第9章

CHAPTERIV

AcademicPrestigeandtheMaterialEquipmentInthecourseoftheprecedingchapterithasappearedthattheintroductionofbusinessprinciplesintouniversitypolicyhashadtheimmediateandubiquitouseffectofgreatlyheighteningthedirectorate’ssolicitudeforadueandcreditablepublicity，aconvincingvisiblesuccess，atactfulandeffectualshowingofefficiencyreflectedinanuninterruptedgrowthinsizeandothertangiblequantitativefeatures。Thisisgoodpolicyasseenfromthepointofviewofcompetitivebusinessenterprise。Incompetitivebusinessitisofthegravestimportancetokeepuptheconcern’sprestige，or"goodwill。"A

businessconcernsoplacedmustbepossessedofsuchprestigeaswilldrawandholdaprofitabletraffic;otherwisetheenterpriseisinaprecariouscase。Fortheobjectiveendandaimofbusinessenterpriseisprofitablesales，ortheequivalentofsuchsalesiftheconcernisnotoccupiedwithwhatwouldstrictlybecalledsales。Theendsoughtisanetgainovercosts;ineffect，tobuycheapandselldear。Thequalitiesthatcountasofprimeconsequenceinbusinessenterprise，therefore，particularlyinsuchbusinessenterpriseashastodowithmanyimpressionablecustomers，arethesalesmanlikevirtuesofeffronteryandtact。Thesearehighqualitiesinallbusiness，becausetheirdueexerciseisbelievedtobringanetreturnabovethecostofthegoodstotheseller，and，indeed，abovetheirvaluetothebuyer。Unlessthemanincompetitivebusinessisable，byforceofthesebusinesslikeaptitudes，togetsomethingmorethanhegives，itisfeltthathehasfallenshortofthehighestefficiency。Sotheefficientsalesman，andsimilarlytheefficientlymanagedbusinessconcern，areenabledtoaddtotheirmarketablegoodsanimmaterialincrementof"prestigevalue，"assomeoftheeconomistsarecallingit。A

marginofprepossessionsorillusionsastotheirsuperior，butintangibleandinexpensive，utilityattachestoagivenlineofgoodsbecauseoftheadvertiser’sorsalesman’swork，——workspentnotsomuchonthegoodsasonthecustomer’ssensibilities。

Incasetheseillusionsofsuperiorworthareofanenduringcharacter，theywilladdanincrementofsuchintangibleutilityalsotogoodsorothermarketableitemssubsequentlytobeofferedbythesameconcern;andtheycanbeaddedupasapresumptiveaggregateandcapitalizedasintangibleassetsofthebusinessconcerninquestion。Suchabodyofaccumulatedandmarketableillusionsconstitutewhatisknownas"good—will，"inthestrictersenseoftheterm。Theillusionsinquestionneed，ofcourse，notbedelusions;theymaybewellorillfounded;forthepurposeinhandthatisanidlequestion。

Themostfamiliarandconvincingillustrationsofsuchgoodwillareprobablythoseaffordedbythesalesofpatentmedicines，andsimilarproprietaryarticlesofhouseholdconsumption;butintangiblevaluesofasimilarnatureareinvolvedinnearlyallcompetitivebusiness。Theyaretheproductofsalesmanship，notofworkmanship;andtheyareusefultotheseller，nottothebuyer。Theyareusefulforpurposesofcompetitivegaintothebusinessman，notforserviceabilitytothecommunityatlarge，andtheirvaluetotheirpossessorliesinthedifferentialadvantagewhichtheygivetoonesellerasagainstanother。Theyhave，onthewhole，noaggregatevalueorutility。Fromthepointofviewofthecommongood，workandexpendituresoincurredforthesecompetitivepurposesarebootlesswaste。

Undercompulsionofsuchprecedents，drawnfromtheconductofcompetitivebusiness，publicityand"goodwill"havecometotakeaforemostplaceinthesolicitudeoftheacademicdirectorate。Notthatthisnotorietyandprestige，ortheeffortsthatgototheircultivation，conduceinanyappreciabledegreetoanyostensiblepurposeavowed，oravowable，byanyuniversity。

