第18章

`EnsayodelaHistoriaCivildelParaguay"，etc。，vol。iii。，cap。viii。，p。119。

OnJuly2twoshipsarrivedinBuenosAyresbringingthenewsthatthedecreehadbeenputinforceinSpainonApril2withsuccess。

AsallthecrewofboththeshipsknewwhathadhappenedinSpain，concealmentofhisplanbecamenolongerpossible。Thus，hadtheJesuitspossessedeitherthewishorthemeanstomakeanarmedresistance，theyhadampletimetostandontheirdefence。

Nothingwasfurtherfromtheirminds，thoughtheyhadcompletedominionoveraterritoryaslargeasFrance，andwhichcontainedapopulationofoveronehundredandfiftythousandsouls。1

Forarms，theyhadaschiefdefencesome`verylongEnglishguns，withrestsiftheywishedtousethem，whichwerenotveryheavy，andhadatolerablerange。"2ThesewerethepreparationsthattheJesuits(who，notinParaguayalone，butthroughoutalltheAmericandominionsoftheSpanishcrown，ruledoverterritoriesstretchingfromCaliforniatoCapeHorn)3hadmade，andtheywerefoundaloneinthemissionsofParaguay，where，byaspecialpermissionoftheKingsofSpain，armswereallowedfordefenceagainstthePortuguese。

1Funes，`EnsayodelaHistoriaCivil"，etc。，vol。iii。，cap。viii。

2`Tambienenalgunospuebloshayunasescopetasinglesasmuylargasconsushorquillassisequierenusardeellasnosonmuypesadasytienenbuenalcance"

(Funes，`EnsayodelaHistoriaCivildelParaguay"，etc。，vol。iii。，cap。viii。)。

3Therewereintheyear1759throughouttheworld271Jesuitmissions，1，542religioushouses，61cattlefarms，340residences，171seminaries，1，542churches，and22，589Jesuits，whereof11，293werepriests。

Oftheabovehouses，missions，andchurches，thegreaterportionwereinAmerica(FerrerdelRio，`HistoriadelReinadodeCarlosIII。"，Madrid，1856)。

IntheRiverPlateandParaguaytherewereabout400Jesuits，ofwhom300werepriests。Theotherhundred，accordingtoIbanez(`RepublicaJesuitica")，were`mostlypoordevilswhowereinwantoffood，andcameintotheOrderforameal。"

Ibanezrarelyspokethetruth，notevenwhenitwouldhavebeenexpedienttodoso；andcertainlyamongstthese`poordevils"

couldnothavebeenincludedAsperger，thewriteronIndianmedicines，andotherdistinguishedmenwhoinhabitedtheParaguayanmissionsaslaybrothers。

Bucareli，whoseemstohavebeenatimidbuthonestanduprightman，madehisfirstexperimentupontheJesuitsofBuenosAyres，Cordoba，andSantaFe。Thecollegesinalltheseplacesweresuppressedonthesamenight，andwithouttheleastresistancefromtheiroccupants。

HewhosuppressesareligiousOrder，takesatownorcountry，or，infact，putsintooperationanyoftheforcesofthelawormilitarypower，alwaysexpects，nomatterhowexaltedbehismotivesatthestart，torecouphimselffromthetreasureoftheconquered。`Vaevictis"，togetherwiththevestmentsofthechurch，theplainsong，andthesaints，cameasapaganheritagetothenewfaith，andhasbeenheldascanonlawsinceConstantinelookedattheskyandthoughthesawacross。

GreatmusthavebeenthedisgustoftheGovernortofindthespoilsopaltry，andnottohavethesatisfactionevenofsayingthattheJesuitshadhiddenalltheirgold，as，hisownmeasureshavingbeentakensecretly，theyhadnoknowledgeofwhatwasinthewind。InthecollegeofCordoba，esteemedtobeamineofwealth，wasfoundonlyninethousanddollars，

whichsumFerandoFabro，thecommissionersentbyBucarelitotakeovertheeffectsoftheJesuitsatCordoba，dulychroniclesinhisreport。

DeanFunes，`EnsayodelaHistoriaCivil"，etc。，vol。iii。，bookv。，cap。ix。

ButifthecollegeofCordoba1provedamiserableprey，therestillremainedtheJesuitmissionsontheUruguayandParana，withalltherichesoftheirfertileterritory，andtheenormouswealthwhicheverySpaniardfirmlybelievedtheJesuitshadacquired。

NoneoftheJesuits，eitherinBuenosAyres，Cordoba，SantaFe，Corrientes，orMonteVideohavingmadetheleastresistance，buthavingopenedwidetheirdoorstothesoldiers，whoinallthetownsonthesamedayattwoo"clockinthemorningcametosignifytheirexpulsiontothem，itwasonlynaturaltothinkthatthesameconductwouldbeobservedinParaguay。ButGovernorsandGovernmentsneverseemintheleastaccessibletocommon

sense。Almostayearhadpassedbeforehepluckedupcourageforhisdangeroustask。2

HesetaboutitwithmorepreparationthaneitherCortezorPizarromadefortheconquestofMexicoorofPeru。HavingembarkedforSpaininthefrigate`LaEsmeralda"onehundredandfiftyJesuitsfromthetownsofCordoba，BuenosAyres，MonteVideo，andSantaFe，hepreparedtomarchuponthemissions，whenasuspicionofresistancecausedhimtotakeprecautionswhichtheresultprovedquiteridiculous。

HesenttwohundredofthebestofthemilitiaofAsunciontooccupythefordsupontheTebicuari，3andabodyofequalstrengthtooccupytheportofSanMiguel。Allthesemeasuresbeingtakenforhissafety，theconquerorembarkeduponMay24，takingwithhimthreecompaniesofgrenadiersandsixtydragoons。HedisembarkedatthetownofSaltoontheUruguay，andfromthencedespatchedCaptainDonJuanFranciscodelaRivaHerreratooccupythetownsupontheParana。DonFranciscodeZabalawassenttoseizesixofthetownsupontheUruguay。Bucarelihimself，withseveralhundredmen，marcheduponYapeyu，4thesouthernmostofallthemissiontowns。

TheJesuits，however，gavenotroubletoanyofthetroops，andevenstoppedtheGovernorfromgatheringanylaurels，howeverwithered，withwhichtocrownhisarms。

