第3章

saysthatearlyinthiscenturytheywereoftenkilledbytravellers，whotetheredtheirhorsestothecarcassestopreventthemfromstrayingatnight。

FromCorpusChristiJuandeAyolaswassentouttoexploretheriver，andtrytofindthelong

sought

forwaterwaytothePeruvianmines。

HeneverreachedPeru，andCorpusChristineversawhimreturn。

Mendozawaitedayear，andthenreturnedtoSpain，leavinghisgarrisonwithprovisionsforayear，thebread`attherateof(`a/razonde")

apoundaday，andiftheywantedmoretogetitforthemselves。"

Onthepassagehomehediedinsane。ThepiouswereofopinionthatitwasajudgmentonhimforthemurderofDonJuanOsorio。

Beforeheembarked，DonPedrohaddespatchedarelative，GonzalodeMendoza，toSpaintobringprovisionsandrecruits。Gonzalo，havingobtainedprovisionsinBrazil，returnedtoCorpusChristi；thenceincompanywithSalazardeEspinosaheheadedanexpeditionuptheriverinsearchofJuandeAyolas，whohadbeenappointedsuccessortoDonPedro。

WiththemwentDomingoMartinezdeIrala，amandestinedtoplayagreatpartintheconquestofParaguay。

HuldericoSchmidel，`HistoriadelDescubrimientodeelRiodelaPlatayParaguay"。

TheexpeditionwentuptheParaguaytoaplacenearFortOlimpo(21Degreeslong。，58Degreeslat。)aboutahundredleaguesaboveAsuncion。

HeretheysentoutexploringpartiesinalldirectionstoseekAyolas，butwithoutsuccess。IralaremainedwithonehundredmenatFortOlimpo。

GonzalodeMendozaonhisreturn，beingattractedbythesightofafinesiteforatown，landed，andonthefifteenthdayofAugust，1537，foundedAsuncion。HeretheSpaniardsfirstmettheGuaranis，whoweredestinedinafter

yearstobetheconvertsoftheJesuits，andbeassembledbythemintheirfamousmissions。

`AtthediscoveryofAmerica，"saysFelixdeAzarainhis`DescripcionyHistoriadelParaguay"，`theGuaraniswerespreadfromtheGuianastotheshoresoftheriverPlate，andoccupiedalltheislandsoftheParanaextendinguptolatitude20DegreesontheParaguay，butwithoutcrossingeitherthatriverortheriverPlate。"

TheyhadalsoafewtownsintheprovinceofChiquitos，andthenationoftheChiriguanaswasanoffshootfromthem。

InBraziltheyweresoonalleitherrenderedslavesorsocrossedwiththeAfricannegrothatthepureracehasbeenalmostentirelylost，thoughthelanguageremainsunderthenameoftheLingoaGeral，andmanywordsfromithavebeenintroducedintoPortuguesespokenbytheBrazilians，as`capim"，grass；`caipira"，half

caste，etc。

Infact，sogreatisthenumberofthesewords，idioms，phrases，andtermsofspeechderivedfromGuarani，thatDr。BaptistadeAlmeida，inhisprefacetohisgrammarpublishedatRioJaneiro(1879)，computesthattherearemorewordsderivedfromGuaranithanevenfromArabicinthePortuguesespokeninBrazil。TheGuaranisinBrazilwereknowneitherasTupis，fromtheword`tupy"，savage，orTupinambas，from`tupynamba"，literally，thesavageorindigenousmen。

Perhapsthetwomostimportantworksuponthelanguagearethe`TesorodelaLenguaGuarani"，byRuizdeMontoya，Madrid，1639(itisdedicatedtothe`SoberanaVirgen")；

andthe`CatecismodelaLenguaGuarani"，byDiegoDiazdelaGuerra，Madrid，An~ode1630。Healsowrotea`BocabularioyArtedelaLenguaGuarani"。

P。Guevara，inhis`HistoriadelParaguay"，relatesacuriousstorywhichhesaidwascurrentamongsttheIndians。Twobrothers，TupiandGuarani，livedwiththeirfamiliesuponthesea

coastofBrazil。

Inthosedaystheworldwasquiteunpopulatedbutbythemselves。

Theyquarrelledaboutaparrot，andTupiwithhisfamilywentnorth，andpopulatedallBrazil；whilstGuaraniwentwest，andwastheancestorofalltheIndiansoftheraceofGuaranis。