Thesethings，thatistosay，ratherhinderthanhelpthecauseoflearning，inthattheydivertattentionandeffortfromscholarlyworkmanshiptostatisticsandsalesmanship。Allthatisbeyondcavil。Thegainwhichsoaccruestoanyuniversityfromsuchanaccessionofpopularillusionsisadifferentialgainincompetitionwithrivalseatsoflearning，notagaintotherepublicoflearningortotheacademiccommunityatlarge;anditisagaininmarketableillusions，notinserviceabilityfortheendsoflearningorforanyotheravowedoravowableendsoughtbytheuniversities。Butascompetitorsforthegood—willoftheunletteredpatronsoflearningtheuniversitydirectoratesareconstrainedtokeepthisneedofareputablenotorietyconstantlyinmind，howeverlittleitmayallappealtotheirownscholarlytastes。

Itisinverylargepart，ifnotchiefly，astouchestheacquirementofprestige，thattheacademicworkandequipmentareamenabletobusinessprinciples，——notoverlookingthepervasivesystemofstandardizationandaccountancythataffectsboththeworkandtheequipment，andthatservesotherpurposesaswellasthoseofpublicity;sothat"businessprinciples"inacademicpolicycomestomean，chiefly，theprinciplesofreputablepublicity。Itmeansthismorefrequentlyandmoreconsistentlythananythingelse，sofarasregardstheacademicadministration，asdistinguishedfromthefiscalmanagementofthecorporation。

Ofcourse，thestandards，ideals，principlesandprocedureofbusinesstrafficenterintotheschemeofuniversitypolicyinotherrelationsalso，ashasalreadyappearedandaswillbeshownmoreatlargepresently;butafterallduequalificationishad，itremainstruethatthisbusinessofpublicitynecessarily，oratleastcommonly，accountsforadisproportionatelylargeshareofthebusinesstobetakencareofinconductingauniversity，ascontrastedwithsuchanenterprise，e。g。，asabank，asteelworks，orarailwaycompany，onacapitalofaboutthesamevolume。Thisfollowsfromthenatureofthecase。Thecommonrunofbusinessconcernsareoccupiedwithindustrialenterpriseofsomekind，andwithtransactionsincredit，——witharunningsequenceofbargainsfromwhichthegainsoftheconcernaretoaccrue，——anditisuponthesegainsthatattentionandeffortcenters，andtowhichthemanagementoftheconcernconstantlylooks。Suchconcernshavetomeettheircompetitorsinbuying，selling，andeffectingcontractsofallkinds，fromwhichtheirgainsaretocome。Auniversity，ontheotherhand，canlooktonosuchgainsintheworkwhichisitssoleostensibleinterestandoccupation;andthepecuniarytransactionsandarrangementswhichitentersintoonthebasisofitsaccumulatedprestigearearelativelyverytrivialmatter。

Thereis，inshort，noappreciablepecuniarygaintobelookedforfromanytrafficrestingontheacquiredprestige，andthereforethereisnorelationofequivalenceordiscrepancybetweenanyoutlayincurredinthisbehalfandthevolumeofgainfulbusinesstobetransactedonthestrengthofit;withtheresultthattheacademicdirectorateappliesitselftothispursuitwithoutarri鑢epens閑。Sofarastheacquiredprestigeisdesignedtoserveapecuniaryenditcanonlybeusefulinthewayofimpressingpotentialdonors，ahighlyspeculativelineofenterprise，offeringasuggestiveparalleltothedrawingsofalottery。

