第1章

Preface`Historicusnascitur，nonfit。"Iampainfullyawarethatneithermycallingnorelectioninthismatteraretheleastsure。Certainitisthatinyouth，whenalonethehistorianorthehorsemanmaybeformed，Ididlittletofitmyselfforwritinghistory。WanderingaboutthecountriesofwhichnowItreat，IhadalmostaslittleobjectinmytravelsasaGauchooftheoutside`camps"。Inevertookanoteonanysubjectunderheaven，norkeptadiary，bymeansofwhich，myyouthdepartedandthecountriesIonceknewsowelltransmogrified，Icould，sittingbesidethefire，readandenjoythesadnessofrevisiting，inmymind"seye，scenesthatInowrememberindistinctlyasinadream。

Itakeitthathewhokeepsajournalofhisdoings，settingdowndaybydayallthathedoes，withdatesandnamesofplaces，theirlongitudeandlatitudedulyrecorded，makesforhimselfamealofbitter

sweet；

andthatyourtruestdulcamaraistoreadwithglassesthefadednotesjotteddownhurriedlyinrain，insun，inwind，incamps，byfloodedrivers，andinthelongandlistlesshoursofheat

infact，toseeagainyourlife，asitwere，actedforyouinsomecameraobscura，withthechiefactorchanged。Butdiaries，unlesstheybemererecordsofbarefacts，mustofnecessity，asintheirnaturetheyareautobiographical，befalseguides；

sothat，perhaps，IinmycarelessnesswasnotquitesounwiseasIhaveoftenthoughtmyself。AlthoughImadenonotesofanything，caringmostchieflyfortheconditionofmyhorse，yetwhenIthinkonthem，pampaandcordillera，virginforest，the`passes"oftherivers，approachedbysandypaths，borderedbyfloweringandsweet

smellingtrees，andmostofallthedesertedJesuitMissions，halfburiedbythevigorousvegetation，andpeopledbutbyafewwhite

cladIndians，riseupsoclearlythat，withoutthesmallestfacultyfordealingwiththatwhichIhaveundertaken

Iamforcedtowrite。Flowers，scents，theherdsofhorses，theostriches，andthewholecharmofthatNewWorldwhichthosewhosawitevenaquarterofacenturyagosawlittlealteredfromtheremotesttimes，haveremainedclearandsharp，andwillremainsowithmetotheend。Sotothereaders(ifIchancetohavethem)ofthisshortattempttogivesomefaintideaofthegreatChristianCommonwealthoftheJesuitMissionsbetweentheParanaandUruguay，Inowaddressmyself。

Hewhoattacksasubjectquitefallenoutofdate，andstillnotoldenoughtogiveamanauthoritytospeakuponitwithoutthefearofcontradiction，runsgraverisk。

Gentle，indulgentreader，ifsobethatyouexistinthesethedaysofuniversalknowledgeandself

sufficientcriticism，Idonotaskforyourindulgenceforthemanyerrorswhichnodoubthaveslippedintothiswork。These，ifyoucaretotakethetrouble，youcanverify，andholdmeuptoshame。WhatIdocraveisthatyouwillapproachthesubjectwithanopenmind。YourJesuitis，asweknow，themosttremendouswild

fowlthattheworldhasknown。

`Laguardianera"ofthePope，theorderwhichhaswroughtsomuchdestruction，theinventorsof`Cienciamedia"，

cradlefromwhichhasissuedforthMolina，Suarez，andallthosevillainswho，inthedaysinwhichthedoctrinewasunfashionable，decriedmerefaith，andtooktheirstandonworks

whointhislandofpreconceivedopinioncanspareitagoodword?But，notwithstanding，evenaJansenist，ifsuchbeleft，mustyetadmittheclaimofFrancisXavierasatrue，humblesaint，andifthesour

facedsectaryofPortRoyaleshouldrefuse，allmenoflettersmustperforcereverethewriterofthehymn。

Thedoctrineofthe`CienciaMedia"occursinthecelebrated`Concordiagratiaeetliberiarbitrii"，byLuisdeMolina(1588)。

TheconciliumdeAuxiliiswasheldtodeterminewhetherornot`concordia"waspossiblebetweenfreewillandgrace。AstheJesuitsstuckbyMolinaandhisdoctrinesindespiteofcouncilsandofpopes，thecommonsayingaroseinSpain:`PastelesenlapasteleriaycienciamediaenlaCompan~ia。"