JeandeLery，thewell

knownHuguenotpastorandfriendofCalvin，passedayearonthecoastofBrazilabout1558，havingaccompaniedtheexpeditionofthefamousVillegagnau。Inhisbook(`Histoired"unVoyagefaictenlaTerreduBrezil")healwaysreferstotheIndiansasToupinaubaoults，andhaspreservedmanycuriousdetailsofthembeforetheyhadhadmuchcontactwithEuropeans。

Heappearstohavehadaconsiderableacquaintancewiththelanguage，andhasleftsomecuriousconversations`enlangagesauvageetFranc，ais"，inwhichhegivessomegrammaticalrules。ThelanguageofconversationisalmostidenticalwiththatofParaguay，thoughsomewordsareusedwhichareeitherpeculiartotheTupisorobsoleteinParaguayto

day。

HisaccountoftheircustomstallieswiththatofthevariousSpanishwritersandexplorerswhohavewrittenonthesubject。

Tobacco，whichseemstohavebeenknownunderthenameof`nicotiane"toLery，hefindsinBrazilunderthenameof`petun"，thesamenamebywhichitiscalledinParaguayatpresent。Hebelievedthat`petun"and`nicotiane"weretwodifferentplants，buttheonlyreasonheadducesforhisbeliefisthat`nicotiane"

wasbroughtinhistimefromFlorida，which，asheobserves，ismorethanathousandleaguesfrom`NostreTerreduBrezil"。

HisexperienceofsavageswasthesameasthatofAzara，andalmostallearlytravellers，forhesays:`NosToupinambaoultsrec，oiventforthumainementlesestrangersamisquilesvontvisiter。"

Lery，however，seemedtothinkthat，inspiteoftheirpacificinclination，itwasnotprudenttoputtoomuchpowerintheirhands，forheremarks:

`Auresteparcequ"ilschargeyent，etremplisseyentleursmousquetsjusquesaubout……nousleursbaillionsmoitie/(i。e。，lapoudre)

decharbonbroye/。"Thismayhavebeenawiseprecaution，butheomitstostateifthe`charbonbroye"was`bailli"atthesamepriceasgoodpowder。AccordingtoAzara，whotakeshisfactspartlyfromthecontemporarywriters

Schmidel，AlvarNunez，RuyDiazdeGuzman，andBarcodelaCentenera

theGuaranisweredividedintonumeroustribes，asImbeguas，Caracaras，Tembues，Colistines，andmanyothers。Thesetribes，thoughapparentlyofacommonorigin，neverunited，buteachlivedseparatelyunderitsownchief。

Theirtownsweregenerallyeitherclosetoorinthemiddleofforests，orattheedgeofriverswherethereiswood。Theyallcultivatedpumpkins，beans，maize，mani(groundnuts)，sweetpotatoes，andmandioca；

buttheylivedlargelybythechase，andatemuchwildhoney。

Diazinhis`Argentina"(lib。i。，chap。i。)makesthemcannibals。

Azarabelievesthistohavebeenuntrue，asnotraditionsofcannibalismwerecurrentamongsttheGuaranisinhistime，i。e。，in1789

1801。

LiberalasAzarawas，andcarefulobserverofwhathesawhimself，Iamdisposedtobelievethetestimonyofsomanyeye

witnessesofthecustomsoftheprimitiveGuaranis，thoughnoneofthemhadtheadvantageenjoyedbyAzaraoflivingthreehundredyearsaftertheconquest。Itmaybe，ofcourse，thatthepowersofobservationwerenotsowelldevelopedinmankindinthebeginningofthesixteenthasattheendoftheeighteenthcentury，butthispointIleavetothosewhosebusinessitistoprovethatthehumanmindisinaprogressivestate。

However，FatherMontoya，inhis`ConquistaEspiritualdelParaguay"，affirmsmostpositivelythattheyusedtoeattheirprisonerstakeninwar。"

Azara，inhis`DescripcionyHistoriadelParaguay"，hasasimilarpassage:

`RecibebientodoIndiosilvestre，alestrangeroquevienedepaz。"

`Porlocomunrepartenpedazosdeestecuerpo，delqualpedazocozidoenmuchaaguahacenunasgachas(`fritters")yesfiestamuycelebreparaellosquehacenconmuchascerimonias。"

