第1章

IntroductoryNoteJamesRussellLowell，poet，essayist，diplomatist，andscholar，wasbornatCambridge，Massachusetts，onFebruary22，1819，thesonofaUnitarianminister。EducatedatHarvardCollege，hetriedthelaw，butsoongaveitupforliterature。Hispoemon"ThePresentCrisis，"writtenin1844，washisfirstreallynotableproduction，andonethatmadeadeepimpressiononthepublicmind。Inthetwentyyearsoftroubledpoliticsthatfollowed，onefindsitconstantlyquoted。Theyear1848sawfourvolumesfromLowell"spen-abookof"Poems，"the"FableforCritics，""TheBiglowPapers，"andthe"VisionofSirLaunfal。"Thesecondoftheseexhibitedtheauthoraswitandcritic，thethirdaspoliticalreformer，thefourthaspoetandmystic；

andthesevarioussidesofhispersonalitycontinuetoappearwithvaryingprominencethroughouthiscareer。

OntheretirementofLongfellowfromthechairofbelles-lettresatHarvardin1854，Lowellwaselectedtosucceedhim，andbywayofpreparationspentthenexttwoyearsinEuropestudyingmodernlanguagesandliteratures。

In1857hebecamethefirsteditoroftheAtlanticMonthly，andafter1864hecollaboratedwithCharlesEliotNortonintheeditorshipoftheNorthAmericanReview。ThroughouttheperiodofthewarLowellwrotemuchbothinproseandverseonbehalfoftheUnion；hisworkontheNorthAmericanwaslargelyliterarycriticism。

In1877LowellwenttoSpainasAmericanMinister，andin1880toLondon，whereforfiveyearsherepresentedtheUnitedStateswithgreatdistinction，anddidmuchtoimprovetherelationsofthetwocountries。Sixyearsafterhisreturn，onAugust12，1891，hediedinElmwood，thehouseinCambridgewherehewasborn。

Lowell"sliterarygiftsweresovariousthatitisdifficulttosayonwhichofthemhisfinalreputationwillrest。Butitiscertainthathewilllongbeesteemedforthegrace，vivacity，andeloquenceoftheproseinwhichheplacedbeforetheworldhisviewsonsuchgreatAmericanprinciplesandpersonalitiesasaredealtwithinthefollowingessayon"Democracy"。

OnDemocracyInauguralAddressonAssumingthePresidencyoftheBirminghamandMidlandInstitute，Birmingham，England，6October，1884

Hemustbeabornleaderormisleaderofmen，ormusthavebeensentintotheworldunfurnishedwiththatmodulatingandrestrainingbalance-wheelwhichwecallasenseofhumor，who，inoldage，hasasstrongaconfidenceinhisopinionsandinthenecessityofbringingtheuniverseintoconformitywiththemashehadinyouth。Inaworldtheveryconditionofwhosebeingisthatitshouldbeinperpetualflux，whereallseemsmirage，andtheoneabidingthingistheefforttodistinguishrealitiesfromappearances，theelderlymanmustbeindeedofasingularlytoughandvalidfibrewhoiscertainthathehasanyclarifiedresiduumofexperience，anyassuredverdictofreflection，thatdeservestobecalledanopinion，orwho，evenifhehad，feelsthatheisjustifiedinholdingmankindbythebuttonwhileheisexpoundingit。

Andinaworldofdaily-nay，almosthourly-journalism，whereeverycleverman，everymanwhothinkshimselfclever，orwhomanybodyelsethinksclever，iscalledupontodeliverhisjudgmentpoint-blankandatthewordofcommandoneveryconceivablesubjectofhumanthought，oronwhatsometimesseemstohimverymuchthesamething，oneveryinconceivabledisplayofhumanwantofthought，thereissuchaspendthriftwasteofallthosecommonplaceswhichfurnishthepermittedstapleofpublicdiscoursethatthereislittlechanceofbeguilinganewtuneoutoftheone-stringedinstrumentonwhichwehavebeenthrummingsolong。Inthisdesperatenecessityoneisoftentemptedtothinkthat，ifallthewordsofthedictionaryweretumbleddowninaheapandthenallthosefortuitousjuxtapositionsandcombinationsthatmadetolerablesensewerepickedoutandpiecedtogether，wemightfindamongthemsomepoignantsuggestionstowardsnoveltyofthoughtorexpression。But，alas！itisonlythegreatpoetswhoseemtohavethisunsolicitedprofusionofunexpectedandincalculablephrase，thisinfinitevarietyoftopic。

