第4章
Y。M。Goon。Illustrate。
O。M。Doyouknowchess？
Y。M。Ilearneditaweekago。
O。M。Didyourmindgoonplayingthegameallnightthatfirstnight？
Y。M。Don’tmentionit！
O。M。Itwaseagerly，unsatisfiablyinterested;itriotedinthecombinations;youimploredittodropthegameandletyougetsomesleep？
Y。M。Yes。Itwouldn’tlisten;itplayedrightalong。ItworemeoutandIgotuphaggardandwretchedinthemorning。
O。M。Atsometimeorotheryouhavebeencaptivatedbyaridiculousrhymejingle？
Y。M。Indeed，yes！
"IsawEsaukissingKate，AndshesawIsawEsau;
IsawEsau，hesawKate，Andshesaw"
Andsoon。Mymindwentmadwithjoyoverit。ItrepeateditalldayandallnightforaweekinspiteofallIcoulddotostopit，anditseemedtomethatImustsurelygocrazy。
O。M。Andthenewpopularsong？
Y。M。Ohyes！"IntheSweeeetByandBy";etc。Yes，thenewpopularsongwiththetakingmelodysingsthroughone’sheaddayandnight，asleepandawake，tilloneisawreck。Thereisnogettingthemindtoletitalone。
O。M。Yes，asleepaswellasawake。Themindisquiteindependent。Itismaster。Youhavenothingtodowithit。Itissoapartfromyouthatitcanconductitsaffairs，singitssongs，playitschess，weaveitscomplexandingeniouslyconstructeddreams，whileyousleep。Ithasnouseforyourhelp，nouseforyourguidance，andneveruseseither，whetheryoubeasleeporawake。Youhaveimaginedthatyoucouldoriginateathoughtinyourmind，andyouhavesincerelybelievedyoucoulddoit。
Y。M。Yes，Ihavehadthatidea。
O。M。Yetyoucan’toriginateadreamthoughtforittoworkout，andgetitaccepted？
Y。M。No。
O。M。Andyoucan’tdictateitsprocedureafterithasoriginatedadreamthoughtforitself？
Y。M。No。Noonecandoit。Doyouthinkthewakingmindandthedreammindarethesamemachine？
O。M。Thereisargumentforit。Wehavewildandfantasticdaythoughts？Thingsthataredreamlike？
Y。M。YeslikeMr。Wells’smanwhoinventedadrugthatmadehiminvisible;andliketheArabiantalesoftheThousandNights。
O。M。Andtherearedreamsthatarerational，simple，consistent，andunfantastic？
Y。M。Yes。Ihavedreamsthatarelikethat。Dreamsthatarejustlikereallife;dreamsinwhichthereareseveralpersonswithdistinctlydifferentiatedcharactersinventionsofmymindandyetstrangerstome:avulgarperson;arefinedone;
awiseperson;afool;acruelperson;akindandcompassionateone;aquarrelsomeperson;apeacemaker;oldpersonsandyoung;
beautifulgirlsandhomelyones。Theytalkincharacter，eachpreserveshisowncharacteristics。Therearevividfights，vividandbitinginsults，vividlovepassages;therearetragediesandcomedies，therearegriefsthatgotoone’sheart，therearesayingsanddoingsthatmakeyoulaugh:indeed，thewholethingisexactlylikereallife。
O。M。Yourdreamingmindoriginatesthescheme，consistentlyandartisticallydevelopsit，andcarriesthelittledramacreditablythroughallwithouthelporsuggestionfromyou？
Y。M。Yes。
O。M。ItisargumentthatitcoulddothelikeawakewithouthelporsuggestionfromyouandIthinkitdoes。Itisargumentthatitisthesameoldmindinbothcases，andneverneedsyourhelp。
Ithinkthemindispurelyamachine，athoroughlyindependentmachine，anautomaticmachine。HaveyoutriedtheotherexperimentwhichIsuggestedtoyou？
Y。M。Whichone？
O。M。Theonewhichwastodeterminehowmuchinfluenceyouhaveoveryourmindifany。
Y。M。Yes，andgotmoreorlessentertainmentoutofit。I