1Thefinelibrarywasdispersed，andmanypricelessMSS。treatingofthediscoveryandconquest，andofexpeditionsbytheJesuitsamongsttribesofIndiansnowextinct，werelost。NothingseemstohavebeenpreservedexceptmatterwhichthedispersersthoughtmightproveincriminatingtotheJesuits。Itisawell

knownprincipletojudgeandcondemnaman，andthentosearchforevidenceagainsthim。

ThebookswerekeptinaplaceknownasLaGranjadeSantaCatalina，andamanofletters，Dr。DonAntonioAldao，waschargedtocatalogueandremitthemtothecapital。DeanFunessays(bookv。，cap。ix。，p。156)thathecompliedwithhisinstructions(`verifico/lafelizmenteyconarregloasusinstrucciones")，but，anyhow，mostofthebookswerelost。Itisacommonphraseamongstdoctors，`Theoperationwasentirelysuccessful，butthepatientunfortunatelysuccumbed。"Amongstthebookswasthecelebrated`MonitaSecreta"，usedbyIbanezinhischarges(aftertheexpulsion)againsttheJesuits。

2DeanFunes(`EnsayodelaHistoriaCivil"，vol。iii。，cap。viii。)

seemstohavegaugedthefeelingsoftheGovernorwhenhesays:

`TemblodesustoBucareliconsiderandoenriesgounaconquista，quedebiaaumentarsugloriaysufortuna。"`Sufortuna"isdelicious，andshowsyourtrueconqueror"smelancholy。

3TheTebicuariformsthenorthernboundarybetweentheterritoryofMisionesandtherestofParaguay。Itisalargeriver，andinmytime(1872

1875)wasbridgeless，andhadtobecrossedincanoes，whilstthehorsesswam，orweretowedbehindthecanoeswithropes。

4Yapeyuwasthelargestofallthemissions。ThenamesignifiesachiselinGuarani。

Asheadvancedfromtowntotown，thepriests，onhisarrivalateachplace，althoughlivinginthemidstofIndians，someofwhomwerearmed，andmanyofwhomhadservedtheKingofSpaininvariouswars，andallofwhomlookedontheJesuitsalmostasgods，cameoutandpeacefullygaveupthekeysofalltheirhouses，andsubmittedquietlytobemadeprisonersandbecarriedoffinchainsfromtheterritorieswhichtheyandtheirorderhadcivilizedandruledoveralmosttwohundredyears。Seventy

eightJesuitsandtheirprovincialsweresentprisonerstoBuenosAyres，andtheirplacesallfilledupwithotherprieststakenfromdifferentOrders，andnoneofwhomhadanyexperienceinmission

work。AsDeanFunestartlywrites，themiraclethatBucareliwished，butscarcelydaredtohopefor，hadtakenplace。TheJesuits，inParaguay，atleast，bytheirconductintheirlastpublicact，mostamplyvindicatedtheirloyaltytotheSpanishcrown。Nothingwouldhavebeeneasier，depletedastheviceroyaltywasatthetimeoftroops，

thantohavedefiedtheforceswhichBucarelihadathisdisposal，andtohavesetupaJesuitState，whichwouldhavetaxedtheutmostresourcesoftheSpanishcrowntoovercome。

NodoubttheveryfacilitywithwhichBucarelicarriedouthisplansconfirmedhiminhisownmindoftheirexpediency，formeningeneralarepronetothinkthatrightwhichtheyaccomplishwithsuccess。

However，bethatasitmay，hereturnedintriumphtoBuenosAyresonSeptember16，havingexpendedinhisexpeditionlessthanfourmonths。

SoinaquarterofayeartheJesuits，aftermorethantwohundredyearsofrule，wereallexpelledfromParaguay。

Bucareli，inalettertoElCondedeAranda(Brabo，`ColecciondeDocumentosrelativosa/laExpulsiondelosJesuitas"，Madrid，1872)，saysinreferencetotheperilsbywhichheimaginedhimselfsurrounded:

`Elmiserodiminutoestadodelatropa，porelatrasodesuspagasylafaltaqueencontre/decaudalesenestascajas，eraunaurgenciaquemeatormentaba。"

Theymadenofight，norofferedanyresistance，lettingthemselvesbetakenasabutchertakesasheep，andthatsurroundedastheywerebyapopulationofupwardsofonehundredandfiftythousandsouls，cutoffbycountlessleaguesfromtheoutsideworld，defendedonthreesidesbyvirginforestsandbymarsheshardlypassabletoEuropeantroops。

OnewordfromtheProvincialwouldhavesetthemissionsinablaze。

Awordwouldhavebroughtcloudsofhorsemen

badlyarmed，"tistrue，butknowingeveryfootofmarshandforest，allthedeep

beatentrackswhichwindintheredearthacrossthelonelyplains，thepassesoftherivers，springs，naturalfastnesses，andhavingthevariedknowledgeofacountrywhichofoldmadeBorderhorsemenandNorthumbrianprickersformidableupontheScottishmarches

intothefield。

ThedoggedParaguayanIndians，ancestorsoftheinfantrywhich，underLopez，1diedsobravelyunderthefireoftheBrazilianguns，would，intheirredcloaksandscantylinenclothes，havemarchedfrom`capilla"2andfrommissionagainsttheenemiesofthe`father

priests"。Seventy

eightJesuitsweremarchedofftoBuenosAyres，andthenshippedofftoEurope3

tojointheirfellows，whohadbeenbroughttogetherbytheministersofthemostliberalKingwhoeverfilledtheSpanishthronefromeveryquarteroftheworld。HavingexpelledtheJesuits，Bucareliwasboundbytheexigenciesofhispositiontocalumniatethem。Perhaps，asanofficial，hideboundinhisbeliefintheinalterablerightofGovernmentstocommitinjustices，hebelievedallthathewrote。Forthewelfareofhumanity，onecouldhopeheknewallthathewrotewasfalse。Whathopeisthereleftformankindaslongasaddle

headed，honestmenseenaughtbutjusticeinwhateverordertheyreceive?Betterathousandtimesaroguewhoknowsheisaroguethanagood，well

intentioned，blunderingmanquiteunawareheisafool。

1Thiswar，undertakenbyafool(Lopez)againstenormousodds，servedtoshowwhatapeopleevenwheninthewrong，andinabadcause，candowhenitbelievesitselftobefightingfornationalliberty。

Asamatteroffact，Paraguayanlibertywasnotthreatenedforaninstant，andLopezdeclaredwaragainstbothBrazilandtheArgentineRepublicoutofmereambitiontobeasecondNapoleon。Hissolitaryqualificationsforthecharacterwerethat，likehisprototype，hewasfatandlovedwomen。

Thewarcommencedin1865andfinishedin1870，andleftthecountryalmostadesert。Solonelywasit，thatIhaveofteninthosedaysseentigerscalmlywalkacrossaroadinmid

day，andashoutorapistol

shotbutlittlequickenedtheirmovements。

2`Capilla"wasthenamegiveninParaguaytosomeofthesmallervillageswhichhadachapel，thechapel(`capilla")beingmoreimportantthanthehouses。