TheirgeneralcharacteristicsseemtohavebeenmuchthesameasthoseofotherIndiansofAmerica。Forinstance，theykepttheirhairandteethtoanextremeoldage，theirsightwaskeen，theyseldomlookedyouinthefacewhilstspeaking，andtheirdispositionwascoldandreserved。Thetoneoftheirvoiceswaslow，solowthat，asAzarasays:`Lavoznuncaesgruesanisonora，yhablansiempremuybajo，singritaraunparaquejarsesilosmatan；

demaneraque，sicaminaunodiezpasosdelante，nolellamaelquelenecesita，sinoquevaa/alcanzarle。"ThisIhavemyselfobservedwhentravellingwithIndians，evenonhorseback。

TherewasonecharacteristicoftheGuaranisinwhichtheydifferedgreatlyfrommostoftheIndiantribesintheirvicinity，astheIndiansoftheChacoandthePampas，forallhistoriansalikeagreethattheyweremostunwarlike。ItisfromthischaracteristicthattheJesuitswereabletomakesuchacompleteconquestofthem，for，notwithstandingalltheirefforts，theyneverreallysucceededinpermanentlyestablishingthemselvesamongstanyofthetribesintheChacooruponthePampas。

ThenameGuaraniisvariouslyderived。PedrodeAngelis，inhis`ColecciondeObrasyDocumentos"，derivesitfrom`gua"，paint，and`ni"，signoftheplural，makingthesignificationoftheword`paintedones"or`paintedmen"。Demersay，inhis`HistoireduParaguay"，

thinksitprobablethatthewordisanalterationoftheword`guaranai"，i。e。，numerous。BarcodelaCentenera(`Argentina"，booki。，cantoi。)

saysthewordmeans`hornet"，andwasappliedonaccountoftheirsavageness。

Bethatasitmay，itiscertainthattheGuaranisdidnotatthetimeoftheconquest，anddonotnow，applythewordtothemselves，exceptwhentalkingSpanishortoaforeigner。Theword`aba"，Indianorman，ishowtheyspeakoftheirpeople，andtothelanguagetheyapplytheword`Abanee"。

`HistoireduParaguayetdesE/tablissementsdesJe/suites"，L。AlfredDemersay，Paris，1864。

`LaArgentina"，alongpoemorrhymingchroniclecontainedinthecollectionof`HistoriadoresPrimitivosdeIndias"，ofGonzalesBarcia，Madrid，1749。

Inthesamewaytheword`Paraguay"isvariouslyderivedfromacorruptionoftheword`Payagua"(thenameofanIndiantribe)，and`y"，theGuaraniwordforwater，meaningriverofthePayaguas。

Others，again，deriveitfromaGuaraniwordmeaning`crown"，and`y"，water，andmakeitthecrownedriver，eitherfromthepalm

treeswhichcrownitsbanksorthefeathercrownswhichtheIndiansworeatthefirstconquest。Others，again，deriveitfromabirdcalledparaqua(`Ortolidaparaqua")。Again，Angelis，inhiswork`SeriedelosSen~oresGobernadoresdelParaguay"(lib。ii。，p。187)，derivesitfromParagua，thenameofacelebratedIndianchiefatthetimeoftheconquest。Whatiscertainisthat`y"

istheGuaraniforwater，andthisissomethinginaderivation。

`Y"isperhapsashardtopronounceastheGaelic`luogh"，acalf，thenasal`gh"inArabic，ortheKaffirclicks，havingbothagutturalandanasalaspiration。Itisrarelyattemptedwithsuccessbyforeigners，evenwhenlongresidentinthecountry。ThoughParaguaywassocompletelythecountryoftheJesuitsinafter

times，theywerenotthefirstreligiousOrdertogothere。AlmostineveryinstancetheecclesiasticswhoaccompaniedthefirstconquerorsofAmericawereFranciscans。TheJesuitsaresaidtohavesenttwoprieststoBahiainBraziltenyearsaftertheirOrderwasfounded，butbothinBrazilandParaguaytheFranciscanswerebeforetheminpointoftime。

Lozano，inhis`HistoriadelParaguay"，comparesittoGreek，butinmyopinionfailstoestablishhiscase；but，then，sofewpeopleknowbothGreekandGuarani。

SanFranciscoSolano，thefirstecclesiasticwhorosetomuchnoteasamissionary，andwhomadehiscelebratedjourneythroughtheChacoin1588

89fromPerutoParaguay，wasaFranciscan。Thus，theFranciscanshadthehonourofhavingthefirstAmericansaintintheirranks。