didasyouordered:Iplacedtwotextsbeforemyeyesoneadulloneandbarrenofinterest，theotheronefullofinterest，inflamedwithit，whitehotwithit。Icommandedmymindtobusyitselfsolelywiththedullone。
O。M。Diditobey？
Y。M。Well，no，itdidn’t。Itbusieditselfwiththeotherone。
O。M。Didyoutryhardtomakeitobey？
Y。M。Yes，Ididmyhonestbest。
O。M。Whatwasthetextwhichitrefusedtobeinterestedinorthinkabout？
Y。M。Itwasthisquestion:IfAowesBadollarandahalf，andBowesCtwoandthreequarter，andCowesAthirty
fivecents，andDandAtogetheroweEandBthreesixteenthsofofIdon’tremembertherest，now，butanywayitwaswhollyuninteresting，andIcouldnotforcemymindtosticktoitevenhalfaminuteatatime;itkeptflyingofftotheothertext。
O。M。Whatwastheothertext？
Y。M。Itisnomatteraboutthat。
O。M。Butwhatwasit？
Y。M。Aphotograph。
O。M。Yourown？
Y。M。No。Itwashers。
O。M。Youreallymadeanhonestgoodtest。Didyoumakeasecondtrial？
Y。M。Yes。Icommandedmymindtointerestitselfinthemorningpaper’sreportoftheporkmarket，andatthesametimeI
remindeditofanexperienceofmineofsixteenyearsago。Itrefusedtoconsidertheporkandgaveitswholeblazinginteresttothatancientincident。
O。M。Whatwastheincident？
Y。M。Anarmeddesperadoslappedmyfaceinthepresenceoftwentyspectators。ItmakesmewildandmurderouseverytimeI
thinkofit。
O。M。Goodtests，both;verygoodtests。Didyoutrymyothersuggestion？
Y。M。TheonewhichwastoprovetomethatifIwouldleavemymindtoitsowndevicesitwouldfindthingstothinkaboutwithoutanyofmyhelp，andthusconvincemethatitwasamachine，anautomaticmachine，setinmotionbyexteriorinfluences，andasindependentofmeasitcouldbeifitwereinsomeoneelse’sskull。Isthattheone？
O。M。Yes。
Y。M。Itriedit。Iwasshaving。Ihadsleptwell，andmymindwasverylively，evengayandfrisky。Itwasrevelinginafantasticandjoyfulepisodeofmyremoteboyhoodwhichhadsuddenlyflashedupinmymemorymovedtothisbythespectacleofayellowcatpickingitswaycarefullyalongthetopofthegardenwall。Thecolorofthiscatbroughtthebygonecatbeforeme，andIsawherwalkingalongthesidestepofthepulpit;sawherwalkontoalargesheetofstickyflypaperandgetallherfeetinvolved;sawherstruggleandfalldown，helplessanddissatisfied，moreandmoreurgent，moreandmoreunreconciled，moreandmoremutelyprofane;sawthesilentcongregationquiveringlikejelly，andthetearsrunningdowntheirfaces。I
sawitall。ThesightofthetearswhiskedmymindtoafardistantandasaddersceneinTerradelFuegoandwithDarwin’seyesIsawanakedgreatsavagehurlhislittleboyagainsttherocksforatriflingfault;sawthepoormothergatherupherdyingchildandhugittoherbreastandweep，utteringnoword。
Didmymindstoptomournwiththatnudeblacksisterofmine？
Noitwasfarawayfromthatsceneinaninstant，andwasbusyingitselfwithaneverrecurringanddisagreeabledreamofmine。InthisdreamIalwaysfindmyself，strippedtomyshirt，cringinganddodgingaboutinthemidstofagreatdrawingroomthrongoffinelydressedladiesandgentlemen，andwonderinghowIgotthere。Andsoonandsoon，pictureafterpicture，incidentafterincident，adriftingpanoramaofeverchanging，everdissolvingviewsmanufacturedbymymindwithoutanyhelpfrommewhy，itwouldtakemetwohourstomerelynamethemultitudeofthingsmymindtalliedoffandphotographedinfifteenminutes，letalonedescribethemtoyou。