3ElV。P。JosePignatelli，inhis`LaCompan~iadeJesusensuExtincionyRestablecimento"，saysthattheParaguayanJesuitswereallsenttoFaenza。

But，still，hehadtojustifyhimselfeitheruponhisownaccountorforthebenefitofthatposteritytoconciliatewhichsomanypublicmenhavepalteredwiththetruth。SohisfirstcarewastoextractaletterfromthirtyIndianswhomhechosetodignifywiththetitleofthemayorsofthethirtytowns，firsthaving，ashesayshimselfinalettertotheCondedeAranda，theministerofCharlesIII。，dressedthemintheSpanishfashion，andtreatedtheminsuchawaythattheymightknowhowmuchtheirlothadbeenimproved。Theletter，writtenoriginallyinGuarani，

bearsuponeverylineofitthedictationoftheGovernor。

Afterafineparagraphofsalutations，itgoesontogivetheKingmanyandrepeatedthanks(`muchasyrepetidasgracias")forhavingsenthisExcellencyCaptain

GeneralDonFranciscoBucareli，`whohasfulfilled，fortheloveofGodandfortheloveofyourMajesty，allthejustorderswhichyourMajestylaidtohischarge，aidingourpoverty，andclothinguslikegentlemen。"Mostpeople，eventheheathen，likethosewhohelptheirpovertyandclothetheminthegarbofgentlemen。

IthadnotoccurredtothepoorIndiansthatthefineclothesmightturnoutliveries。ThemayorsallsigntheirIndiannames，whichseemstogivethelietotheaccusationthattheJesuitskeptthemignorant。Theletter，datedBuenosAyres，March10，1768，seemstoshowthattheIndians，betheywhotheymighthavebeen，werenotfreeagentsatthetimetheywrote。TheIndians"letterdulydespatched，theGovernorinditedareport，inwhichhefairlyandwithcircumstancereiteratesalltheoldchargesagainsttheJesuitsinParaguaywhichtheinventivebrainofCardenashadfirstconceived；buttothemheaddsseverallittletouchesofhisown，whichshowhehadsomeobservationandanimaginativemind。

`CartadelGobernadordeBuenosAyres(Bucareli)alComtedeAranda"。

Brabo，`ColecciondeDocumentosRelativosalaExpulsiondelosJesuitos"，p。8，Madrid，1872:`LeshicevestiralaEspan~olaasistiendolosytratandolosdemodoqueconozcanlamejoradesusuerte……"

Brabo，`ColecciondeDocumentos"，etc。，p。101。Theletterisheaded`I。H。T。，OreReyNituDonCarlosTercero"。

AmongsthisnumerousletterstoArandaandtotheKing，onedatedBuenosAyres，October14，1768，containsthefullestaccountofhisproceedingsinthemissionsandofhisviews(orofwhathethoughttobehisviews)abouttheworkinwhichhewasengaged。

Timewasofsmallaccountin1768eitherinParaguayorinMadrid，soBucarelirelateswithsomeprolixityallthathedid，withcomments，movementsoftroops，regrettableoccurrences

aswhenhissoldiersletthemselvesbesurprisedandlosttheirhorses

andnowandthenscrapsofmoralityandtheology，whichshowsquiteplainlythattheartofwritingmaunderingdespatchesisnotsonewasoptimistsmayhavesupposed。Quiteinthemannerofamodernspecialcorrespondent，hesetsdownallthathesufferedfromtheweather；thatitrainedincessantly，and，marvelloustotell，thatafterraintheriversrose，andgavehimdifficultytocross。Theroadswerebad，provisionsscarceanddear，andnowandthenwildIndians`massacred"

anoutpostofhismen，whilsthisbravefellows，whenGodwilledit，occasionally`chastised"theinfidel，andbythegraceofHeavenslewnosmallnumberofthem。Still，inthemonstrousfarragoofwords，extendingtosomesixteenpagesofcloseprint，heletsusseehewasamanofsomecapacity，butleavesitdoubtfulwhetherhereallythoughthewasengageduponanoblework，orifhewroteironically，orifhisonlyobjectwastosatisfyhisconscienceandhisKing。

ButmakingmuchoflittledifficultiesisbuttobeexpectedfromaleaderofanexpeditionorfromaGeneralinthefield。Withoutit，howcouldtheyjustifytheirexistence，orprovetotheworldatlargethattheywereneeded，orbutmoreimportantthanamereceremony?

Brabo，`ColecciondeDocumentos"，etc。，p。185。

Ceremonies，nodoubt，havetheirusesinenslavingmankind。AcourtieroncesaidtoaSpanishKing，`YourMajestyisbutaceremonyyourself。"

Whenthelandtroublesweregotover，andBucareli，havingarrivedatYapeyu，embarkedupontheriver，theverywindsprovedcontrary，sothatittookhimmanydaystoarriveatCandelaria，whichporthereacheduponAugust27，1768。ButbeforequittingYapeyutheGovernormadeasolemnfeast，ridinghimselfbeforehisgrenadiers，whosecaps，hesays，causedmuchamazement，theIndiansneverhavingseensuchheadgearintheirlives。Thedifficultiesofhisjourneyover，theJesuitsdispossessedandsentdown

streamtoberemittedhome，Bucareliinhisletternextdealswithquestionsofreligion，aboutwhichheshowshimselfaswellinformedasalltheSpanishconquerorsseemtohavebeenintheNewWorld。Ifforthedogmaofthefaithhewasabarofiron，for`coldmorality"，asScottishpreachersoftheperfervidtypeusedtorefertoit，hewasmostkeen。TheIndians"clothes，especiallythegraceful`tupoi"wornbythewomen，shockedhimexceedingly。

Itwasimpossibletotouchuponitwithoutanoutrageuponmodesty。

Masculinevirtueisamostprecariousthing，butlittle，ifatall，morestablethanitsfemalecounterpart；thereforeperhapstheGovernorwasrightnottoexposehissoldierstotemptation，sohedidwell，asheinformsus，inservingoutclotheswhichobscuredtheircharms，orperhapshidthemquitefromview。`Suchtyrannies，"

saysthemodestGovernor，`occasionedmanyoffencesagainstGod，andfrequentillnessesandepidemics。"Thesentenceisalittledoubtfulinitsmeaning，forifascantinessofwomen"sdressoccasionedillnessesandepidemicsamongstthepopulationofatown，BelgraviaandMayfairshouldsurelybethemostunhealthyspotsonearth；

thougheventhere，Iverilybelieve，nomoreoffencesagainstGodoccurthanamongsttheMoors，whosewomenshowonlytheireyestotheshrinkinggazeofeasilyoffendedmen。

LettertoAranda:Brabo，`ColecciondeDocumentos"，p。196:

`Ylasmujeresentalextremo，queesimpossibledemostralosinfaltaralamodestia。"

`Semejantestiranias"。

Asindutybound，BucarelikeptfortheendofhisdespatcharehashofalltheoldchargesmadeagainsttheJesuits。

TheykepttheIndiansinslavery，wouldneverletthemlearnSpanish，andwerethemselvesinordinatelyrich。ThefirsttwoaccusationsFatherJoseCardiel，inhis`DeclaraciondelaVerdad"，abundantlydisproves。ThelasttheGovernordisproveshimself；

forhadhefoundmuchtreasurehemostassuredlywouldhavemadehastetosendittotheKing。Whathedidfind，areferencelatertoBrabo"sinventorieswillshow，andthesamesourcedisclosesallthewealththerichestOrderintheworld，accordingtotheirenemies，tookwiththemintheirinvoluntaryjourneybacktoSpain。

AllbeingfinishedinthemissionsandtheJesuitsexpelled，BucarelifoundhimselfobligedtoinstitutesomesystemforthegovernmentoftheIndianpopulation，whichhehaddeprivedbothofitsspiritualandofitstemporalguides。

P。222:`YteniendopresentequeporloquemiraaestepuntoresultadelosinformesquesolohablanestosIndiossuidiomanatural，peroquenoesprohibiciondelosPP。Jesuitos，sinoporelamorquetienenasunativolenguagepuesencadaunodelospuebloshanestablecidoesculasdeleeryescriberenlenguaespan~ola，yqueporestemotivoseencuentraunnumerograndedeIndiosmuyhabilesenescribir(dosdeellosetancopiandohoraestoqueyoescriboydemejorletraquelamia)。"Alsopp。223

225，etc。

TheJesuits"governmenthavingbeensobad，accordingtohisowndespatch，theIndianshavingbeenkeptinsuchamiserablestate，theireducationhavingbeensoneglected，and，aboveall，theirwomenhavingbeendressedinsuchlightattirethatBucarelicouldnotwithmodestyevendescribetheirdress，itmighthaveseemedbutnaturalthatheshouldhaveevolvedsomesystemofgovernmentdifferinginallrespectsfromthathehaddestroyed。Sofarfromthat，inhisinstructionstohisinterimsuccessor，datedatCandelaria，August23，1768，hepracticallyfollowedslavishlyallthepolicywhichtheJesuitshadpursued。HeorderedCaptainsRivaHerreraandBrunodeZavala，towhomthearrangementswerecommitted，toseethattheIndianswereinstructed`inthetrueknowledgeofourholyfaith"，aworkwhichtheJesuits，whatevermightbetheirfaults，hadnotneglectedtoinsure。

Aftersomeplatitudesastothevivifyingeffectsoffreeandopentrade，andaninjunctiontohiscaptainstotakecaretheIndiangirlsweredecorouslyandvirtuouslydressed，helaunchedintoasermonabouthonestwork，which，ashesaid，wouldmaketheIndiansrich，happy，andvirtuous，andalonecouldevermakeakingdomprosper；

infact，heusedalmostpreciselysimilarlanguagetothatto

dayusedbyaEuropeanGovernorinAfricawhenabouttomakeapeopleslaves。

Onthewhole，however，hisinstructionswerewiseandliberal，andhadtheybeencarriedoutinthesamespirit，andwithfidelity，theIndiansmighthavelongcontinuedinthesamehalf

Arcadian，half

ChristianstateinwhichtheJesuitsleftthem，andtowhichitseemstheycouldattain，butnotgofartherwithoutexposuretothatvivifyingcommercewithoutwhichnationscannotprosper，butwithwhichthegreaterportionoftheircitizensmustremaineverslaves。

Brabo，`ColecciondeDocumentos"，etc。，p。200。

Theinstructionsgiven，heleftthemissionsnevertoreturn，leavingbehindhimthereputationofanhonestman，havingmade，asitwouldappear，nomoneyduringhissojournintheirterritories。

OnOctober20，1768，hewrotefromBuenosAyrestoAranda，tellinghimthathisworkwasdone，andaskinghimasaparticularfavourtoimploretheKingtogivehimsomeemployment`outofAmerica，andparticularlynotundereitherthesecretaryshiportheCounciloftheIndies。"1

Thusitappearsthateithertheworkinwhichhehadbeenengagedwasuncongenialtohim，orhemistrustedthefutureandtheIndianswhentheJesuits"shelteringhandshadbeenwithdrawn，andthoughttheKingmightblamehimforwhatwassuretocome。

Onepassageinhisletterofinstructionsshowsthattheantique，butstillcurrent，fashionofgoingtoanylengthtoobtainacountryinwhicharesituatedevensupposititiousgold

mineshaditsinfluenceevenwithsuchanhonestmanasBucareliwas。Hespeciallyenjoinsupontheofficialsleftincharge`tofindoutfromwhatquartertheIndiansofthosetownsextractthosepiecesofthepreciousmetalswhichtheysometimesbringtotheirpriests。"SothatthefableofthefalseminesstartedbyCardenas，althoughathousandtimesdisproved，stilllingeredinthemindsofthosewhocouldnotunderstandwhatmotiveexceptthatofgrowingrichcouldcausetheJesuitstoburythemselvesintherecessesoftheParaguayanwoods。ThereleasefromthingsAmericanandunderthejurisdictionoftheCounciloftheIndiesdidnotcometoBucareliforalmosttwomoreyears，duringwhichtimehestruggledmanfullywiththeaffairsoftheJesuitmissions，repelledtheChacoIndiansononeside，andontheotherimploredfortroopstodefendtheislandofChiloeagainstthehereticEnglish，whoatthattimeappeartohavebeenmeditatingtheadvancementoftheirempireintheextremestsouth。OnecuriousletterwasreservedforBucarelitoinditebeforehequittedBuenosAyresforthelasttime。

OnJanuary15，1770，hesentalongdeclarationsignedbythecelebratedNicolasNeenguiruandotherIndians，givinganaccountofthepartplayedbyhimintheabortiveresistancewhichhemadeagainstthecessionoftheseventowns。ThisisthelasttimethatNicolas，the`King"ofParaguayand`EmperoroftheMamelucos"，appearsinanydocumentasfarasIcanfind。HisnameatonetimewaswellknowninParaguay，theRiverPlateandSpain，andservedtofathermanyliesupon；andatthelast，theJesuitsgone，heseemstohaveturnedagainstthem，andsaidallthatwasrequiredbyBucarelitogetuphiscase。

ItappearsfromBucareli"sletterthatthefamilyoftheNeenguiruhadbeenwellknowninthemissionsfromthetimeofCardenas。