Outlayforthepurposeofpublicityisnotconfinedtotheemploymentoffield—agentsandthecirculationofcreditablegossipandreassuringprintedmatter。Thegreatershareofitcomesinasincidentaltotheinstallationofplantandequipmentandtheroutineofacademiclifeandceremony。Asregardsthematerialequipment，thedemandsofacreditableappearancearepervadingandrigorous;andtheirconsequencesinthewayofelaborateandpremeditatedincidentalsare，perhaps，hereseenattheirbest。Tothelaitya"university"hascometomean，inthefirstplaceandindispensably，anaggregationofbuildingsandotherimprovedreal—estate。Thismaterialequipmentstrikesthelayattentiondirectlyandconvincingly;whilethepursuitoflearningisarelativelyobscurematter，themotionsofwhichcannotwellbefollowedbytheunlettered，evenwiththehelpofthenewspapersandthecircularliteraturethatissuesfromtheuniversity’spublicitybureau。Theacademicworkis，afterall，unseen，anditstaysinthebackground。Currentexpenditurefortheprosecutionofthiswork，therefore，offerstheenterpriseinadvertisementalessadvantageousfieldfortheconvincinguseoffundsthanthematerialequipment，especiallythelargeritems，——laboratoryandlibrarybuildings，assemblyhalls，curiousmuseumexhibits，groundsforathleticcontests，andthelike。

Thereisconsequentlyasteadydriftofprovocationtowardsexpenditureonconspicuousextensionsofthe"plant，"andacorrelativeconstanttemptationtoparsimonyinthemoreobscurematterofnecessarysuppliesandservice，andsimilarrunning—expenseswithoutwhichtheplantcannoteffectuallybeturnedtoaccountforitsostensibleuse;withtheresult，notinfrequently，thattheusefulnessofanimposingplantisseriouslyimpairedforwantofwhatmaybecalled"workingcapital。"（1*）

Indeed，instancesmightbecitedwherefundsthatweremuchneededtohelpoutinmeetingrunningexpenseshavebeenturnedtouseforconspicuousextensionsoftheplantinthewayofbuildings，inexcessnotonlyofwhatwasneededfortheirallegedpurposebutinexcessofwhatcouldconvenientlybemadeuseof。Moreparticularlyisthereamarkedproclivitytoextendtheplantandtheschoolorganizationintonewfieldsofscholasticenterprise，oftenirrelevantorquiteforeigntotheprovinceoftheuniversityasaseminaryoflearning;andtopushthesealienramifications，totheneglectoftheurgentneedsoftheacademicworkalreadyinhand，inthewayofequipment，maintenance，supplies，serviceandinstruction。

Therunning—expensesarealwaysthemosturgentitemsofthebudget，asseenfromthestandpointoftheacademicwork;andtheyareordinarilytheitemthatismostparsimoniouslyprovidedfor。Ascantyprovisionatthispointunequivocallymeansadisproportionatecurtailmentoftheusefulnessoftheequipmentaswellasofthepersonnel，——as，e。g。，theextremelycommonandextremelyunfortunatepracticeofkeepingtheallowanceformaintenanceandserviceintheuniversitylibrariessolowasseriouslytoimpairtheirserviceability。Buttheexigenciesofprestigewilleasilymakeitseemmoretothepoint，intheeyesofabusinesslikeexecutive，toprojectanewextensionoftheplant;whichwillthenbehalf—employed，onascantyallowance，inworkwhichliesontheouterfringeorbeyondtheuniversity’slegitimateprovince。（2*）

Insodiscriminatingagainsttheworkingcapacityoftheuniversity，andinfavourofitsreal—estate，thispursuitofreputablepublicityfurtherdecidesthattheexteriorofthebuildingsandthegroundsshouldhavethefirstandlargestattention。Itistrue，theinitialpurposeofthismaterialequipment，itisostensiblybelieved，istoserveashousingandappliancesfortheworkofinquiryandinstruction。Such，ofcourse，continuestobeavoweditsmainpurpose，inaperfunctorilyostensibleway。Thismeansaprovisionoflibraries，laboratories，andlecturerooms。Thelastoftheseistheleastexacting，anditistheonemostcommonlywellsupplied。Itisalso，onthewhole，themoreconspicuousinproportiontotheoutlay。Butallthesearematterschieflyofinteriorarrangement，appliancesandmaterials，andtheyareallofarelativelyinconspicuouscharacter。Exceptasdetailedinprintedstatisticstheydonotordinarilylendthemselveswithappreciableeffecttotheartofadvertising。Inmeetingallthesematerialrequirementsoftheworkinhandaverylargeexpenditureoffundsmightadvantageouslybemade——