O。M。Aman’smind，leftfree，hasnouseforhishelp。Butthereisonewaywherebyhecangetitshelpwhenhedesiresit。
Y。M。Whatisthatway？
O。M。Whenyourmindisracingalongfromsubjecttosubjectandstrikesaninspiringone，openyourmouthandbegintalkinguponthatmatterortakeyourpenandusethat。Itwillinterestyourmindandconcentrateit，anditwillpursuethesubjectwithsatisfaction。Itwilltakefullcharge，andfurnishthewordsitself。
Y。M。Butdon’tItellitwhattosay？
O。M。Therearecertainlyoccasionswhenyouhaven’ttime。
Thewordsleapoutbeforeyouknowwhatiscoming。
Y。M。Forinstance？
O。M。Well，takea"flashofwit"repartee。Flashistherightword。Itisoutinstantly。Thereisnotimetoarrangethewords。Thereisnothinking，noreflecting。Wherethereisawitmechanismitisautomaticinitsactionandneedsnohelp。
Wherethewhitmechanismislacking，noamountofstudyandreflectioncanmanufacturetheproduct。
Y。M。Youreallythinkamanoriginatesnothing，createsnothing。
TheThinkingProcessO。M。Ido。Menperceive，andtheirbrainmachinesautomaticallycombinethethingsperceived。Thatisall。
Y。M。Thesteamengine？
O。M。Ittakesfiftymenahundredyearstoinventit。Onemeaningofinventisdiscover。Iusethewordinthatsense。
Littlebylittletheydiscoverandapplythemultitudeofdetailsthatgotomaketheperfectengine。Wattnoticedthatconfinedsteamwasstrongenoughtoliftthelidoftheteapot。Hedidn’tcreatetheidea，hemerelydiscoveredthefact;thecathadnoticeditahundredtimes。Fromtheteapotheevolvedthecylinderfromthedisplacedlidheevolvedthepistonrod。Toattachsomethingtothepistonrodtobemovedbyit，wasasimplemattercrankandwheel。Andsotherewasaworkingengine。[1]
Onebyone，improvementswerediscoveredbymenwhousedtheireyes，nottheircreatingpowersfortheyhadn’tanyandnow，afterahundredyearsthepatientcontributionsoffiftyorahundredobserversstandcompactedinthewonderfulmachinewhichdrivestheoceanliner。
Y。M。AShakespeareanplay？
O。M。Theprocessisthesame。Thefirstactorwasasavage。Hereproducedinhistheatricalwardances，scalp
dances，andsoon，incidentswhichhehadseeninreallife。A
moreadvancedcivilizationproducedmoreincidents，moreepisodes;theactorandthestorytellerborrowedthem。Andsothedramagrew，littlebylittle，stagebystage。Itismadeupofthefactsoflife，notcreations。IttookcenturiestodeveloptheGreekdrama。Itborrowedfromprecedingages;itlenttotheagesthatcameafter。Menobserveandcombine，thatisall。Sodoesarat。
Y。M。How？
O。M。Heobservesasmell，heinfersacheese，heseeksandfinds。Theastronomerobservesthisandthat;addshisthisandthattothethisandthatsofahundredpredecessors，infersaninvisibleplanet，seeksitandfindsit。Theratgetsintoatrap;getsoutwithtrouble;infersthatcheeseintrapslacksvalue，andmeddleswiththattrapnomore。Theastronomerisveryproudofhisachievement，theratisproudofhis。Yetbotharemachines;theyhavedonemachinework，theyhaveoriginatednothing，theyhavenorighttobevain;thewholecreditbelongstotheirMaker。Theyareentitledtonohonors，nopraises，nomonumentswhentheydie，noremembrance。Oneisacomplexandelaboratemachine，theotherasimpleandlimitedmachine，buttheyarealikeinprinciple，function，andprocess，andneitherofthemworksotherwisethanautomatically，andneitherofthemmayrighteouslyclaimaPERSONALsuperiorityorapersonaldignityabovetheother。