In17702wefindhimshornofhiskinglyandimperialdignities，themayorofConcepcioninParaguay，tall，taciturn，withlong，lankhair，andmuchrespectedbyhisbrotherIndians，whoheldhisstirrupforhimwhenhegotuponhishorse。TofindhiminthehumourtogivetongueabouttheJesuitswasatrump

cardinBucareli"shand，forifitcouldbeprovedthatin1750theyhadresistedtheforcesofthecrownofSpain，thepublic，alwaysanxioustobelievealie，wouldnaturallyapplaudtheactionoftheKingintheirexpulsionfromhisterritories。Nicolas，whoseemstohavebeenbutapoorcreatureatthebest，testifiedthateverythingwhichhehaddoneasGeneraloftheIndianswasbytheorderofFathersLimpandEnnis，andthathewasapoorIndianwhodidbutthatwhichhewastold。

HefinisheduphistestimonywiththankstothegoodKingforhavingtakenhimoutofthepoweroftheJesuits，andkepthiminhispostofmayoratConcepcion。Infact，allwasthesametohimaslongashewasleftwithhisalcalde"sstaff。3

1`Ysobretodo，fueradelaAmericaylibredeSecretariayConsejodeIndias。"Brabo，`ColecciondeDocumentos"，etc。:

LetterofBucarelitoAranda，p。231。

2Brabo，`ColecciondeDocumentos"，etc。，p。280。

3ThealcaldesofIndianvillagesusuallyhavealongcanewithasilverhead，likethoseformerlycarriedbyfootmen，asabadgeoftheiroffice。InremoteplacesIhaveseenthem，withtheircanesintheirhands，abatteredtallhatupontheirheads，alinenjacketandtrousers，andbarefooted，ridingonanox，andthoughtthattheyservedtomaintainthemajestyofthelawquiteaswellasiftheyhadhadstuffgowns，horsehairwigs，andhadbeenseatedonasackofwool。

UponAugust14，1778，BucarelisailedforSpain，leavingDonJuanJoseVertizashissuccessorintheviceroyaltyoftheprovincesoftheRiverPlate。

ThemissionswereallplacedunderthecareoffriarsofthebeggingOrders，chieflyFranciscans，andthesystemoftheJesuitgovernmentwasleftunchanged。In1771，writingfromSanLorenzo(elEscorial)inSpain，Bucareli，whoseemedfatednevertoescapefromtheaffairsofParaguay，sendsalongconstitutionforthethirtytownswhichfollowsalltheJesuits"

rulesofgovernmenttothelasttittleoftheirpolicy。Brabohaspreservedthedocument，whichrunstoforty

sevenpagesofcloseprintinitsentirety。

Acarefullythought

outandwell

conceiveddigestofaconstitutionitmostcertainlyis，andyetitfollowstothemostminuteparticularthepolicytheJesuitslaiddown。

DeanFunesseemedtoseethattheflatteringofNicolasNeenguiruandtheotherIndianchiefswasanentireaffairofartifice，andthatitwasbutamerecrowningofthevictimswhoweredestinedtobesacrificed。ItmaybethattheconstitutionmadebyBucareliattheEscorialwassimilarlybutablindtokeeptheIndiansquiettilltheGovernmenthadtimetoexploitthematitsease。

Still，Bucareliinallhisactionsseemstohavebeenanhonestman；

oneofthosehonest，narrow

mindedmenwhohavesownmoremiseryintheworldthanalltheroguesandscoundrelssincetheflood。Beallthatasitmay，hisconstitutioninathousandwaysrecalledtheJesuits"polityintheirdaysofrule。InaformerchapterIhavepointedoutacuriousinstanceinwhichthisconstitutiontraversesentirelystatementsmadebytheJesuits"enemiesthattheirexclusivepolicywasfortheirownends，andnot，astheyalleged，fortheprotectionoftheIndians。

ButthereareotherinstancesquiteasremarkablewhichshowthattheJesuitsnotonlyhadgraspedperfectlywhatthebestcourseoftreatmentwasfortheirsubjects，butthattheofficialmindofBucareli，trainedashewas，sotospeak，inthestrictestsectofPharisees，andprejudicedagainsttheJesuitsineveryway，yetdiscernedclearlyasanhonestmanthattheplantheyhadlaiddownwasthemostsuitableforfuturerulerstopursue。

Vol。iii。，bookv。，cap。viii。，p。130(`EnsayodelaHistoriaCivildelParaguay"，etc。):`LosCaciquesycorregidoresqueacompan~abanaBucareli，habiansidoalhagadosportodoslosartificiosdesugestion。

Estoa/laverdad，noeramasquecoronarlasvictimas，quesedestinabanalsacrificio。"

ChapterIX。

AtthetimeofforminghisconstitutionhehadbeengonebutscarceayearfromBuenosAyres，andyethewritescomplainingbitterlyofwhatwashappeninginthemissionsofParaguay。Hepointsoutthatallhistroublewillhavebeeninvain`iftheGovernorandhislieutenantsarenotstimulatedtoaddressthemselvestotheserviceofGodandoftheKing，withthatzealwhicheveryoneshouldimparttohisduty。"

Then，afterapuffpreliminaryofthebeautyoffreedom，humanandDivine，hesetsforthhowtheIndiansareinfuturetoberuled。

First，asindutybound，hepointsoutthatanythingsavouringofcommunismisagainstthelawsofHeavenandofman；thattheIndiansintheirsemi

communismwerereallyslaves，theindustriousworkingfortheidle，andsoforth；thattheirclotheswerescanty；

thattheywerenotallowedtofreelymixwithSpaniards，andwerekeptaraceapart。Thenlikeaprudentstatesmanhavingmadehisapologia`proexistentiasua"，andblownoffmuchvirtuoussteam，hecomestobusiness，andbusiness，asweknow，isthegreatsobereroftheorists，nomatteronwhatsidetheytheorize。