ButintothewholequestionoftheJesuitsIcannotenter，asitentailscommandoffarmorefootandhalf

footwordsthanIcanmusterup。Still，inAmerica，andmostofallinParaguay，IhopetoshowtheOrderdidmuchgood，andworkedamongsttheIndianslikeapostles，receivinganapostle"struerewardofcalumny，ofstripes，ofblows，andjourneyinghungry，athirst，onfoot，inperilsoft，fromthegreatcataractoftheParanatotherecessesoftheTarumensianwoods。LittleenoughIpersonallycareforthepoliticalaspectoftheircommonwealth，orhowitactedontheSpanishsettlements；ofwhetherornotitturnedoutprofitabletotheCourtofSpain，orifthecrimesandchargesofambitionlaidtotheJesuits"accountwerefalseortrue。MyonlyinterestinthematterishowtheJesuits"ruleactedupontheIndiansthemselves，andifitmadethemhappy

morehappyorlesshappythanthoseIndianswhoweredirectlyruledfromSpain，orthroughtheSpanishGovernorsoftheviceroyalties。Fortheoriesofadvancement，andastowhethercertainarbitraryideasoftherightsofman，evolvedingeneralbythosewhointheirpersonsandtheirlivesarethenegationofallrights，Igiveafico

yes，yourfigofSpain

caringaslittleasdidancientPistolfor`palabras"，andholdingthatthebestrightthatamancanhaveistobehappyafterthewaythatpleaseshimthemost。AndthattheJesuitsrenderedtheIndianshappyiscertain，thoughtothosemenwhofudgeatheoryofmankind，thinkingthateveryoneisforgedupontheiranvil，orrunoutoftheirownmould，afterthefashionofatallowdip(atheorywhich，indeed，thesamenessofmankindrendersattimesnotquiteuntenable)，itseemsabsurdbecausetheprogressoftheworldhasgoneonotherlines

lineswhichprolongedindefinitelywouldnevermeetthosewhichtheJesuitsdrew。AllthatIknowisImyself，inthedesertedmissions，five

and

twentyyearsagooftenhavemetoldmenwhospokeregretfullyofJesuittimes，whocherishedallthecustomsleftbythecompany，andthoughtheyspokeatsecondhand，repeatingbutthestoriestheyhadheardinyouth，kepttheillusionthatthemissionsintheJesuits"timehadbeenaparadise。

IntothematteroftheJesuits"motivesIdonotproposetoenter，holdingthattheoriginofmotivesistoodeeplyseatedtobeworthinquiryuntilonehasmoreinformationaboutthehumanmindthanevenmodern`scientists"seemabletoimpart。YetitiscertaintheJesuitsinParaguayhadfaithfittoremoveallmountains，asthebriefstoriesoftheirlives，sooftenendingwitharudefield

crossbythecornerofsomeforest，andtheinscription`hicoccissusest"

survivetoshow。Somemen

suchisthecomplexityofhumannature

haveundergonetrialsandpersecutionsforbasemotives，anditisopenforanyonetosaytheJesuits，astheywereJesuits，coulddonothinggood。Still，IbelievethatFatherRuizMontoya

whosestoryIhavetold，howfalteringly，andwithhowlittlejusticetohisgreatness，noneknowsbetterthanmyself

wasagoodman

thatis，amanwithoutulteriormotives，andactuatedbutbyhislovetothepoorIndianswithwhomhepassedhislife。

To

day，whennoonecanseegoodinanythingoranybodyoutsidethesomewhatbeefypaleoftheAnglo

Saxonrace，IdonothopethatsuchameredabblerinthegreatmysteryofhistoryasIammyselfwillforaninstantchangeonepreconceivedopinion；forIamwellawarethatspeechesbasedonfactsareimpotentinpopularassembliestochangeasinglevote。

ItisanarticleofAnglo

SaxonfaiththatalltheSpanishcoloniesweremal

administered，andalltheSpanishconquerorsbloodthirstybutchers，whosesoledelightwasblood。This，too，fromthemembersofaracewho……；but`Inthemultitudeofthegreyhoundsistheundoingofthehare。"Therefore，IaskthosewhoimaginethatallSpaniardsattheconquestofAmericawereruffians，toconsiderthecareerofAlvarNunez，whoalsostrutsthroughhisbriefchapterinthepagesofmymostimperfectbook。