Y。M。Inearnedpersonaldignity，then，andinpersonalmeritforwhathedoes，itfollowsofnecessitythatheisonthesamelevelasarat？
O。M。Hisbrothertherat;yes，thatishowitseemstome。
Neitherofthembeingentitledtoanypersonalmeritforwhathedoes，itfollowsofnecessitythatneitherofthemhasarighttoarrogatetohimself（personallycreated）superioritiesoverhisbrother。
Y。M。Areyoudeterminedtogoonbelievingintheseinsanities？Wouldyougoonbelievingintheminthefaceofableargumentsbackedbycollatedfactsandinstances？
O。M。Ihavebeenahumble，earnest，andsincereTruthSeeker。
Y。M。Verywell？
O。M。Thehumble，earnest，andsincereTruthSeekerisalwaysconvertiblebysuchmeans。
Y。M。IamthankfultoGodtohearyousaythis，fornowI
knowthatyourconversion
O。M。Wait。Youmisunderstand。IsaidIhaveBEENaTruthSeeker。
Y。M。Well？
O。M。Iamnotthatnow。Haveyourforgotten？ItoldyouthattherearenonebuttemporaryTruthSeekers;thatapermanentoneisahumanimpossibility;thatassoonastheSeekerfindswhatheisthoroughlyconvincedistheTruth，heseeksnofurther，butgivestherestofhisdaystohuntingjunktopatchitandcaulkitandpropitwith，andmakeitweatherproofandkeepitfromcavinginonhim。HencethePresbyterianremainsaPresbyterian，theMohammedanaMohammedan，theSpiritualistaSpiritualist，theDemocrataDemocrat，theRepublicanaRepublican，theMonarchistaMonarchist;andifahumble，earnest，andsincereSeekerafterTruthshouldfinditinthepropositionthatthemoonismadeofgreencheesenothingcouldeverbudgehimfromthatposition;forheisnothingbutanautomaticmachine，andmustobeythelawsofhisconstruction。
Y。M。Afterso
O。M。HavingfoundtheTruth;perceivingthatbeyondquestionmanhasbutonemovingimpulsethecontentingofhisownspirit
andismerelyamachineandentitledtonopersonalmeritforanythinghedoes，itisnothumanlypossibleformetoseekfurther。
Therestofmydayswillbespentinpatchingandpaintingandputtyingandcaulkingmypricelesspossessionandinlookingtheotherwaywhenanimploringargumentoradamagingfactapproaches。
1。TheMarquessofWorcesterhaddoneallofthismorethanacenturyearlier。
VI
InstinctandThoughtYoungMan。Itisodious。Thosedrunkentheoriesofyours，advancedawhileagoconcerningtheratandallthatstripManbareofallhisdignities，grandeurs，sublimities。
OldMan。Hehasn’tanytostriptheyareshams，stolenclothes。HeclaimscreditswhichbelongsolelytohisMaker。
Y。M。Butyouhavenorighttoputhimonalevelwitharat。
O。M。Idon’tmorally。Thatwouldnotbefairtotherat。
Theratiswellabovehim，there。
Y。M。Areyoujoking？
O。M。No，Iamnot。
Y。M。Thenwhatdoyoumean？
O。M。ThatcomesundertheheadoftheMoralSense。Itisalargequestion。Letusfinishwithwhatweareaboutnow，beforewetakeitup。
Y。M。Verywell。YouhaveseemedtoconcedethatyouplaceManandtheratonAlevel。Whatisit？Theintellectual？
O。M。Informnotadegree。
Y。M。Explain。
O。M。Ithinkthattherat’smindandtheman’smindarethesamemachine，butofunequalcapacitieslikeyoursandEdison’s;
liketheAfricanpygmy’sandHomer’s;liketheBushman’sandBismarck’s。