Brabo，p。304。

AfterthearticletowhichIhavereferredinChapterIX。comesthismostcuriousparagraph，takeninconnectionwiththeinalienablerightwhich，accordingtohimself，theIndianshadoffreecommunicationwiththeouterworld:1`AndbecauseIaminformedthatmanyIndianswhohavebeenabsentinthearmyofthePortuguese，andhaveresidedforlengthenedperiodsinRioPardo，Viamontandotherparts，havereturnedtotheirtowns，youwilltakecarethatallthesewiththeirfamiliesshallberemovedtothose(towns)eitherintheinteriorordistantfromthosefrontiers，asitisnotconvenientthattheyshouldremainonthem(thefrontiers)orclosetothem；

andthusyouwillproceedsuccessivelywiththeIndianswhoreturn，withoutleavingone，inordertoavoidanychanceofcommunication，whichmightbemostprejudicial。"SurelyasatireonhisownabuseoftheJesuitsforkeepingtheIndiansmewedupfromintercoursewiththeoutsideworld。ItmaybethathehadperceivedtheIndianswerenotfittoholdtheirown；indeed，itiscertainhehaddoneso，foronp。326hewrites，`Itisnotconvenienttoleavethem(theIndians)

entireliberty，2foritwouldbeintheextremefatalandprejudicialtotheirinterests，becausetheastutenessandsagacityoftheSpaniardswouldtriumpheasilyovertheirrusticity。"`Sagacity"isaningeniouseuphuism，andmightwellbeusedwithgoodeffectinthelikecircumstances，whenoccasionserves，to

day。

ButasnosinglearticleofanydocumentsetforthbyanyGovernmentcanbestraightforwardandsingleinitspurpose，andasalllawsaremadewithaneyeuponsomepartypresentlyinpower，aftertheparagraphjustquoted，onthenextpageoccursthefollowingsentenceundertheheadof`CommercewiththeSpaniardsistobefree"。3

`ItislaiddownthatbetweentheIndiansandtheSpaniardscommerceshouldbefree，inorderthatmutualdealingsshouldunitetheminfriendship。"Thereforetotheordinaryminditisimpossibletomakeoutwhatreallywasintended，andwhethercommercewastobefreeornot。Thoselittledifferencesapart，theconstitutionranentirelyuponJesuitlines。Thatsemi

communismwhichwassoprejudicialduringtheJesuits"rulewasformallyre

organizedinchapteriv。oftheconstitution(p。343)theinstantthattheirpowerwasplacedinotherhands。EventheprohibitiontotheSpaniardstoentertheJesuittowns，andresidethere，wasformallykeptupinchapteriii。，withthesolealterationthatforthreemonthsoftheyeartheymightresideamongsttheIndiansoncertainwell

definedconditionsmostprolixlysetforth。Sothatitwillbeseenthat，iftheJesuitsdidill，asusual，anyilltheydidwascarefullyperpetuatedbytheirsuccessors，and，quiteasnaturally，allthattheystrovetodoinfavouroftheIndianswasmostcarefullyundone。

1Brabo，`ColecciondeDocumentos"，p。320:`YporqueestoyinformadoquemuchosIndiosdelosquesehabianausentadoconlastropasPortuguesas，yquehanresididoporgrantiempoenelRioPardo，Viamont，yotraspartessehanrestituidoasuspueblos，ciudaran……dequetodosestosconsusfamiliesserantrasladosalosmasinterioresodistantesdeaquellasfronteraspornoserconvenientesemantenganenellasosusinmediaciones，yasienlosucesivoloejecutaran……conlosIndiosqueserestituyan，sindejaralguno，paraevitartodomotivodecommunicacionquepuedesermuyprejudicial。"

2`Noconvienedejarlesunaenteralibertad，queseriaporextremofatalyprejudiciala/susinteresespueslaastuciaysagacidaddelosespan~olestriumfariafacilementedesurudeza。"

3Brabo，`Bucareli"sInstructions"，p。327:`Queelcommerciodelosespan~oleshadeserlibre。"

ChapterXI

ConclusionItisthefashionofsometosaythathistory，ofwhatevernature，canbutbewrittendispassionatelyataperiodsufficientlyremovedfromtheeventsofwhichittreatstohaveallowedtheheatofpassiontoevaporate。Thisisasfalseasalmosteveryotherdictumwhichmentakeontrust，forgettingthattohavepassedintotheproverbialstageasayingmusthavebeenfoolishatthestart，inorderthatitshouldhavegotitselfcommendedbythemajorityofmankind。

Theheatofpassionneverevaporatesinregardtoeventswhichattheepochoftheiractingcausedgreatcontroversies。

Fromwritingsofcontemporariesthecoolest

headedtakeabias，inthesamewaythatmenunconsciouslypassonthemicrobesofdiseasetotheirbestfriends。Onlyfrominventoriesandrollsofcourt，StatePapersandthelikeisitpossibletogetunbiassedmatter，andeventhenfigures，thosechiefdeceiversofmankind，canbewellcookedfororagainst，accordingtothebiasofthemanwhodrawsthemup。Still，whentheyaredrawnupbyenemies，theyoftenquiteunwittinglyshowoutthetruth。InaletterdatedOctober30，1768，BucarelisendsalisttoArandaoftheeffectsofmanyoftheJesuitstakenfromParaguayandsentbyhimtoSpain。ThelistitselfspeaksvolumesindefenceoftheJesuitsinParaguay。Whatevermayhavebeentheirfaults，theGovernorhimself(orevenCharlesIII。)couldnothavechargeduponthecapturedprieststhattheyhadgottogetheralargestockofpropertyduringtheirmissionlife。1Thefirstuponthelist，P。PedroZabaleta，tooktenshirts，twopillow

cases，twosheets，threepocket

handkerchiefs，twopairsofshoes，twopairsofsocks，andapoundandahalfofsnuff。

Theotherswereingenerallesswellsetupwithshirts，2somefewhadcloaks，andone(P。SigismundoGriera)anightcap；butallofthemhadtheirsnuff，theonlyrelicoftheirluxuriousmissionlife。

ManuelVergara，theirProvincial，testifiesinapapersentwiththelistthatmostoftheclothesweretakenfromthecommonstock，andallthesnuff。Whatsortoftreatmenttheyenduredupontheirpassageinthetwofrigates`SanFernando"and`SanNicolas"isquiteunknown，butcertainlytheirluggagecouldnothavebeenintheway；

andfortheirsnuff，nodoubttheyhusbandeditwithcareduringthelongtwomonths，whichinthosedayswasthoughtarecordrun。3

Inthemissionswhichtheyhadsolongtendedwithsuchcare，givingtheirmuddle

headedlovetotheIndiansintheirMachiavelianway，allwasconfusioninthespaceofsixshortmonths。

DeanFunesandDonFelizdeAzara4aretheonlytwocontemporarywriterswhotreatoftheexpulsionoftheJesuitsfromParaguayoutsidetheofficialworld。TheDean，amanoftheoldschool，waskindlyandhumane，welleducated，and，havingbeenbroughtupinTucumanamongstanIndianpopulation，lookedontheIndiansinakindlywayasfellow

creatures，thoughdifferinginessentialpointsfromraceswhichhadbeenforcenturiesexposedtocivilizationanditseffects。