advantageouslytotheacademicusewhichtheyaretoserve——

withoutmuchvisibleeffectasseeninperspectivefromtheoutside。Andsofarasbearsonthisacademicuse，theexteriorofthebuildingsisamatterofaltogetherminorconsequence，asarealsothedecorativeappointmentsoftheinterior。

Inpractice，undercompulsionofthebusinessprinciplesofpublicity，itwillbefound，however，thattheexteriorandthedecorativeappointmentsarethechiefobjectofthedesigner’sattention;theinteriorarrangementandworkingappointmentswillnotinfrequentlybecomeamatterofrudeapproximationtotherequirementsofthework，carebeingfirsttakenthatthesearrangementsshallnotinterferewiththedecorativeorspectacularintentoftheoutside。Butevenwiththebest—advisedmanagementofitspublicityvalue，itisalwaysappreciablymoredifficulttosecureappropriationsforthematerialequipmentofalaboratoryorlibrarythanfortheshelloftheedifice，andstillmoresoforthemaintenanceofanadequatecorpsofcaretakersandattendants。

Aswillbefoundtrueofotherlinesofthisuniversityenterpriseinpublicity，soalsoastothispresentationofareputableexterior;itisdesignedtoimpressnottheacademicpersonnel，orthescholarlyelementatlarge，butthelaity。Theacademicfolkandscholarsarecommonlylesssusceptibletotheappealofcuriousfacadesandperplexingfeatsofarchitecture;

andthen，suchanappealwouldhavenoparticularmotiveintheircase;itisnotnecessarytoimpressthem。Itisintheeyesoftheunlettered，particularlythebusinesscommunity，thatitisdesirablefortheuniversitytopresentanimposingfront;thatbeingthefeatureofacademicinstallationwhichtheywillreadilyappreciate。Tocarryinstantconvictionofahighacademicworthtothislargeelementofthepopulace，theuniversitybuildingsshouldbulklargeinthelandscape，shouldbewastefullyexpensive，andshouldconformtothearchitecturalmannerismsinpresentvogue。Inafewyearsthestyleofarchitecturalaffectationswillchange，ofcourse，asfashionsnecessarilychangeinanycommunitywhosetastesaregovernedbypecuniarystandards;andanyparticulararchitecturalcontrivancewillthereforepresentlylosemuchofitsprestigevalue;butbythetimeitsoisovertakenbyobsolescence，thestructureswhichembodytheparticularaffectationinquestionwillhavemadetheappealforwhichtheyweredesigned，andsowillhaveservedtheirpurposeofpublicity。Andthen，too，edificescreatedwithathriftyviewtoalargespectaculareffectatalowcostarealsoliabletosorapidaphysicaldecayastobereadyforremovalandreplacementbeforetheyhavegreatlyoutlivedtheirusefulnessinthisrespect。

Inrecentscholasticedificesoneisnotsurprisedtofindlectureroomsacousticallyilldesigned，andwithanannoyingdistributionoflight，duetotherequirementsofexteriorsymmetryandthedecorativedistributionofwindows;andthelikeholdstrueeveninahigherdegreeforlibrariesandlaboratories，sincefortheseusesthedemandsintheserespectsareevenmoreexacting。Norisitunusualtofindwasteofspaceandweaknessofstructure，due，e。g。，toafictitiouswindingstair，thrownintothedesigntopermitsuchafacadeaswillsimulatethedefensivedetailsofamediaevalkeep，tobesurmountedwithembrasuredbattlementsanda（make—believe）

loopholedturret。So，again，spacewill，onthesameground，bewastedinheavy—ceiled，ill—lightedlobbies;whichmightoncehaveservedasamusteringplaceforabodyofunrulymen—at—arms，butwhichmeannothingmoretothepointtoday，andinthesepremises，thansomanyinconvenientflagstonestobecrossedincomingandgoing。