Y。M。Howareyougoingtomakethatout，whentheloweranimalshavenomentalqualitybutinstinct，whilemanpossessesreason？
O。M。Whatisinstinct？
Y。M。Itismerelyunthinkingandmechanicalexerciseofinheritedhabit。
O。M。Whatoriginatedthehabit？
Y。M。Thefirstanimalstartedit，itsdescendantshaveinheritedit。
O。M。Howdidthefirstonecometostartit？
Y。M。Idon’tknow;butitdidn’tTHINKitout。
O。M。Howdoyouknowitdidn’t？
Y。M。WellIhavearighttosupposeitdidn’t，anyway。
O。M。Idon’tbelieveyouhave。Whatisthought？
Y。M。Iknowwhatyoucallit:themechanicalandautomaticputtingtogetherofimpressionsreceivedfromoutside，anddrawinganinferencefromthem。
O。M。Verygood。Nowmyideaofthemeaninglessterm"instinct"is，thatitismerelyPETRIFIEDTHOUGHT;solidifiedandmadeinanimatebyhabit;thoughtwhichwasoncealiveandawake，butitbecomeunconsciouswalksinitssleep，sotospeak。
Y。M。Illustrateit。
O。M。Takeaherdofcows，feedinginapasture。Theirheadsareallturnedinonedirection。Theydothatinstinctively;theygainnothingbyit，theyhavenoreasonforit，theydon’tknowwhytheydoit。Itisaninheritedhabitwhichwasoriginallythoughtthatistosay，observationofanexteriorfact，andavaluableinferencedrawnfromthatobservationandconfirmedbyexperience。Theoriginalwildoxnoticedthatwiththewindinhisfavorhecouldsmellhisenemyintimetoescape;thenheinferredthatitwasworthwhiletokeephisnosetothewind。Thatistheprocesswhichmancallsreasoning。Man’sthoughtmachineworksjustliketheotheranimals’，butitisabetteroneandmoreEdisonian。Man，intheox’splace，wouldgofurther，reasonwider:hewouldfacepartoftheherdtheotherwayandprotectbothfrontandrear。
Y。M。Didyoustaytheterminstinctismeaningless？
O。M。Ithinkitisabastardword。Ithinkitconfusesus;
forasaruleitappliesitselftohabitsandimpulseswhichhadafarofforigininthought，andnowandthenbreakstheruleandappliesitselftohabitswhichcanhardlyclaimathoughtorigin。
Y。M。Giveaninstance。
O。M。Well，inputtingontrousersamanalwaysinsertsthesameoldlegfirstnevertheotherone。Thereisnoadvantageinthat，andnosenseinit。Allmendoit，yetnomanthoughtitoutandadopteditofsetpurpose，Iimagine。Butitisahabitwhichistransmitted，nodoubt，andwillcontinuetobetransmitted。
Y。M。Canyouprovethatthehabitexists？
O。M。Youcanproveit，ifyoudoubt。Ifyouwilltakeamantoaclothingstoreandwatchhimtryonadozenpairsoftrousers，youwillsee。
Y。M。Thecowillustrationisnot
O。M。Sufficienttoshowthatadumbanimal’smentalmachineisjustthesameasaman’sanditsreasoningprocessesthesame？
Iwillillustratefurther。IfyoushouldhandMr。Edisonaboxwhichyoucausedtoflyopenbysomeconcealeddevicehewouldinferaspring，andwouldhuntforitandfindit。Nowanuncleofminehadanoldhorsewhousedtogetintotheclosedlotwherethecorncribwasanddishonestlytakethecorn。Igotthepunishmentmyself，asitwassupposedthatIhadheedlesslyfailedtoinsertthewoodenpinwhichkeptthegateclosed。
Thesepersistentpunishmentsfatiguedme;theyalsocausedmetoinfertheexistenceofaculprit，somewhere;soIhidmyselfandwatchedthegate。Presentlythehorsecameandpulledthepinoutwithhisteethandwentin。Nobodytaughthimthat;hehadobservedthenthoughtitoutforhimself。HisprocessdidnotdifferfromEdison’s;heputthisandthattogetheranddrewaninferenceandthepeg，too;butImadehimsweatforit。