HisdescriptionoftheIndianshasforveracityandobservationnotoftenbeensurpassed。`Thosenatives5(hesays)areofapalecolour，wellmade，andwellsetup。Theirtalentandcapacityarecapableofmuchadvancement。Thoughtheylackinventioninthemselves，yetaretheyexcellentinimitation。Idlenessseemsnaturaltothem，althoughitmaybemoretheeffectofhabitthanoftemperament；

theirinclinationtowardsacquiringknowledgeisdecided，andnoveltyhasitsfulleffectupontheirminds。Ambitiousofcommand，theyacquitthemselveswithhonourinthepositionstowhichtheymayattain。

Eloquenceisheldamongsttheminthefirstplace，andavariceinnorespectdegradestheirminds。Aninjuriouswordoffendsthemmorethanpunishments，whichtheysolicitratherthanundergotheformeroutrage。

Incontinencyintheirwomentheylookuponbutwithindifference，andevenhusbandsarelittlesensibletoactsofinfidelity。

Conjugallovehasbutslightinfluenceuponthetreatmentwhichtheygivetheirwives。Fathersoffamiliescarefortheirsonsbutlittle。TheserenityofmindofalltheseIndiansinthemidstofthegreatesttroublesiswithoutequalintheworld；

neverasighwiththemtakesoffthebitternessofsuffering。"

1TheParaguayanJesuitswereallowedtotakeawayalltheirpersonalproperty，anditappearsthattheydidso。

2CayetanoIbarguenhadonlytwo，P。LorenzoBaldathree，andsoon(Brabo，`ColecciondeDocumentos"，p。388)。

3Solateas1818Rengger，inhis`EssaiHistoriquesurlaRe/volutionduParaguay"，etc。，talksofarrivinginBuenosAyres`apre\suncourttrajetdesoixantejours。"FromthencetoCorrienteshetooksevenweeks，butdoesnotsayifthepassagewasconsideredshortorlong。

4Funes，`EnsayoCriticodelaHistoriaCivildelParaguay"，etc。；

DonFelizdeAzara，`DescripcionyHistoriadelParaguay"，etc。；

andalso`MemoriassobreelestadoruraldelRiodelaPlataen1801"。

5`EnsayodelaHistoriaCivil"，vol。i。，bookii。，p。341。

NoonewhoknowstheIndiansbutmustconfessthatDeanFuneshadmadeastudyoftheircharacterdeeperthanishisown。

Azara，ontheotherhand，wasamanofscience；hisbooksuponthebirdsandquadrupedsofParaguaystillholdthefield，andareesteemedforcuriousandminuteobservationandaccuracyastoscientificfacts。Themanhimselfwasanextremelyablewriter，acaptainintheSpanishnavy，andwelleducated。

FortwentyyearsheservedinParaguayandintheRiverPlate，withcredittohimselfandprofittothecountrywhichheserved。

EducatedashewasintheschooloftheEncyclopaedists，amongstthestrictestofthephariseesofLiberalism，tohimtheverynameofJesuitwasanathema。Afterthefashionofhiskind，heseemedunabletodistinguishbetweentheschemingJesuitsatEuropeancourtsandthesimpleandhard

workingmissionariesinParaguay。

Allwereanathema，andthereforealltheirsystemwasrepugnanttohim；

andthoughakindlyman，asissetforthabundantlyinallhisworks，heneverpausedtothinkthattherecouldbeadifferencebetweenhisidealfreeLiberalcitizen，votingandexercisingallhisrightofcitizenshipinafreecommonwealth，afterthefashionofadormousefreelyexercisinghisnaturalfunctionsinthereceiverofanair

pump，andasimpleIndianoftheParaguayanwoods。

Freedomtohim，asithasbeentomanytheorists，wasanabstractthing，possessingwhichaman，eventhoughstarving，mustinitsmerepossessionfindtruehappiness。Heneverpausedtoinquire，asevenBucarelidid，ifthemissionIndianscouldholdtheirownunderfreecompetitionwiththe`sagacity"ofthesurroundingSpanishsettlers。

ThereforeheistheauthoritywhomLiberalsalwaysquoteagainstthesystemoftheJesuits。Whenheinveighsagainsttheirsemi

communism，themodernLiberalclapshishands，andseesakindredDanielcometojudgment，ashewoulddoto

dayifinDamaralandtheGermanssetupaSocialisticsettlementamongstthenegrotribes，andsomeLiberaleconomistdenounceditwithanoath。Azaraquiteforgetsthat，asDeanFunessays，the`sentimentofpropertywasveryweakamongsttheIndians，"

andthattheirmindswere`notdegradedbytheviceofavarice。"

Still，Azarawasanhonestman

akeenobserverandimpartial，asfarashisupbringingandthetenetshehadimbibedinyouthpermittedhimtobe。UponthequestionoftheJesuitshewasentirelyprejudiced，althoughfewhavestoodupmorestoutlytocondemnthefaultysystemwhichtheSpaniardspursuedtowardstheIndiansinbothAmericas。ButonaccountofhispoliticalproclivitiesAzaraisquitesilentastothestateintowhichthemissionsfellaftertheJesuitshadbeenexpelled。Nodoubthethoughtthat，oncetheirfaultysystemwasremoved，theIndianswouldsoonbecomewhathejudgedcivilized，andholdtheirownwiththosearoundthem，thoughofanotherraceandblood。

Funes，uponthecontrary，fullyexposesalltherapacityandincompetenceofthenewshepherdsleftbyBucarelitoguardtheJesuits"sheep。

`IgnorantofGuarani，andwithoutpatiencetoacquireit，confusionreignedinthemissionsasinatowerofBabel，"

andhegoesontosay`animperioustoneoforderwassubstitutedforthepaternalmanner(oftheJesuits)，andasadeafmanwhocannothearhastobetaughtbyblows，thatwastheteachingthey(theIndians)

hadtobear。"Shortly，hesays，`awallofhatredandcontemptbegantorisebetweentheIndiansandtheirmasters；andthepriests，whobythevirtueoftheirofficeoughttohavebeentheministersofpeace，beingwithoutinfluencetocommand……andnotentirelyirreproachableintheirministry……addedthemselvestothediscordanddissensionwhicharose。"

Funes，`EnsayodelaHistoriaCivil"，etc。，bookv。，cap。viii。，p。133。

Bucareli，assoonasheknewwhatwasgoingon，advisedthatallthepriestsappointedbyhimselfshouldbereplacedbyothers。Thisaccordinglywasdone，butitwaseventhentoolate:themissionswentfrombadtoworse；

ofthevastquantitiesofcattlefewwereleft；thepriestsfollowedtheexampleoftheirprototypesHofniandPhineas，wentaboutarmed，tookIndianmistresses，andneglectedallreligiousduties，treatingtheIndiansafterthefashionoftheSpaniardsinthesettlements。

ThustheArcadianlife，whichhadsubsistedmorethantwohundredyears，inthebriefspaceoftwoshortyearswaslost。