Theseprinciplesofspectacularpublicitydemandaniceadjustmentoftheconspicuousfeaturesoftheplanttothecurrentvagariesindecorativeartandmagnificence，thatistosay，conformitytothesophisticationscurrentonthatlevelofcultureonwhichtheseunletteredmenofsubstanceliveandmoveandhavetheirbeing。Astouchesthecaseoftheseatsoflearning，thesecurrentlaysophisticationsdrawonseveralmoreorlessdiverse，andnotaltogethercongruous，linesofconventionallyapprovedmanifestationoftheabilitytopay。Outofthepastcomestheconventionalpreconceptionthatthesescholasticedificesshouldshowsomethingofthereveredtraitsofecclesiasticalandmonasticreal—estate;whileoutofthepresentcomesaningrainedpredilectionforthemoresprightlyandexuberanteffectsofdecorationandmagnificencetowhichthemodernconcert—hall，themoreexpensivecafesandclubrooms，andthePullmancoacheshavegivenadegreeofauthentication。Anyonegiventocuriousinquirymightfindcongenialemploymentintracingoutthemannerandproportioninwhichthese，andthelike，strainsofaestheticindoctrinationareblendedintheedificesandgroundsofawell—advisedmodernuniversity。

Itisnotnecessaryheretooffermanyspeculationsontheenduringartisticmeritofthesecostlystagepropertiesoftheseatsoflearning，sincetheirpermanentvalueinthatrespectisscarcelytoberatedasasubstantialmotiveintheirconstruction。Butthereis，e。g。，noobviousreasonwhy，withthenextchangeinthetideofmannerism，thedisjointedgrotesqueriesofaneclecticandmodifiedGothicshouldnotpresentlypassintothesamecategoryofapologeticneglect，withthearchitecturalevilswroughtbythemid—Victoriangeneration。

Butthereisanothersidetothisarchitectureofnotoriety，thatmeritssomeslightfurtherremark。Itisconsistentlyandunavoidablymeretricious。Justatpresenttheenjoinedvogueissomeformofbastardantique。Thearchaicformswhichitostensiblypreservesarestructurallyoutofdate，illadaptedtothemodernmaterialsandthemodernbuilder’suseofmaterials。

Modernbuilding，onalargescaleanddesignedfordurableresults，isframeworkbuilding。Themodernrequirementsoflight，heating，ventilationandaccessrequireittobesuch;andthematerialsusedlendthemselvestothatmannerofconstruction。

Thestrainsinvolvedinmodernstructuresareframe—workstrains;

whereastheformswhichtheseedificesarerequiredtosimulatearemasonryforms。Theoutwardconformationandostensiblestructureofthebuildings，therefore，arecommonlymeaningless，exceptasanarchitecturalprevarication。Theyhavetobeadapted，simulated，deranged，becauseinmodernusetheyareimpracticableintheshape，proportionandcombinationthatofrightbelongedtothemunderthecircumstancesofmaterialsandusesunderwhichtheywereonceworkedout。Sothereresultsameaninglessjuxtapositionofdetails，thatprovenothingindetailandcontradictoneanotherinassemblage。Allofwhichmaysuggestreflectionsonthefitnessofhousingthequestoftruthinanedificeoffalsepretences。

Thesearchitecturalvagariesservenousefulendinacademiclife。Asanobjectlessontheyconduce，intheirmeasure，toinculcateinthestudentsaspiritofdisingenuousness。Buttheyspreadabroadtheprestigeoftheuniversityasanornateandspendthriftestablishment;whichisbelievedtobringincreasedenrolmentofstudentsand，whatisevenmoretothepoint，toconciliatethegood—willoftheopulentpatronsoflearning。Thattheseedificesaregoodforthispurpose，andthatthispolicyofarchitecturalmiseensceneiswise，appearsfromthegreaterreadinesswithwhichfundsareprocuredforsuchornateconstructionsthanforanyotheracademicuse。Itappearsthatthesuccessfulmenofaffairstowhomtheappealforfundsisdirected，findthesewasteful，ornateandmeretriciousedificesacompetentexpressionoftheirculturalhopesandambitions。