Y。M。Ithassomethingoftheseemingofthoughtaboutit。
Stillitisnotveryelaborate。Enlarge。
O。M。SupposeMr。Edisonhasbeenenjoyingsomeone’shospitalities。Hecomesagainbyandby，andthehouseisvacant。Heinfersthathishosthasmoved。Awhileafterward，inanothertown，heseesthemanenterahouse;heinfersthatthatisthenewhome，andfollowstoinquire。Here，now，istheexperienceofagull，asrelatedbyanaturalist。ThesceneisaScotchfishingvillagewherethegullswerekindlytreated。Thisparticulargullvisitedacottage;wasfed;camenextdayandwasfedagain;cameintothehouse，nexttime，andatewiththefamily;keptondoingthisalmostdaily，thereafter。But，oncethegullwasawayonajourneyforafewdays，andwhenitreturnedthehousewasvacant。Itsfriendshadremovedtoavillagethreemilesdistant。Severalmonthslateritsawtheheadofthefamilyonthestreetthere，followedhimhome，enteredthehousewithoutexcuseorapology，andbecameadailyguestagain。Gullsdonotrankhighmentally，butthisonehadmemoryandthereasoningfaculty，yousee，andappliedthemEdisonially。
Y。M。YetitwasnotanEdisonandcouldn’tbedevelopedintoone。
O。M。Perhapsnot。Couldyou？
Y。M。Thatisneitherherenorthere。Goon。
O。M。IfEdisonwereintroubleandastrangerhelpedhimoutofitandnextdayhegotintothesamedifficultyagain，hewouldinferthewisethingtodoincaseheknewthestranger’saddress。Hereisacaseofabirdandastrangerasrelatedbyanaturalist。AnEnglishmansawabirdflyingaroundabouthisdog’shead，downinthegrounds，andutteringcriesofdistress。
Hewenttheretoseeaboutit。Thedoghadayoungbirdinhismouthunhurt。Thegentlemanrescueditandputitonabushandbroughtthedogaway。Earlythenextmorningthemotherbirdcameforthegentleman，whowassittingonhisveranda，andbyitsmaneuverspersuadedhimtofollowittoadistantpartofthegroundsflyingalittlewayinfrontofhimandwaitingforhimtocatchup，andsoon;andkeepingtothewindingpath，too，insteadofflyingthenearwayacrosslots。Thedistancecoveredwasfourhundredyards。Thesamedogwastheculprit;hehadtheyoungbirdagain，andoncemorehehadtogiveitup。Nowthemotherbirdhadreasoneditallout:sincethestrangerhadhelpedheronce，sheinferredthathewoulddoitagain;sheknewwheretofindhim，andshewentuponhererrandwithconfidence。
HermentalprocesseswerewhatEdison’swouldhavebeen。SheputthisandthattogetherandthatisallthatthoughtISandoutofthembuiltherlogicalarrangementofinferences。Edisoncouldn’thavedoneitanybetterhimself。
Y。M。Doyoubelievethatmanyofthedumbanimalscanthink？
O。M。Yestheelephant，themonkey，thehorse，thedog，theparrot，themacaw，themockingbird，andmanyothers。Theelephantwhosematefellintoapit，andwhodumpeddirtandrubbishintothepittillbottomwasraisedhighenoughtoenablethecaptivetostepout，wasequippedwiththereasoningquality。
Iconceivethatallanimalsthatcanlearnthingsthroughteachinganddrillinghavetoknowhowtoobserve，andputthisandthattogetheranddrawaninferencetheprocessofthinking。
Couldyouteachanidiotofmanualsofarms，andtoadvance，retreat，andgothroughcomplexfieldmaneuversatthewordofcommand？
Y。M。Notifhewereathoroughidiot。