Itisnoteworthy，though，thathewasrecalledfromParaguaybyhissuperiors，whoseemtohavehadnoveryexaltedopinionofhim。

HepassedthroughthewholeChaco，descendingthePilcomayotoitsjunctionwiththeParaguay，throughterritoriesbutlittleexploredevento

day。PerhapsthemostcompletedescriptionoftheChacoisthatofP。Lozano，withthefollowingcomprehensivetitle:

`DescripcionchorographicadeTerrenoRios，Arboles，yAnimalesdelosdilatadisimasProvinciasdelGranChaco，Gualamba，ydelosRitosyCostumbresdelainumerablesnacionesbarbarose/infidelesquelehabitan。ConuncabalRelacionHistoricadeloqueenelloshanobradoparaconquistarlasalgunosGobernadoresyMinistrosReales，ylosMisionerosJesuitasparareducirlosa\lafedelVerdaderoDios。"PorelPadrePedroLozano，delaCompan~iadeJesus，An~ode1733。EnCordobaporJosephSantosBalbas。

Thisbookdidnotappearinaclandestinemanner，forithad:

1。Censura，porC。dePalmas。2。LicenciadelaReligion，porGeronymodeHuro/za，ProvincialdelosJesuitasdeAndalucia。

3。LicenciadelOrdinarioporelDr。DonFranciscoMiguelMoreno，pormandadodelSr。ProvisorAlonsoJosephGomezdeLara。

4。AprobaciondelRdo。P。DiegoVasquez。5。PrivelegiodesuMajestadporDonMiguelFernandezMorillo。6。Fe/deCorrectorporelLicenciado，DonManuelGarciaAlesson，CorrectorGeneraldesuMajestad(whoaddsinanote，`estelibrocorrespondea\suoriginal")。

7。SumodeTassa，asfollows:`Tassaronlossen~oresdelConsejoestelibroa\seismaravediscadapliego。"

Palma，inthefirst`censura"，saysthathehadreaditseveraltimes`conrepetidacomplacencia"，andthat，thoughitwas`breveenvolumen"

(ithas484quartopages)，thatitwasalsoshortinitsconcisestyle，keptcloselytotherulesofhistory，andwas`muycopiosaenladoctrina"。

Charlevoixremarks(`HistoryofParaguay")`thatitseemsasifProvidence，ingrantinghimmiraculouspowers，hadforgottentheothernecessarystepstomakethemeffective。"Thathereallyhadthesepowersseemsstrange，butSanFranciscoSolanonarratesofhimselfthat，inpassingthroughtheChaco，helearnedthelanguagesofseveralofthetribes，and`preachedtothemintheirowntonguesofthebirth，death，andtransfigurationofChrist，themysteriesoftheTrinity，Transubstantiation，andAtonement；thatheexplainedtothemthesymbolsoftheChurch，thePapalsuccessionfromSt。Peterdownwards，andthathecatechizedtheIndiansbythousands，tensandhundredsofthousands，andthattheycameintearsandpenitencetoacknowledgetheirbelief。"

Ofcourse，to

dayitisdifficulttocontrovertthesestatements，evenifinclinedtodoso；butthelanguagesspokenbytheChacoIndiansareamongstthemostdifficulttolearnofanyspokenbythehumanrace，somuchsothatFatherDobrizhoffer，inhis`HistoryoftheAbipones"，says`thatthesoundsproducedbytheIndiansoftheChacoresemblednothinghuman，sodotheysneeze，andstutter，andcough。"

InsuchalanguagetheAthanasianCreeditselfwouldbepuzzlingtoaneophyte。

HealsosaysthatseveraloftheJesuitswhohadlabouredforyearsamongsttheIndianscouldnevermastertheirdialects，andwhentheypreachedtheIndiansreceivedtheirwordswithshoutsoflaughter。Thisthegoodpriestattributedtothepresenceofa`mockingdevil"whopossessedthem。Itmaybethatthemockingdevilwasbutasenseofhumour，thepossessionofwhich，evenamongstgoodChristians，hasbeenknowntogiveoffence。

Butbethisasitmay，SanFranciscodeSolanoremainedtwoyearsatAsuncion，thoughwhilsthelivedtherehispowersofspeech(accordingtotheJesuits)

seemtohavebeendiminished，andheheldnocommunicationwiththeIndiansintheirownlanguages。Itmaybethat，likeSt。Paul，hepreferredtospeak，whennotwithIndians，fivewordswithhisunderstandingratherthantenthousandinanunknowntongue。