NOTES:

1。Asingleillustrativeinstancemayservetoshowhowthelandliesinthisrespect，eventhoughitmayseemtotheuninitiatedtobeanextremeifnotanexaggeratedcase;whileitmayperhapsstrikethosefamiliarwiththesemattersasatediouscommonplace。Afewyearsago，inoneofthelarger，youngerandmoreenterprisinguniversities，acommodiouslaboratory，wellappointedandadequatelydecorated，wasdedicatedtooneofthebranchesofbiologicalscience。Tomeettheneedsofscientificworksuchalaboratoryrequirestheservicesofacorpsofexperiencedandintelligentassistantsandcaretakers，particularlywheretheestablishmentisequippedwithmodernappliancesforheating，ventilationandthelike，aswasthecaseinthisinstance。Inthislaboratorythenecessarywarmthwassuppliedbywhatissometimescalledthemethodofindirectsteamheat;thatistosay，theprovisionforheatandforventilationwerecombinedinonesetofappliances，bybringingtheneededairfromtheopenthroughanoutdoor"intake，"passingitoversteam—heatedcoils（inthebasementofthebuilding），andsodistributingtheairnecessaryforventilation，atthepropertemperature，throughoutthebuildingbymeansofasuitablearrangementofair—shafts。Suchwasthedesign。Butintelligentservicecomeshigh，andignorantjanitorsarewillingtoundertakewhatmaybeaskedofthem。Andsufficientwarmthcanbehadinaninclementclimateandthroughalongwinterseasononlyatanappreciableexpense。So，withaviewtoeconomy，andwithouttheknowledgeofthescientificstaffwhomadeuseofthelaboratory，theexpedientwashituponbytheacademicexecutive，inconsultationwithasuitablejanitor，thattheoutdoorintakebeboardeduptightly。sothattheairwhichpassedovertheheatingcoilsandthroughtheair—shaftstothelaboratoryroomswasthenceforthdrawnnotfromtheextremelycoldatmosphereofoutdoorsbutfromthemoretemperatesupplythatfilledthebasementandhadalreadyhadthebenefitofcirculatingoverthesteamcoilsandthroughtheventilatingshafts。Bythismeansanobvioussavinginfuelwouldbeeffected，correspondingtotheheatdifferentialbetweentheoutdoorair，atsome0*to—20*andthatalreadyconfinedinthebuilding，atsome60*。Howlongthisfuel—savingexpedientwasinforcecannotwellbeascertained，butitisknowntohavelastedatleastformorethanoneseason。

Themembersofthescientificstaffmeantimemysteriouslybutpersistentlyfellsickafterafewweeksofworkinthelaboratory，recurrentlyaftereachreturnfromenforcedvacations。Until，intheend，movedbypersistentsuspicionsofsewer—gas——which，bytheway，hadinthemeantimecostsomefutileinconvenienceandexpenseoccasionedbyunnecessaryoverhaulingoftheplumbing——oneofthestaffpriedintothejanitor’sdomaininthebasement;wherehefoundnearthechamberofthesteamcoilsalooselyclosedman—holeleadingintothesewers，fromwhichapparentlysuchairwasdrawnaswouldnecessarilygotooffsetthecurrentleakagefromthisclosedsystemofventilation。