Still，IadmitmenofthestampofAlvarNunezaremostrare，andwerestillrarerinthesixteenthcentury；andtofindmanyoftheRuizMontoyabrand，Diogeneswouldhaveneededalanternfittedwithelectriclight。Inthegreatcontroversywhichengagedthepensofmanyofthebestwritersoftheworldlastcentury，aftertheJesuitswereexpelledfromSpainandhercolonialpossessions(thenalmosthalftheworld)，itwillbefoundthatamongstallthemudsofreelyflungabout，theinsultsgivenandreceived，hardlyanyonebutafewex

JesuitshadanyharmtosayofthedoingsoftheOrderduringitslongruleinParaguay。NoneoftheJesuitswereevertried；

nocrimeswerechargedagainstthem；eventhereasonsfortheirexpulsionwerenevergiventotheworldatlarge。CertainitisthatbutafewyearsaftertheirfinalexitfromthemissionsbetweentheUruguayandParanaallwasconfusion。Intwentyyearsmostofthemissionsweredeserted，andbeforethirtyyearshadpassednovestigeoftheiroldprosperityremained。

Thesemi

communismwhichtheJesuitshadintroducedwassweptaway，andthekeenlightoffreeandvivifyingcompetition(whichbeatssofiercelyuponthebagman"sparadiseoftheeconomists)reignedinitsstead。

Therevenuesdeclined，allwascorruption，and，astheGovernor，DonJuanJoseVertiz，writestotheViceroy，thesecularpriestssentbytheGovernmentwerebrawlers，drunkards，andstrikers，carryingarmsbeneaththeircloaks；thatrobberywasrife；

andthattheIndiansdailydesertedandreturnedbyhundredstothewoods。

DeanFunes，`EnsayodelaHistoriaCivildelParaguay"，etc。，BuenosAires，1816。

Idem。Theletterisdated1771andtheJesuitswereexpelledin1767。

Asthewriteroftheletterwasonthespotinanofficialposition，andnominatedbytheveryViceroywhohadbeentheexpelleroftheJesuits，histestimonywouldseemtobeasvaluableasthatoftheablesttheoristongovernment，CatholicorProtestant，whoeverwrote。

AllthereportsofrichesamassedinParaguaybytheJesuits，aftertheexpulsionoftheirorderprovedtobeuntrue；

nothingofanyconsequencewasfoundinanyofthetowns，althoughtheJesuitshadhadnowarningoftheirexpulsion，andhadnotimeforpreparationorforconcealmentoftheirgold。

AlthoughtheystoodtotheIndiansalmostinthelightofgods，andhadcontrolofanarmedforcelargerbyfarthananywhichthetemporalpowercouldhavedisposedof，theydidnotresist，butsilentlydepartedfromtherichterritorieswhichtheircareandindustryhadformed。

Rightlyorwrongly，butaccordingtotheirlights，theystrovetoteachtheIndianpopulationallthebestpartoftheEuropeanprogressofthetimesinwhichtheylived，shieldingthemsedulouslyfromallcontactwithcommercialism，andstandingbetweenthemandtheSpanishsettlers，whowouldhavetreatedthemasslaves。Theseweretheircrimes。

Fortheirambitions，whoshallsearchthehumanheart，orsaywhattheirsuperiorsinEuropemay，orperhapsmaynot，havehadinview?Whenallissaidanddone，andnowtheirworkisover，andalltheyworkedforlost(ashappensusuallywiththeeffortsofdisinterestedmen)，whatcrimesoterriblecanmencommitastostandupfornearupontwocenturiesagainstthatslaverywhichdisgracedeveryAmericanpossessionoftheSpanishcrown?Nothingisbadenoughforthosewhodaretospeakthetruth，andthosewhoputtheirtheoriesintopracticeareadisgracetoprogressiveandadequatelytaxedcommunities。

Nearlytwohundredyearstheystrove，andnowtheirterritories，oncesopopulousandsowellcultivated，remain，ifnotadesert，yetdelivereduptothatfierce

growing，subtropicalAmericanplantlifewhichseemsasifitfightswithmanforthepossessionofthelandinwhichitgrows。ForabriefperiodthoseGuaranisgatheredtogetherinthemissions，ruledoverbytheirpriests，treatedlikegrown

upchildren，yetwithakindnesswhichattachedthemtotheirrulers，enjoyedahalf

Arcadian，half

monasticlife，reachingtojustsomuchofwhattheworldcallscivilizationastheycouldprofitbyandusewithpleasuretothemselves。Acommonwealthwheremoneywasunknowntothemajorityofthecitizens，acuriousexperimentbyself

devotedmen，asortofdroppingdownadiving

bellinthefloodofprogresstokeepaliveapopulationwhichwouldotherwisesoonhavebeensuffocatedinitsmuddywaves，wasdoomedtofailurebytheverynatureofmankind。