AtthetimeofthefirstconquestParaguaywasalmostentirelypeopledbytheGuaranirace。Itdoesnotappearthattheirnumberwaseververygreat，perhapsnotexceedingamillioninthewholecountry。FromthewritingsofMontoya，Guevara，Lozano，andtheothermissionariesofthetime，itiscertainthattheyhadattainedtonoveryhighdegreeofcivilization，thoughtheywerecertainlymoreadvancedthantheirneighboursintheGranChaco。

Itismostprobablethattheyhadnotasinglestone

builttown，orevenahouse，orthatsuchathingexistedsouthofNewGranada，totheeastwardoftheAndes，forwemaytakethedescriptioninSchmidel"s`HistoryoftheCasadelGranMoxo"eitherasamistakeorasastorywhichhehadheardfromsomePeruvianIndianofthepalacesoftheIncas。

Atanyrate，noremainsofstone

builthouses，stilllessofpalaces，areknowntohavebeenfoundinBrazilorParaguay。

ThisraceatonetimespreadfromtheOrinocototheriverPlate，andeveninthecaseofitsoffshoot，theChiriguanas，crossedtothewestbankoftheParaguay。PadreRuizMontoya，inhis`ConquistaEspiritualdelParaguay"，cap。i。，speakingoftheGuaranirace，says:`DominaambosmareseldelsurportodoelBrasilycin~iendoelPeruconlosdosmasgrandesriosqueconoceelorbequesoneldelaPlata，cuyabocaenBuenos

Ayresesdeochentaleguas，yelgranMaran~on，a\elinferiorennadaequepasabienvecinodelaciudaddeCuzco。"

BarcodelaCentenera，in`LaArgentina"，cantov。，alsorefersto`LaCasadelGranMoxo"。Itwassituated`enunalaguna"，andwas`todadepiedralabrada"。

To

dayalltheGuaraniswhoarestillunconqueredliveintheimpenetrableforestsoftheNorthofParaguayorintheBrazilianprovinceofMattoGrosso。

TheirlimitstothesouthextendtoneartheruinedmissionsofJesusandTrinidad。Bypreference，theyseemtodwellaboutthesourcesoftheIgatimi，anaffluentoftheParana，andinthechainofmountainsknowneitherasSanJoseorMbaracayu。

TheParaguayansgenerallyrefertothemasMonteses(dwellersinthewoods)，andsometimesasCaaguas。Theypresentalmostthesamecharacteristicsastheydidatthediscoveryofthecountry，andwanderinthewoodsastheJesuitsdescribethemasdoingthreehundredyearsago。

Oliveincolour，ratherthicklyset，ofmediumheight，thinbeards，andgenerallylittlehairuponthebody，theirtypehasremainedunchanged。

ThedifferenceinstatureamongsttheGuaranisislessnoticeablethanamongstEuropeans。TheirlanguageispoorerthantheGuaranispokenbytheParaguayans，andthepronunciationbothmorenasalandguttural。

Theirnumeralsonlyextendtofour，aswasthecaseatthetimeofthediscovery。

Theirnumeralsarefourinnumber(`petei^，mocoi^，mbohapi=，ira^ndi=")；

afterthistheyaresaidtocountinSpanishinthesamewayasdotheGuarani

speakingParaguayans。MuchhasbeenwrittenontheGuaranitonguebymanyauthors，butperhapsthe`Gramatica"，`Tesoro"，andthe`Vocabulario"ofPadreAntonioRuizMontoya，publishedatMadridin1639and1640，remainthemostimportantworksonthelanguage。PadreSigismundihasleftacuriousworkinGuaranionthemedicinalplantsofParaguay。Beforethewarof1866

70

severalMS。copiesweresaidtoexistinthatcountry。

SeeDuGratz"s`Re/publiqueduParaguay"，cap。iv。，p。214。

Liketheirforefathers，theyseldomuniteinlargenumbers，andpaylittlehonourorobediencetotheirchiefs，whodifferinnorespect，eitherinarms，dress，orposition，fromtheordinarytribesmen。