2。ThisisanearlyuniversalinfirmityofAmericanuniversitypolicy，butitisdoubtlessnottobesetdownsolelytotheaccountofthepenchantforalargepublicityonthepartoftheseveralacademicexecutives。Itisinalllikelihooddueasmuchtotheequallyubiquitousinabilityofthegoverningboardstoappreciateortoperceivewhatthecurrentneedsoftheacademicworkare，orevenwhattheyarelike。Mentrainedintheconductofbusinessenterprise，asthegoverningboardsare，willhavegreatdifficultyinpersuadingthemselvesthatexpenditureswhichyieldneitherincreaseddividendsnorsuchadurablephysicalproductascanbeinvoicedandaddedtothecapitalization，canbeotherthanafrivolouswasteofgoodmoney;sothatwhatiswithheldfromcurrentacademicexpenditureisfelttobesaved，whilethatexpenditurewhichleavesatangibleresidueof（perhapsuseless）realestateis，byforceofingrainedhabit，ratedasnewinvestment。

CHAPTERV

TheAcademicPersonnelAsregardsthepersonneloftheacademicstaffthecontrolenforcedbytheprinciplesofcompetitivebusinessismoresubtle，complexandfar—reaching，andshouldmeritmoreparticularattention。Thestaffistheuniversity，oritshouldsobeiftheuniversityistodeservetheplaceassigneditintheschemeofcivilization。Thereforethecentralandgravestquestiontouchingcurrentacademicpolicyisthequestionofitsbearingonthepersonnelandtheworkwhichthereisforthemtodo。Intheapprehensionofmanycriticsthewholequestionofuniversitycontroliscomprisedinthedealingsoftheexecutivewiththestaff。

Whetherthepowerofappointmentvestsformallyinonemanorinaboard，inAmericanpracticeitcommonlyvests，ineffect，intheacademicexecutive。Inpractice，thepowerofremoval，aswellasthatofadvancement，restsinthesamehands。Thebusinesslikerequirementsofthecasebringittothisoutcomedefacto，whateverformalitiesofproceduremayintervenedejure。

Itliesinthenatureofthecasethatthisappointingpowerwilltendtocreateafacultyafteritsownkind。Itwillbequicktorecognizeefficiencywithinthelinesofitsowninterests，andslowertoseefitnessinthoselinesthatlieoutsideofitshorizon，whereitmustnecessarilyactonoutsidesolicitationandhearsayevidence。

Theselectiveeffectofsuchabias，guidedasonemightsay，bya"consciousnessofkind，"maybeseeninthoseestablishmentsthathaveremainedunderclericaltutelage;where，notoriously，thefirstqualificationlookedtoinanapplicantforworkasateacherishisreligiousbias。Butthebiasofthesegoverningboardsandexecutivesthatareunderclericalcontrolhasafterallbeenabletoeffectonlyapartial，thoughfar—reaching，conformitytoclericalidealsoffitnessinthefacultiessoselected;moreespeciallyinthelargerandmodernizedschoolsofthisclass。Inpracticeitisfoundnecessarysomewhattowinkatdevotionalshortcomingsamongtheirteachers;clerical，orpronouncedlydevout，scientiststhatarepassablycompetentintheirscience，areofveryrareoccurrence;andyetsomethingpresentableinthewayofmodernscienceisconventionallyrequiredbytheseschools，inordertolive，andsotoeffectanypartoftheirpurpose。Halfaloafisbetterthannobread。Nonebuttheprecariousclassofschoolsmadeupofthelowergradeandsmallerofthesecolleges，suchasarecontenttosavetheirsoulsalivewithoutexertinganyeffectonthecurrentofcivilization，areabletogetalongwithfacultiesmadeupexclusivelyofGod—fearingmen。

Somethingofthesamekind，andinsomewhatthesamedegree，istruefortheschoolsunderthetutelageofbusinessmen。Whilethebusinesslikeidealmaybeafacultywhollymadeupofmenhighlygiftedwithbusinesssense，itisnotpracticabletoassemblesuchafacultywhichshallatthesametimebeplausiblycompetentinscienceandscholarship。Scientistsandscholarsgivenovertothepursuitofknowledgeareconventionallyindispensabletoauniversity，andsucharecommonlynotlargelygiftedwithbusinesssense，eitherbyhabitorbynativegift。