Foredoomedtofailure，ithasdisappeared，leavingnothingofalikenaturenowupontheearth。TheIndians，too，havevanished，gonetothatlimbowhichnodoubtisfittedforthem。Gentle，indulgentreader，ifyoureadthisbook，doubtnotaninstantthateverythingthathappenshappensforthebest；doubtnot，forinsodoingyouwoulddoubtofallyousee

ourlife，ourprogress，andyourowninfallibility，whichatallhazardsmustbekeptinviolate。ThereforeinmyimperfectsketchIhavenotdweltentirelyonthestrictconcatenation(aftertheBradshawfashion)ofthehardfactsofthehistoryoftheJesuits。

Ihavenotsetdowntoomanydates，forthesettingdownofdatesinmuchprofusionis，afterall，anadcaptandumappealtothesuffragesofthosesoft

headedcreatureswhoarestyledseriousmen。

This，ofcourse，appliestothepossessionsofallEuropeanStatesinAmericaequallywithSpain。

Wanderingalongtheby

pathsoftheforestswhichfringethemissiontowns，andsetthem，sotospeak，inthehardtropicalenamelofgreenfoliage，onwhichtimehasnolien，andbuttheartsofall

destroyingmanareabletodeface，Imayhavechanceduponsomepettydetailwhichmayservetopassanhouraway。

Atreatiseofaforgottensubjectbyalabourerunskilled，andwho，moreover，byhisverytaskchallengescompetitionwiththosewhohavewrittenonthetheme，withbetterknowledge，andperhapslesssympathy；

apotheraboutsomefewdiscreditedandunrememberedpriests；

detailsabouthalf

savages，who`quoi!neportaientpasdeshaultsdechausses"；therecollectionsoflongsilentridesthroughforestpaths，ablazewithflowers，andacrosswhichthetropicbirdsdartedlikeatomscutadriftfromtheapocalypse；ahotch

potch，salmagundi，ollapodrida，orsea

pieofsweetandbitter，withperhapsthebitterrulingmost，asisthewaywhenweunpackourreminiscences

yes，gentleandindulgentreader，that"sthehumourofit。

R。B。CunninghameGraham。

Gartmore，March30，1900。

ContentsChapterI

Earlyhistory

Stateofthecountry

Indianraces

Characteristicsofthedifferenttribes

Dobrizhoffer"sbook

Variousexpeditions

SebastianCabot

DonPedrodeMendoza

AlvarNunez

Hisexpeditionanditsresults

Otherleadersandpreachers

FoundingofthefirstmissionoftheSocietyofJesusChapterII

Earlydaysofthemissions

Newsettlementsfounded

RelationsofJesuitswithIndiansandSpanishcolonists

DestructionofmissionsbytheMamelucos

FatherMaceta

PadreAntonioRuizdeMontoya

Hisworkandinfluence

RetreatoftheJesuitsdowntheParanaChapterIII

SpainandPortugalinSouthAmerica

EnmitybetweenBraziliansandArgentines

ExpulsionofJesuitsfromParaguay

Struggleswiththenatives

FatherMendozakilled

DeathofFatherMontoyaChapterIV

DonBernardinodeCardenas，BishopofParaguay

Hislaboursasapostolicmissionary

Hisambitionsandcunning

Pretensionstosaintliness

Hisattemptstoacquiresupremepower

QuarrelsbetweenCardenasandDonGregorio，thetemporalGovernorChapterV

RenewalofthefeudbetweentheBishopandDonGregorio

WholesaleexcommunicationsinAsuncion

Cardenasin1644

formulateshiscelebratedchargesagainsttheJesuits

TheGovernor，afterlongnegotiationsandmuchdisplayofforce，ultimatelysucceedsindrivingouttheBishop

ForthreeyearsCardenasisindesperatestraits

In1648DonGregorioissuddenlydismissed，CardenaselectshimselfGovernor，andforashorttimebecomessupremeinAsuncion