O。M。Well，canarybirdscanlearnallthat;dogsandelephantslearnallsortsofwonderfulthings。Theymustsurelybeabletonotice，andtoputthingstogether，andsaytothemselves，"Igettheidea，now:whenIdosoandso，asperorder，Iampraisedandfed;whenIdodifferentlyIampunished。"
FleascanbetaughtnearlyanythingthataCongressmancan。
Y。M。Granting，then，thatdumbanimalsareabletothinkuponalowplane，isthereanythatcanthinkuponahighone？
Isthereonethatiswelluptowardman？
O。M。Yes。Asathinkerandplannertheantistheequalofanysavageraceofmen;asaselfeducatedspecialistinseveralartssheisthesuperiorofanysavageraceofmen;andinoneortwohighmentalqualitiessheisabovethereachofanyman，savageorcivilized！
Y。M。Oh，come！youareabolishingtheintellectualfrontierwhichseparatesmanandbeast。
O。M。Ibegyourpardon。Onecannotabolishwhatdoesnotexist。
Y。M。Youarenotinearnest，Ihope。Youcannotmeantoseriouslysaythereisnosuchfrontier。
O。M。Idosayitseriously。Theinstancesofthehorse，thegull，themotherbird，andtheelephantshowthatthosecreaturesputtheirthis’sandthatstogetherjustasEdisonwouldhavedoneitanddrewthesameinferencesthathewouldhavedrawn。
Theirmentalmachinerywasjustlikehis，alsoitsmannerofworking。TheirequipmentwasasinferiortotheStrasburgclock，butthatistheonlydifferencethereisnofrontier。
Y。M。Itlooksexasperatinglytrue;andisdistinctlyoffensive。Itelevatesthedumbbeaststoto
O。M。Letusdropthatlyingphrase，andcallthemtheUnrevealedCreatures;sofaraswecanknow，thereisnosuchthingasadumbbeast。
Y。M。Onwhatgroundsdoyoumakethatassertion？
O。M。Onquitesimpleones。"Dumb"beastsuggestsananimalthathasnothoughtmachinery，nounderstanding，nospeech，nowayofcommunicatingwhatisinitsmind。WeknowthatahenHAS
speech。Wecannotunderstandeverythingshesays，butweeasilylearntwoorthreeofherphrases。Weknowwhensheissaying，"Ihavelaidanegg";weknowwhensheissayingtothechicks，"Runhere，dears，I’vefoundaworm";weknowwhatsheissayingwhenshevoicesawarning:"Quick！hurry！gatheryourselvesundermamma，there’sahawkcoming！"Weunderstandthecatwhenshestretchesherselfout，purringwithaffectionandcontentmentandliftsupasoftvoiceandsays，"Come，kitties，supper’sready";weunderstandherwhenshegoesmourningaboutandsays，"Wherecantheybe？Theyarelost。Won’tyouhelpmehuntforthem？"andweunderstandthedisreputableTomwhenhechallengesatmidnightfromhisshed，"Youcomeoverhere，youproductofimmoralcommerce，andI’llmakeyourfurfly！"Weunderstandafewofadog’sphrasesandwelearntounderstandafewoftheremarksandgesturesofanybirdorotheranimalthatwedomesticateandobserve。Theclearnessandexactnessofthefewofthehen’sspeecheswhichweunderstandisargumentthatshecancommunicatetoherkindahundredthingswhichwecannotcomprehendinaword，thatshecanconverse。AndthisargumentisalsoapplicableinthecaseofothersofthegreatarmyoftheUnrevealed。Itisjustlikeman’svanityandimpertinencetocallananimaldumbbecauseitisdumbtohisdullperceptions。
Nowastotheant
Y。M。Yes，gobacktotheant，thecreaturethatasyouseemtothinksweepsawaythelastvestigeofanintellectualfrontierbetweenmanandtheUnrevealed。