Thevastestancias，inwhichattheexpulsionmorethanamillionheadofcattlepastured，werebutbareplains，inwhichthecattlethatwerelefthadallrunwildorperishedfromneglect。

Wildbeastsroamedroundtheoutskirtsofthehalf

desertedtowns。

Adenselowscrubofyataisandofpalmettosinvadedallthepasture

lands，andintheerstwhilecultivatedfieldsrankweedssprangup，andchokedthecropswhichintheJesuits"timeshadmadethemissionterritoriesthemostproductiveoftheAmericanpossessionsoftheSpanishcrown。

Thechurcheswereunserved，andintheeveningairnomorethehymnsresounded，nordidthelongwhite

robedprocessionsheadedbyacrosspasstothefieldstopeacefullabour，marshalledbytheirpriests。Thefruit

treesroundthemissionswereeitherallcutdownforfirewoodorhaddegenerated，andtheplantationsoftheIlexParaguayensis，fromwhichtheymadetheir`yerba"，whichhadbeenbroughtfromtheup

countryforestswithvastpains，wereindecay，andquiteuncultivated。

Brabo，`Inventarios"，Appendix，p。669。

Demersay(`HistoireduParaguay")，writingin1847，saysofthemissionofLaCruzhesawafewtreesstillstandinginamiserablestate。

TheIndianpopulationhadalmostdisappearedwithinthespaceofeight

and

twentyyears。TheGuaraniscollectedfromthewoodswithsomuchefforttothemissionary，thenguideddowntheParanabythemostnobleandself

sacrificingoftheirpriests，RuizMontoya，andafterthatredeemedwithbloodfromthefierceMamelucobands，hadshrunkawaybeforethebanefulbreathofunaccustomedcontactwiththecivilizingwhites。

Funes，`EnsayodelaHistoriaCivil"，etc。，bookvi。，cap。viii。，p。395。

Thesimpleceremonious，ifperhapsfutile，mission

lifehadwitheredupatthefirsttouchofvivifyingcompetition

thatcompetitionwhichhasmadethewholeworldgray，reducingeverythingandeveryonetothemostbaseandcommonestdenominator。

Theself

createdgoddessProgresswasjustifiedbyworks，andallthelandleftbarren，waitingthetimewhenfactoriesshallpolluteitssky，andrendermiserabletheEuropeanemigrants，who，flyingfromtheirslaveryathome，shallhavefounditwaitingforthemintheirnewparadisebeyondtheseas。

Theworld，itwouldappear，isavastclass

room，anditsCreatorbutaprofessorofpoliticaleconomy，apparentlyunabletocarryouthistheorieswitheffect。Therefore，tous，theWesternEuropeans，hehasturnedforhelp，anduponusdevolvedthetaskofextirpatingallthosepeoplesuponwhomhetriedhis"prenticehand。Onushelaidinjunctionstoincreaseathome，andtothehappierportionsoftheworldtocarrydeathundertheguiseoflifeunsuitabletothoseintowhoselandswespread。

LetthosemadecruelbythewantofsympathywithmenthatthemereporingoverbookssooftensuperinducesinthemindprotestwhenjudgingoftheJesuitsinParaguayagainsttheoutragedonetotheirtheoriesbytheschemetheJesuitspursued。

Ithasbeennoblysaid`thattheextinctionofthesmallestanimalisafargreaterlossthaniftheworksofalltheGreekshadperished。"

HowmuchthegreaterlossthatofatypeofmansuchastheIndians，whomthesemi

communisticJesuitgovernmentsuccessfullypreserved，shelteringthemfromthedeath

dealingbreathofourcoldnorthernlifeanditsfull，felleffects!

Hudson，`NaturalistinLaPlata"。

Therearethose，nodoubt，whothinkthatatreebroughtfromthetropicsshouldbeplantedoutathome，totakeitschanceoflifeinthekeenwinterofthenorth，inholycompetitionwiththeashandoak；

andifitdies，therearestillpinesenough，withstoresofdogwood，thicketsofelder，andawildernessofjunipers。Theymayberight；

but，afterall，thatwhichhasfeltthetropicsunisforthetropics，andtogrowunderthetantalizingsunshineofthenorth，whichlightsbutdoesnotwarm，itmusthaveglass，andshelterfromthecold。

Butofaforethoughttodeliberatelytransplantourfogsandchillingatmosphere，andsotonipandkillplantswhichcraveonlythesuntolive，thatisacrimeagainsthumanity；

acrimeposteritywithexecrationwillonedaytauntuswith，andholdusuptoexecration，asweto

dayinourhypocrisypiouslycursethememoriesofPizarroandCortes。

Intheeternalwarfarebetweenthosewhothinkthatprogress

whichtothemmeanstramwaysandelectriclight

ispreferabletoaquietlifeoffutilehappinessofmindthereisscanttruce，sothatmyreadershavetotaketheirchoicewhethertosidewithFunesorAzarainjudgingoftheJesuits"ruleinParaguay。Thereisnomiddlecoursebetweentheoldandnew；nohalting

place；nochinkinwhichimaginationcandriveinitsnailtostopthewheelsoftime；therefore，nodoubt，theJesuitcommonwealthwasdoomedtodisappear。Butformyself，Iamgladthatfive

and

twentyyearsagoIsawtheIndianswhostilllingeredabouttheruinedmissiontowns，mumblingtheirmaimedriteswhentheAngelusateventideawoketheechoesoftheencroachingwoods，whilstscreechingcrowdsofparrotsandmacawshoveredaroundthedate

palmswhichintheplazarearedtheirslenderheads，silentmemorialsofthedepartedJesuits"rule。

IndiansandJesuitsaregonefromParaguay，theIndianstothatTrapalandawhichistheirappointedplace；andfortheJesuits，theyareforgotten，exceptbythosewhodiveintooldchronicles，orwhowritebooks，proposingsomethingandconcludingnothing，orbytravellers，who，wanderingintheTarumensianwoods，comeonaclumpoforange

treesrunwildamongsttheurundeys。

FINISNONCORONATOPUS

Abouttheauthor:

RobertBontineCunninghameGraham(1852

1936)

BorninLondon。LivedinArgentina，mostlyranching，from1869to1883，whenhereturnedtoScotland。MemberoftheBritishHouseofCommonsforNorthWestLanark(1886

1892)。Strongsocialisttendencies。

WaselectedfirstpresidentoftheScottishLabourPartyin1888，firstpresidentoftheNationalPartyofScotlandin1928，andfirstHonoraryPresidentoftheScottishNationalPartyin1934。

DiedinArgentina。Hewasthemodelforanumberoffictionalcharactersinbooksbyhisfriend，JosephConrad，andalsobyG。