Thetwolinesofinterest——businessandscience——donotpulltogether;acompetentscientistorscholarwellendowedwithbusinesssenseisasrareasadevoutscientist——almostasrareasawhiteblackbird。Yettheinclusionofmenofscientificgiftsandattainmentsamongitsfacultyisindispensabletotheuniversity，ifitistoavoidinstantandpalpablestultification。

Sothatthemostthatcanpracticallybeaccomplishedbyabusinesslikeselectionandsurveillanceoftheacademicpersonnelwillbeacompromise;wherebyagoodlynumberofthefacultywillbeselectedongroundsofbusinesslikefitness，moreorlesspronounced，whileaworkingminoritymustcontinuetobemadeupofmenwithoutmuchbusinessproficiencyandwithoutpronouncedloyaltytocommercialprinciples。

Thisfluctuatingmarginoflimitationhasapparentlynotyetbeenreached，perhapsnoteveninthemostenterprisingofouruniversities。Suchshouldbethemeaningofthefactthatacontinuedcommercializationoftheacademicstaffappearsstilltobeinprogress，inthesensethatbusinesslikefitnesscountsprogressivelyformoreinappointmentsandpromotions。Thesebusinesslikequalificationsdonotcomprisemerelyfacilityintheconductofpecuniaryaffairs，evenifsuchfacilitybeconceivedtoincludethespecialaptitudesandproficiencythatgotothemakingofasuccessfuladvertiser。Inacademiccirclesaselsewherebusinesslikefitnessincludessolvencyaswellascommercialgenius。Bothofthesequalificationsareusefulinthecompetitivemanoeuvresinwhichtheacademicbodyisengaged。Butwhilethetwoareapparentlygivenincreasingweightintheselectionandgradingoftheacademicpersonnel，theprecedentsandspecificationsforastandardratingofmeritinthisbearinghavehithertonotbeenworkedouttosuchanicetyastoallowmuchmorethanamoreorlesscloseapproachtoaconsistentapplicationoftheprincipleintheaveragecase。Andthereliesalwaystheinfirmityinthebackgroundofthesystemthatifthestaffwereselectedconsistentlywithaneyesingletobusinesscapacityandbusinessanimustheuniversitywouldpresentlybefunctaofficio，andthecaptainoferuditionwouldfindhisoccupationgone。

Auniversityisanendowedinstitutionofculture;whethertheendowmenttaketheformofassignedincome，asinthestateestablishments，oroffundedwealth，aswithmostotheruniversities。Suchfractionoftheincomeasisassignedtothesalaryroll，andwhichthereforecomesinquestionhere，isapportionedamongthestaffforworkwhichhasnodeterminatemarketvalue。Itisnotamatterofquidproquo;sinceonememberoftheexchange，thestipendorsalary，ismeasurableinpecuniarytermsandtheotherisnot。Thisworkhasnobusinessvalue，insofarasitisworkproperlyincludedamongthedutiesoftheacademicmen。Indeed，itisafairlysafetest;workthathasacommercialvaluedoesnotbelongintheuniversity。Suchservicesoftheacademicstaffashaveabusinessvaluearethoseportionsoftheirworkthatserveotherendsthanthehigherlearning;as，e。g。，theprestigeandpecuniarygainoftheinstitutionatlarge，thepecuniaryadvantageofagivencliqueorfactionwithintheuniversity，ortheprofitandrenownofthedirectivehead。Gainsthataccrueforservicesofthisgeneralcharacterarenot，properlyspeaking，salaryorstipendpayabletoward"theincreaseanddiffusionofknowledgeamongmen，"eveniftheyarecurrentlysodesignated，intheabsenceofsuitabledistinctions。Instancesofsuchadiversionofcorporatefundstoprivateendshaveinthepastoccurredincertainmonasticandpriestlyorders，aswellasinsomemodernpoliticalorganizations。Organizedmalversationofthischaracterhaslatterlybeencalled"graft。"Thelong—termcommonsenseofthecommunitywouldpresentlydisavowanycorporationoflearningovertlypursuingsuchacourse，asbeingfaithlesstoitstrust，andtheconservationoflearningwouldsopassintootherhands。