O。M。Thatiswhatshesurelydoes。InallhishistorytheaboriginalAustralianneverthoughtoutahouseforhimselfandbuiltit。Theantisanamazingarchitect。Sheisaweelittlecreature，butshebuildsastrongandenduringhouseeightfeethighahousewhichisaslargeinproportiontohersizeasisthelargestcapitolorcathedralintheworldcomparedtoman’ssize。Nosavageracehasproducedarchitectswhocouldapproachtheairingeniusorculture。Nocivilizedracehasproducedarchitectswhocouldplanahousebetterfortheusesproposedthancanhers。Herhousecontainsathroneroom;nurseriesforheryoung;granaries;apartmentsforhersoldiers，herworkers，etc。;andtheyandthemultifarioushallsandcorridorswhichcommunicatewiththemarearrangedanddistributedwithaneducatedandexperiencedeyeforconvenienceandadaptability。
Y。M。Thatcouldbemereinstinct。
O。M。Itwouldelevatethesavageifhehadit。Butletuslookfurtherbeforewedecide。Theanthassoldiersbattalions，regiments，armies;andtheyhavetheirappointedcaptainsandgenerals，wholeadthemtobattle。
Y。M。Thatcouldbeinstinct，too。
O。M。Wewilllookstillfurther。Theanthasasystemofgovernment;itiswellplanned，elaborate，andiswellcarriedon。
Y。M。Instinctagain。
O。M。Shehascrowdsofslaves，andisahardandunjustemployerofforcedlabor。
Y。M。Instinct。
O。M。Shehascows，andmilksthem。
Y。M。Instinct，ofcourse。
O。M。InTexasshelaysoutafarmtwelvefeetsquare，plantsit，weedsit，cultivatesit，gathersthecropandstoresitaway。
Y。M。Instinct，allthesame。
O。M。Theantdiscriminatesbetweenfriendandstranger。
SirJohnLubbocktookantsfromtwodifferentnests，madethemdrunkwithwhiskeyandlaidthem，unconscious，byoneofthenests，nearsomewater。Antsfromthenestcameandexaminedanddiscussedthesedisgracedcreatures，thencarriedtheirfriendshomeandthrewthestrangersoverboard。SirJohnrepeatedtheexperimentanumberoftimes。Foratimethesoberantsdidastheyhaddoneatfirstcarriedtheirfriendshomeandthrewthestrangersoverboard。Butfinallytheylostpatience，seeingthattheirreformatoryeffortswentfornothing，andthrewbothfriendsandstrangersoverboard。Comeisthisinstinct，orisitthoughtfulandintelligentdiscussionofathingnew
absolutelynewtotheirexperience;withaverdictarrivedat，sentencepassed，andjudgmentexecuted？Isitinstinct？thoughtpetrifiedbyagesofhabitorisn’titbrandnewthought，inspiredbythenewoccasion，thenewcircumstances？
Y。M。Ihavetoconcedeit。Itwasnotaresultofhabit;
ithasallthelookofreflection，thought，puttingthisandthattogether，asyouphraseit。Ibelieveitwasthought。
O。M。Iwillgiveyouanotherinstanceofthought。Franklinhadacupofsugaronatableinhisroom。Theantsgotatit。
Hetriedseveralpreventives;andantsrosesuperiortothem。
Finallyhecontrivedonewhichshutoffaccessprobablysetthetable’slegsinpansofwater，ordrewacircleoftararoundthecup，Idon’tremember。Atanyrate，hewatchedtoseewhattheywoulddo。Theytriedvariousschemesfailures，everyone。Theantswerebadlypuzzled。Finallytheyheldaconsultation，discussedtheproblem，arrivedatadecisionandthistimetheybeatthatgreatphilosopher。Theyformedinprocession，crossthefloor，climbedthewall，marchedacrosstheceilingtoapointjustoverthecup，thenonebyonetheyletgoandfelldownintoit！Wasthatinstinctthoughtpetrifiedbyagesofinheritedhabit？
Y。M。No，Idon’tbelieveitwas。Ibelieveitwasanewlyreasonedschemetomeetanewemergency。