TheJesuitsareforcedtoleavethetownandtofleetoCorrientes

AnewGovernorisappointedinAsuncion

HedefeatsCardenasonthefieldofbattle

Thelatterisdeprivedofhispower，anddiessoonafterasBishopofLaPazChapterVI

DescriptionofthemissionterritoryandtownsfoundedbytheJesuits

TheirendeavourstoattracttheIndians

Religiousfeastsandprocessions

AgriculturalandcommercialorganizationsChapterVII

CausesoftheJesuits"unpopularity

Descriptionofthelivesandhabitsofthepriests

Testimonyinfavourofthemissions

Theiroppositiontoslavery

TheirsystemofadministrationChapterVIII

DonJosedeAntequera

AppointshimselfGovernorofAsuncion

Unsettledstateofaffairsinthetown

Heiscommandedtorelinquishhisillegalpower

Herefuses，andresortstoarms

Aftersomesuccessheisdefeatedandcondemnedtobeexecuted

Heisshotonhiswaytothescaffold

RenewedhatredagainsttheJesuits

TheirlaboursamongtheIndiansoftheChacoChapterIX

TheSpanishandPortugueseattempttoforcenewlawsontheIndians

TheIndiansrevoltagainstthem

Thehopelessstrugglegoesonforeightyears

RuinofthemissionsChapterX

PositionoftheJesuitsin1761

DecreefortheirexpulsionsentfromSpain

BucarelisenttosuppressthecollegesanddriveouttheJesuits

Theysubmitwithoutresistance

AftertwohundredyearstheyareexpelledfromParaguay

Thecountryunderthenewrule

ThesystemofgovernmentpracticallyunchangedChapterXI

ConclusionAVanishedArcadiaBeingSomeAccountoftheJesuitsinParaguay1607to1767

ChapterI

Earlyhistory

Stateofthecountry

Indianraces

Characteristicsofthedifferenttribes

Dobrizhoffer"sbook

Variousexpeditions

SebastianCabot

DonPedrodeMendoza

AlvarNunez

Hisexpeditionanditsresults

Otherleadersandpreachers

FoundingofthefirstmissionoftheSocietyofJesusWiththeexceptionoftheFrenchRevolution，perhapsnoeventcausedsomuchgeneralcontroversyattheendoftheeighteenthcenturyastheexpulsionoftheJesuitsfromSpainandPortugalandtheircolonialpossessions。Asnodefinitechargeswereeverbrought，atleastinSpain，againstthemembersoftheCompanyofJesus(KingCharlesIII。havingkeptthereasons`ocultasyreservadas"

andtheproofs`privilegiados")，curiosityistosomeextentnotsatisfiedastotherealreasonoftheirexpulsionfromtheSpanishpossessionsinAmerica。

ItisalmostimpossibletounderstandnowadaysthefeelingswhichpossessedtheaveragemaninregardtotheJesuitsfromthemiddleofthelastcenturytillarelativelyshorttimeago。

AllthereallygreatworkdonebytheSocietyofJesusseemedtohavebeenforgotten，andeveryvulgarfablewhichitwaspossibletoinventtotheirprejudicefoundreadyacceptanceuponeveryside。Nothingwastooabsurdtobebelieved。

FromthecalumniesoftheJanseniststothefolliesofEugeneSuethemassofaccusation，invective，andinnuendokeptonincreasinginintensity。Indiscriminateabuseandunreasoninghatred，mixedwithfear，seemtohavepossessedallminds。EvenPascalconfesses(inapostscripttotheninthProvincialLetter)that`afterhavingwrittenmyletterIreadtheworksofFathersBarryandBinet。"

IfsuchamanasPascalcouldbesogrosslyunfairastowriteacriticismonworkswhichhehadnotread，whatcanbeexpectedfromthenon

judicialanduncriticalpublicwhichtakesallupontrust?

FromJapantotheinteriorofBoliviathereisscarcelyacountryinwhichtheJesuitshavenotlabouredassiduously，andinwhichtheyhavenotshedtheirbloodfreelywithouthopeofreward，yetitwouldrequiremuchtimeandalengthycataloguetoenumeratethelistofsatiricalandcalumniousworkswhichhaveappearedagainsttheminalmosteverylanguageinEurope。Ofthese，perhapsthemostcelebratedisthewell

known`MonarquiadelosSolipsos"，byPadreMelchiorInshoffer，anex

Jesuit，whodescribesthecompanyintheworstpossibleterms。

Itisinterestingchieflyonaccountoftheportraitsofwell

knownpeopleofthetime(1615to1648)，asPopeClementVIII。，FranciscoSuarez，ClaudioAquaviva，andothers，veiledundereasilydistinguishablepseudonyms。