Foreverybodyelseeverythinghasbeensaidbefore，andsaidoveragainafter。HewhohasreadhisAristotlewillbeapttothinkthatobservationhasonmostpointsofgeneralapplicabilitysaiditslastword，andhewhohasmountedthetowerofPlatototookabroadfromitwillneverhopetoclimbanotherwithsoloftyavantageofspeculation。Whereitissosimpleifnotsoeasyathingtoholdone"speace，whyaddtothegeneralconfusionoftongues？Thereissomethingdisheartening，too，inbeingexpectedtofillupnotlessthanacertainmeasureoftime，asifthemindwereanhour-glass，thatneedonlybeshakenandsetononeendortheother，asthecasemaybe，torunitsallottedsixtyminuteswithdecorousexactitude。Irecollectbeingoncetoldbythelateeminentnaturalist，Agassiz，thatwhenhewastodeliverhisfirstlectureasprofessor（atZurich，Ibelieve）hehadgravedoubtsofhisabilitytooccupytheprescribedthreequartersofanhour。Hewasspeakingwithoutnotes，andglancinganxiouslyfromtimetotimeatthewatchthatlaybeforehimonthedesk。"WhenIhadspokenahalfhour，"hesaid，"IhadtoldthemeverythingI

knewintheworld，everything！ThenIbegantorepeatmyself，"headded，roguishly"andIhavedonenothingelseeversince。"BeneaththehumorousexaggerationofthestoryIseemedtoseethefaceofaveryseriousandimprovingmoral。Andyetifoneweretosayonlywhathehadtosayandthenstopped，hisaudiencewouldfeeldefraudedoftheirhonestmeasure。

LetustakecouragebytheexampleoftheFrench，whoseexportationofBordeauxwinesincreasesastheareaoftheirlandinvineyardsisdiminished。

Tome，somewhathopelesslyrevolvingthesethings，theundelayableyearhasrolledround，andIfindmyselfcalledupontosaysomethinginthisplace，wheresomanywisermenhavespokenbeforeme。Precluded，inmyqualityofnationalguest，bymotivesoftasteanddiscretion，fromdealingwithanyquestionofimmediateanddomesticconcern，itseemedtomewisest，oratanyratemostprudent，tochooseatopicofcomparativelyabstractinterest，andtoaskyourindulgenceforafewsomewhatgeneralizedremarksonamatterconcerningwhichIhadsomeexperimentalknowledge，derivedfromtheuseofsucheyesandearsasNaturehadbeenpleasedtoendowmewithal，andsuchreportasIhadbeenabletowinfromthem。Thesubjectwhichmostreadilysuggesteditselfwasthespiritandtheworkingofthoseconceptionsoflifeandpolitywhicharelumpedtogether，whetherforreproachorcommendation，underthenameofDemocracy。Bytemperamentandeducationofaconservativeturn，IsawthelastyearsofthatquaintArcadiawhichFrenchtravellerssawwithdelightedamazementacenturyago，andhavewatchedthechange（tomeasadone）fromanagriculturaltoaproletarypopulation。ThetestimonyofBalaamshouldcarrysomeconviction。

Ihavegrowntomanhoodandamnowgrowingoldwiththegrowthofthissystemofgovernmentinmynativeland，havewatcheditsadvances，orwhatsomewouldcallitsencroachments，gradualandirresistibleasthoseofaglacier，havebeenanear-witnesstotheforebodingsofwiseandgoodandtimidmenandhavelivedtoseethoseforebodingsbeliedbythecourseofevents，whichisapttoshowitselfhumorouslycarelessofthereputationofprophets。Irecollecthearingasagaciousoldgentlemansayin1840

thatthedoingawaywiththepropertyqualificationforsuffragetwentyyearsbeforehadbeentheruinoftheStateofMassachusetts；thatithadputpubliccreditandprivateestatealikeatthemercyofdemagogues。IlivedtoseethatCommonwealthtwentyoddyearslaterpayingtheinterestonherbondsingold，thoughitcosthersometimesnearlythreeforonetokeepherfaith，andthatwhilesufferinganunparalleleddrainofmenandtreasureinhelpingtosustaintheunityandself-respectofthenation。

Ifuniversalsuffragehasworkedillinourlargercities，asitcertainlyhas，thishasbeenmainlybecausethehandsthatwieldeditwereuntrainedtoitsuse。