InBraziltheyareconfinedtothesouthernportionoftheprovinceofSanPaulo，andarecalledbytheBraziliansBugres

thatis，slaves。

Amoreunfittingnameitwouldhavebeenimpossibletohitupon，asalleffortstocivilizethemhaveprovedabortive，andto

daytheystillrangetheforests，attackingsmallpartiesoftravellers，andburningisolatedfarm

houses。TheBraziliansassertthattheyarecannibals，butlittleisknownpositivelyastothis。

WhathasalteredthemsoentirelyfromtheoriginalGuaranisofthetimeoftheconquest，whoweresoeasilysubdued，itishardtoconjecture。Onethingiscertain:thattheexamplegiventhembytheChristiansettlershasevidentlynotbeensuchastoinducethemtoleavetheirwildlifeandenterintothebondsofcivilization。

Diaz，inthe`Argentina"，thinkstheCaribsoftheWestIndieswereGuaranis，andtheJesuitsoftenrefertothemunderthatname。

ThispointwouldbeeasilysetatrestbyexaminingifanyGuaraniwordsremaininthedialectoftheCaribsoftheMosquitocoast。

Astotheirrelativenumbersatthetimeofthefoundationofthemissions，itismostdifficulttojudge。Atnoonetimedoesthepopulationofthethirtytownsseemtohaveexceededonehundredandthirtythousand。

SeeDemersay，`HistoireduParaguay"，p。324，fornamesofGuaranitribes。

AlfredMauryalso，inhis`LaTerreetl"HommeAme/ricain"，p。392，speaksof`lerameaubrasilio

guaranin，ouCara/ibe，quis"etendaitjadisdepuislesPetites

Antillesjusqu"auParaguay。"

D"Orbignyinhis`L"HommeAmericain"，estimatestheGuaranisofBrazilatonehundredandfiftythousand。

Humboldtcitestwohundredandsixty

ninethousandastheprobablenumberofIndiansofeverykindintheBrazilianEmpire。

TheViscountdeItabayana(aBrazilianwriter)fixesthenumberattwohundredandfiftythousandtothreehundredthousand。

VelosodeOliveiraputsitateighthundredthousand；

andlaterstatisticiansrangebetweenonemillionfivehundredthousandandseventoeighthundredthousand。

ThenumbersgivenofIndiansbytheSpanishconquerorsarealmostalwaysgrosslyoverstated，fromthewishtheynotunnaturallyhadtomagnifytheimportanceoftheirconquestsandtoenhancetheirexploitsintheeyesofthoseforwhomtheywrote。

StruckbythetractablecharacteroftheGuaranis，MendozabegantobuildafortonAugust15，1537(whichisthedayoftheAssumption)，andthenamehegavetohisfortwasAsuncion，whichafterwardsbecamethecapitalofParaguay。

EspinosareturnedtoCorpusChristi，andafterwardstoBuenosAyres，whereasmallforcehadstillremained。Thisforce，tiredoftheceaselessbattleswiththeQuerandis，orPampaIndians，embarkedforAsuncion。

Irala，afterwaitingformanymonthsatFortOlimpo，returnedtoAsuncion，wherehefoundRuizdeGalanactingasGovernor。Adisputeatoncearosebetweenthem，andIrala，afterhavingbeenimprisoned，wasallowedtoreturntoFortOlimpo。HerehefoundthePayaguaIndiansinrebellion，andinthebattlewhichensuedheisreportedtohaveslainsevenofthemwithhisownhand。HestillmaintainedafitfulsearchforJuandeAyolas，butwithoutsuccess。

Fewmodern`conquerors"inAfricaseemtohaveengagedinpersonalcombatwiththenatives。EvenofMr。RhodesitisnotsetdownthathehaskilledmanyMatabelewithhisownhands。Timeschange，notalwaysforthebetteringofthings。

GalanreturnedtoBuenosAyres，and，stoppingatCorpusChristi，tookoccasiontofalluponthefriendlyandunsuspectingTimbuIndiansandmassacreaquantityofthem。Whyhedidsoisquiteuncertain，fortheTimbueshadbeeninthehabitofsupplyingthefortofCorpusChristiwithprovisions；itmaybethatthequalityoftheprovisionswasinferior，butneitherRuizDiaznorSchmidelinformsusonthepoint。

Galan，afterhis`victory"，re

embarkedforBuenosAyres，leavingAntoniodeMendozaincommandwithahundredmen。

Oneday，whenaboutthehalfoftheforcewashunting，theIndiansfelluponitandcutitofftothelastman；

butfortheopportunearrivaloftwovesselsthefortwouldhavebeendestroyed。However，manySpaniardswereslain，andAntoniodeMendozaamongstthem。