Theobjectofthewriter，asthetitleindicates，istoshowthattheJesuitsendeavouredtoturnalltotheirownprofit。Inthis，ifitwasthecase，theydonotseemtohavebeengreatlydifferentfromeveryotherassociatedbodyofmen，whetherlayorclerical。ThecelebratedSpanishproverb，`Jesuitayseahorca，cuentalehace"，meaning，EvenifaJesuitishunghegetssomegoodoutofit，mayjustaswellbeappliedtomembersofotherlearnedprofessionsastotheJesuits。

Madrid，1770。

Theworldhasrarelypersecutedanybodyofmenconspicuousbyitspoverty，orifithasdonesohasrarelypersecutedthemforlong。

TheInquisitionofSpain，violentagainstthewealthyJewsandcomfortableMoriscos，tooklittlenoticeoftheGipsies；

but，then，`PobrecomocuerpodeGitano"wasandisacommonsayinginSpain。

AsinthecaseoftheTemplars，persecutiononlybeganagainsttheJesuitswhenitbecameworthwhiletopersecutethem。IgnatiusLoyola，FranciscoXavier，andDiegoLainez，aslongastheyconfinedthemselvestopreachingandtoteaching，weresafeenough。

Eventheannalsoftheologicalstrife，bloodthirstyanddiscreditabletohumanityastheyare，containfewexamplesofpersecutorssuchasCalvinorTorquemada，towhom，ruthlessastheywereintheirsavageandnarrowmalignityandzealforwhattheythoughtthetruth，nosuspicionofvenalmotivesisattributed。

OftheJesuits"intrigues，adventures，riseandfallinEurope，muchmaybesaidinattackorinextenuation；butitisnottheintentionofthepresentworktodealwiththisaspectofthequestion。

ItwasinSpanishAmerica，andespeciallyinParaguayandBolivia，wherethepolicyoftheCompanyinregardtosavagenationswasmostfullydeveloped，asitwasonlytheJesuitswhoeversucceededinreclaiminganylargenumberofthenomadorsemi

nomadtribesofthosecountries。

ManyexcellentworksinFrench，andthecelebrated`ChristianismoFelicenelParaguay"oftheAbbateMuratoriinItalian，certainlyexist。

ButneitherFatherCharlevoix，theFrenchhistorianofthemissions，norMuratoriwaseverinParaguay，andboththeirbookscontainthefaultsandmistakesofmen，howeverexcellentandwellintentioned，writingofcountriesofwhichtheywerepersonallyignorant。

Bothgiveagoodaccountofthecustomsandregimenofthemissions，butbothseemtohavebelievedtooreadilyfabulousaccountsofthefloraandfaunaofParaguay。Thefactofhavinglistenedtooreadilytoafableaboutanunknownanimalinnowaydetractsfromthegeneralveracityofanauthorofthebeginningoftheeighteenthcentury，forinallotherrespectsexceptnaturalhistoryCharlevoixkeepswithintheboundsofprobability，thoughofcourseasaJesuitheholdsabriefforthedoingsoftheCompanyinParaguay。

Muratoriismorerarelyledintoextravagances，butisconcernedinthemainwiththereligioussideoftheJesuits，asthetitleofhisbookindicates。

ThoughinthisrespectCharlevoixisnotsocredulousasPadreRuizdeMontoyaandtheolderwriters，heyetrepeatsthestoryofthebirdthatcleansthealligator"steeth，themagicvirtuesofthetapir"snails，andmanyothers。

SeeCharlevoix，vol。i。，bk。i。，p。27，Paris，1756。

[Thestoryofthebirdthatcleanstheteethofalligatorsisverynearlytrue

`Pluvianusaegyptius"hasasymbioticrelationshipwithcrocodilesinpartsofAfrica，andsimilarrelationshipsexistthroughoutthenaturalworld。

A。L。，1998。]

ManyotherFrenchwriters，asRaynal，Montesquieu，andVoltaire，havetreatedofParaguayunderJesuitrule，buttheirwritingsarefoundedonhearsayevidence。AGerman，FatherDobrizhoffer，standsalone。

Hisdelightful`HistoryoftheAbipones，anEquestrianPeopleofParaguay"，isperhapsthemostcharmingbookdealingwiththesubject。