaDevil。Whenthequarrelcametoblows，thedarkbrotherwassignallydiscomfited；andthevictoriousIoskeha，returningtohisgrandmother，“establishedhislodgeinthefarEast，onthehordersoftheGreatOcean，whencethesuncomes。Intimehebecamethefatherofmankind，andspecialguardianoftheIroquois。“Hecausedtheearthtobringforth，hestockedthewoodswithgame，andtaughthischildrentheuseoffire。“Heitwaswhowatchedandwateredtheircrops；"and，indeed，withouthisaid，"saystheoldmissionary，quiteoutofpatiencewiththeirpuerilities，"theythinktheycouldnotboilapot。"“TherewasmoreinitthanpoorBreboufthought，asweareforciblyremindedbyrecentdiscoveriesinphysicalscience。Evencivilizedmenwouldfinditdifficulttoboilapotwithouttheaidofsolarenergy。Callhimwhatwewill，——Ioskeha，Michabo，orPhoibos，——thebeneficentSunisthemasterandsustainerofusall；andifweweretorelapseintoheathenism，likeErckmann-Chatrian"sinnkeeper，wecouldnotdobetterthantoselecthimasourchiefobjectofworship。

[136]Corresponding，invariousdegrees，totheAsvins，theDioskouroi，andthebrothersTrueandUntrueofNorsemythology。

ThesameprinciplesbywhichthesesimplecasesareexplainedfurnishalsothekeytothemorecomplicatedmythologyofMexicoandPeru。Likethedeitiesjustdiscussed，Viracocha，thesupremegodoftheQuichuas，risesfromthebosomofLakeTiticacaandjourneyswestward，slayingwithhislightningsthecreatureswhoopposehim，untilhefinallydisappearsintheWesternOcean。LikeAphrodite，hebearsinhisnametheevidenceofhisorigin，Viracochasignifying“foamofthesea“；andhencethe“WhiteOne“(l"aube)，thegodoflightrisingwhiteonthehorizon，likethefoamonthesurfaceofthewaves。TheAymarasspokeoftheiroriginalancestorsaswhite；andtothisday，asDr。Brintoninformsus，thePeruvianscallawhitemanViracocha。ThemythofQuetzalcoatlisofpreciselythesamecharacter。AllthesesolarheroespresentinmostoftheirqualitiesandachievementsastrikinglikenesstothoseoftheOldWorld。TheycombinetheattributesofApollo，Herakles，andHermes。LikeHerakles，theyjourneyfromeasttowest，smitingthepowersofdarkness，storm，andwinterwiththethunderboltsofZeusortheunerringarrowsofPhoibos，andsinkinginablazeofgloryonthewesternvergeoftheworld，wherethewavesmeetthefirmament。OrlikeHermes，inasecondcycleoflegends，theyrisewiththesoftbreezesofasummermorning，drivingbeforethemthebrightcelestialcattlewhoseuddersareheavywithrefreshingrain，fanningtheflameswhichdevourtheforests，blusteringatthedoorsofwigwams，andescapingwithweirdlaughterthroughventsandcrevices。ThewhiteskinsandflowingbeardsoftheseAmericanheroesmaybeaptlycomparedtothefairfacesandlonggoldenlocksoftheirHelleniccompeers。YellowhairwasinallprobabilityasrareinGreeceasafullbeardinPeruorMexico；butineachcasethedescriptionsuitsthesolarcharacterofthehero。Oneimportantclassofincidents，howeverisapparentlyquiteabsentfromtheAmericanlegends。WefrequentlyseetheDawndescribedasavirginmotherwhodiesingivingbirthtotheDay；butnowheredowerememberseeingherpicturedasalovelyorvaliantorcraftymaiden，ardentlywooed，butspeedilyforsakenbyhersolarlover。PerhapsinnorespectisthesuperiorrichnessandbeautyoftheAryanmythsmoremanifestthaninthis。Brynhild，Urvasi，Medeia，Ariadne，Oinone，andcountlessotherkindredheroines，withtheirbrilliantlegends，couldnotbesparedfromthemythologyofourancestorswithout，leavingitmeagreindeed。ThesewerethematerialswhichKalidasa，theAtticdramatists，andthebardsoftheNibelungenfoundready，awaitingtheirartistictreatment。ButthemythologyoftheNewWorld，withallitsprettyandagreeablenaivete，affordshardlyenough，eitherofvarietyinsituationorofcomplexityinmotive，foragrandepicoragenuinetragedy。