Afterthisbattle，inwhichSantiagoissaidtohaveappearedonthetopoftheprincipaltowerofthefortdressedinwhitewithadrawnswordinhishand，GalanandEspinosareturnedtoAsuncion，takingwiththemtheremainderoftheinhabitantsofBuenosAyres。

AtAsunciontheyfoundthatIralahadagainreturnedwithouthavingdiscoveredtracesofAyolas。IralawaselectedGovernorunderaclauseintheroyalletterspatentwhichprovidedforthecaseofAyolasnotreturning。HisfirstactwastoorderthecompleteevacuationofBuenosAyres。AnItalianvessel，whichwasgoingtoPeruwithcolonists，havingbeendrivenintotheriverPlate，unitedwiththeremainsofthecolonistsatBuenosAyresandproceededtoAsuncion。

Santiago，asindutybound，usuallyappearedwheneverSpaniardswerehardpressed。FewwritershadthecourageofBernalDiaz，whoofasimilarappearancesaid:`ButI，sinnerthatIwas，wasnotworthytoseehim；whomIdidseeandrecognisewasFranciscodeMorlaonhischestnuthorse"(BernalDiaz，`HistoriadelaConquistadeNuevaEspan~a"，cap。xxxiv。，p。141；

Madrid，1795)。

Curiouslyenough，theremnantsofseveralexpeditionsthusjoinedtofoundthefirstpermanentcityintheterritoriesoftheriverPlate；

notatBuenosAyres，butathousandmilesawayintheinteriorofthecountry，whereitseemedlittleprobablethattheirattemptwouldprovesuccessful。

TopresideovertheheterogeneouselementsofwhichAsuncionwascomposed，DomingoMartinezdeIralawaschosen。HewasaBiscayan，amemberofthatancientracewhichneitherRomansnorMoorswereeverabletosubdue。Nothingisknownabouthisantecedents。NotimprobablyhewasasonofoneoftheinnumerablesmallgentlemenwithwhomtheBasqueprovincesusedtoswarm。Almosteveryhouseinthelittletownsevento

dayhasitscoatofarmsoverthedoor。Everyinhabitantclaimedtobeanobleman，andinthereignofCharlesV。theyfurnishedmanysoldiersofreputeinthewarsofEuropeandAmerica。

ThesystemofIralawastoconciliateratherthansubduethenatives。

Isolatedfromhelpofeverykind，thelengthofthevoyagefromSpainprecludingallideaofspeedysuccourinarebellion，itwastheonlycoursehecouldpursue。

Fromtheveryfirstheencouragedthesoldierstomarrywomenofthecountry，thuscreatingtieswhichboundthemtotheland。

TwoFranciscanfriarssetaboutatoncetolearnthelanguageandpreachtothepeople。TheyalsoseemtohaveendeavouredtoreducetheGuaranilanguagetowriting。So，fromseveralcircumstances，theearlyhistoryofParaguaywasverydifferentfromthatofeveryotherSpanishpossessioninAmerica。ToalltheothersSpanishwomenseemtohavegoneingreaterorinsmallernumbers。ToParaguay，atthefoundationofAsuncion，itseemsthathardlyanywomenwent。

ThusitwillbeseenthattheFranciscanswereatworkinthecountrylongbeforethearrivaloftheJesuits。Itmaybeonthisaccountthattheybecamesuchbitterenemiesofthelatercomers。

Sothereadifferentstateofsocietyarosetothat，forexample，inChileorinMexico。InboththosecountriesfewSpaniardsevermarriednativewomen。Thosewhodidsowereeithermembersofthehighestclass

whosometimes，butrarely，marriedIndianwomenofpositionfrommotivesofpolicy

orelsethelowestclassofSpaniards；

inthiscase，afterageneration，theirchildrenbecamepracticallyIndians。InParaguayitwasquitethecontrary，andthegrandchildrenofIndianmothersandSpanishfatherswerealmostreckonedSpaniards，andthenextgenerationalwaysso。

Washburne，inhis`HistoryofParaguay"(p。32，cap。i。，vol。i。)，pointsoutthecontrastbetweentheeffectsofthetreatmentmetedoutbyPenntotheIndiansinPennsylvaniaandthatbyIralainParaguay。